Is Alcaligenes faecalis spore forming?
faecalis was isolated in 1896 by Petruschky from stale beer. Several strains of the organism have been found since then. This species is motile, flagellated, slender, slightly curved, not spore-forming, slowly growing, nonfermenting, capsule forming, Gram-negative aerobe of the family Alcaligenaceae.
What is the morphology of Alcaligenes faecalis?
It is a gram-negative, rod-shaped organism observed at 0.5-1.0 μm x 0.5-2.6 μm in diameter. An aerobic microbe, A. faecalis is optimal at temperatures between 20-37 °C (11). This microbe is most commonly seen in the clinical laboratory.
How do you identify Alcaligenes faecalis?
A. faecalis is a Gram-negative bacterium which appears rod-shaped and motile under a microscope. It is positive by the oxidase test and catalase test, but negative by the nitrate reductase test.
What is the morphology of Alcaligenes?
MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCEGram Stain:Negative.Morphology:Coccal or cocci.Size:0.5 - 1.0 micrometers by 0.5 - 2.6 micrometers.Motility:Motile with peritrichous flagella.Capsules:No.2 more rows
Is Alcaligenes faecalis non fermenter?
Alcaligenes faecalis (A. faecalis) is a Gram-negative, obli- gate aerobic, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, and non- fermenting bacterium. It is commonly found in soil, water, and in hospital settings, such as in respirators, hemodialysis systems, and intravenous solutions [1, 2].
What Gram stain is Alcaligenes faecalis?
Gram-negativeIntroduction. Alcaligenes faecalis (A. faecalis) is a Gram-negative, obligate aerobic, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, and nonfermenting bacterium.
How can you differentiate between Alcaligenes faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
The key difference between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Alcaligenes fecalis is that Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a beta-haemolytic encapsulated bacterium while Alcaligenes fecalis is an alpha haemolytic non encapsulated bacterium.
What does Alcaligenes faecalis smell like?
faecalis produces a distinctive sweet odor resembling that of green apples.
Is Alcaligenes Gram-positive or negative?
Gram-negativeAlcaligenes faecalis is a Gram-negative catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile rod. It is commonly found in a watery environment and is rarely isolated from humans.
Is Alcaligenes faecalis obligate Aerobe?
Alcaligenes faecalis (A. faecalis) is a Gram-negative, obligate aerobic, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, and nonfermenting bacterium. It is commonly found in soil, water, and in hospital settings, such as in respirators, hemodialysis systems, and intravenous solutions [1, 2].
Why is Alcaligenes faecalis important?
Alcaligenes faecalis (A faecalis) has shown a decreasing susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics with an emergence of extensively drug-resistant A faecalis infections, according to study results published in BMC Infectious Diseases.
Is Alcaligenes faecalis indole positive or negative?
Biochemical Test of Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. faecalisBasic CharacteristicsProperties (Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. faecalis)H2SNegative (-ve)HemolysisPositive (+ve)IndoleNegative (-ve)MotilityPositive (+ve)51 more rows•Apr 10, 2019
What is the morphology of E coli?
Traditionally, the colony morphology of Escherichia coli is identified as either a rough or a smooth form. The two forms are readily distinguished, as the colonies of the former are rough, flat, and irregular and colonies of the latter are smooth, high, and circular.
What is the colony morphology of Bacillus subtilis?
Bacillus subtilis is a typical germ, which is rod-shaped and Gram-positive. When cultured on ordinary nutrient agar, the morphology circular colony of this bacteria is rough, opaque, fuzzy white or slightly yellow with jagged edges [1, 7].
What does Alcaligenes faecalis smell like?
faecalis produces a distinctive sweet odor resembling that of green apples.
Is Alcaligenes faecalis oxidase-positive?
Alcaligenes faecalis is a Gram-negative catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile rod. It is commonly found in a watery environment and is rarely isolated from humans.
Where does Alcaligenes faecalis occur?
Alcaligenes faecalis occur in water and soil. The microbe has peritrichous flagellar arrangement which allows for motility (2). It is a gram-negative, rod-shaped organism observed at 0.5-1.0 μm x 0.5-2.6 μm in diameter. An aerobic microbe, A. faecalis is optimal at temperatures between 20-37 °C (11).
What is the temperature of Alcaligenes faecalis?
Alcaligenes faecalis is an aerobic bacillus known to inhabit soil and water environments (5). Optimal temperature for the microbe ranges from 20 °C to 37 °C (11). A. faecalis also inhabits the alimentary canal of humans (5). This microbe is known to contaminate medical devices in the clinical environment, which can lead to infection.
How much arsenic does Alcaligenes faecalis survive?
A study on metabolic energy observed Alcaligenes faecalis surviving in cultures of 10 g/L of aqueous arsenic. The survival of the microbe in arsenic is important in bioremediation of environments contaminated with aqueous arsenic (12). In environments with high arsenic, the community must be wary of the likely presence of A. faecalis and its tendency to cause infections.
What temperature is A. faecalis best at?
An aerobic microbe, A. faecalis is optimal at temperatures between 20-37 °C (11). This microbe is most commonly seen in the clinical laboratory. Most infections caused by A. faecalis are opportunistic and acquired from moist items such as nebulizers, respirators, and lavage fluids.
What is the oxidation state of A. faecalis?
A. faecalis has also demonstrated the ability to enzymatically metabolize arsenite (AsO 2-, oxidation state +3) to the less harmful arsenate (AsO 4-, oxidation state +5). This bacterium could be useful for neutralization of environments contaminated by arsenite.
Where is the faecalis microbe found?
The microbe has been isolated from human bodily fluids in association with both open wounds and ear discharge. A. faecalis has also been found in faeces (6).
What is the most common pathogen in PD?
The most common pathogens causing peritonitis in PD patients are gram positive ( Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus ). Recently there have been unusual cases of A. faecalis causing peritonitis in PD patients. A. faecalis is not only a Gram negative bacterium but also an environmental organism. Both of these characteristics are rarely found to cause such significant infections and has since been identified as a pathogen of consideration in the treatment of clinical peritonitis cases. (5)
Why is Alcaligenes Faecalis so difficult to treat?
Alcaligenes faecalis infection is often difficult to treat due to its increased resistance to several antibiotics. The results from a clinical study of patients with Alcaligenes faecalis infection may help improve patients’ clinical care.
How many cases of Alcaligenes faecalis?
Sixty-one cases of Alcaligenes faecalis infection were seen during the study period, including 25 cases of cystitis, nine cases of diabetic foot infection, eight cases of pneumonia, seven cases of acute pyelonephritis, three cases of bacteremia, and nine cases of infection at specific sites. Thirty-seven patients (60.7%) had a history of receiving intravenous antibiotics within three months of the diagnosis. Fifty-one (83.6%) cases were mixed with other bacterial infections. Extensively drug-resistant infections have been reported since 2018. The best sensitivity rate to Alcaligenes faecalis was 66.7% for three antibiotics (imipenem, meropenem, and ceftazidime) in 2019. Two antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam) sensitivity rates to A. faecalis were less than 50%.
What antibiotics are used for a faecalis infection?
The most commonly used antibiotics were ceftazidime (11 cases) and levofloxacin (ten cases). There were only two cases of receipt of antibiotics during the same hospitalisation but before the onset of A. faecalis infection, including one case of prolonged mechanical ventilation with pneumonia and one case of peritonitis.
How many cases of A. faecalis were there?
Sixty-one cases of A. faecalis infection were identified during the study, including 25 cases of cystitis, nine cases of diabetic foot ulcer with infection, eight cases of pneumonia, seven cases of acute pyelonephritis (APN), three cases of bacteremia, and nine cases of infection at specific sites. There were nine hospital-acquired infections cases, including three cases of diabetic foot ulcer with infection, two cases of pneumonia, one case of pleural empyema, one case of peritonitis, one case of surgical wound infection, and one case of leg burn wound infection. Thirty-one community-onset infection cases (31/52 = 59.6%) had a history of previous hospitalisation within 90 days. Thirty-seven patients (60.7%) had a history of intravenous antibiotic use within the past 90 days. The most commonly used antibiotics were ceftazidime (11 cases) and levofloxacin (ten cases). There were only two cases of receipt of antibiotics during the same hospitalisation but before the onset of A. faecalis infection, including one case of prolonged mechanical ventilation with pneumonia and one case of peritonitis. The length of stay before A. faecalis isolation of the two cases were 190 days and 22 days, respectively. Fifty-one (83.6%) cases were mixed with other bacterial infections. The most common mixed infection pathogens were Enterococcus species (nine cases), Proteus vulgaris (nine cases), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (eight cases).
When was A. faecalis diagnosed?
We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients presenting with A. faecalis infection who were admitted to Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital from January 2014 to December 2019. Patients were diagnosed with A. faecalis infection when their clinical symptoms and signs indicated infection.
Where is the most frequent Alcaligenes faecalis infection?
The most frequent Alcaligenes faecalis infection sites, in order, are the bloodstream, urinary tract, skin and soft tissue, and middle ear. The susceptibility rate of Alcaligenes faecalis to commonly used antibiotics is decreasing. Extensively drug-resistant Alcaligenes faecalis infections have emerged.
What is the difference between continuous and categorical variables?
Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (range), whereas categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. The trend in change of antimicrobial susceptibility analyzed by linear-by-linear association in chi-square test. All statistical analyses were conducted using the statistical package SPSS for Windows (Version 17.0, SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A p -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Where are alcaligenes found?
They are common in soil and water environments but are also found as normal inhabitants of vertebrate intestinal tracts and in clinical samples as a result of opportunistic infection. Improvements in bacterial identification have resulted in changes to the classification of many genera, and Alcaligenes is no exception.
Which enzymes are periplasmic soluble?
The cd 1 enzymes are periplasmic soluble proteins and involved in respiratory NO 2− -reduction, apart from those from R. denitrificans and M. magnetotacticum, which have been assigned an O 2 -reductase and a Fe (II): NO 2− -oxidoreductase activity, respectively.
What is the R- ()-mandelic acid produced from?
R - (−)-Mandelic acid 38 ( Figure 11) was produced from racemic mandelonitrile 39 by Alcaligenes faecalis ATCC 8750. Ammonium acetate or l -glutamic acid as the carbon source and n -butyronitrile as the inducer in the culture medium were effective for bacterial growth and the induction of R - (−)-mandelic acid-producing activity. The R - (−)-mandelic acid formed from mandelonitrile by resting cells was present in a 100% ee. A. faecalis ATCC 8750 has an R -enantioselective nitrilase for mandelonitrile and an amidase for mandelamide. R - (−)-mandelic acid was produced in 91% yield, whereas no ( S )-mandelonitrile 40 was left, the S -mandelonitrile remaining in the reaction is spontaneously racemized because of the chemical equilibrium and is used as the substrate. Consequently, almost all the mandelonitrile is consumed and converted to R - (−)-mandelic acid. R - (−)-Mandelic acid was also produced when benzaldehyde plus HCN was used as the substrate. 83
What is the role of Rhodococcus sp. in the hydrolysis of nitrile?
(SP 361) has been shown to be an effective catalyst for the stereoselective hydrolysis of both racemic and prochiral nitrile containing compounds. 2-Alkyl-arylacetonitriles were hydrolyzed to ( S )-acids and ( R )-amides whereas the closely related substrate gave the ( R )-acid. A series of prochiral dinitriles were hydrolyzed to the corresponding ( S )-acids with ee s 22–84%. Models to account for the stereoselectivity of the enzymic hydrolyzes have been proposed. Both racemic arylalkylnitriles and prochiral dinitriles have been hydrolyzed to optically active amides and acids using an immobilized cells. 84
What is the black arrow on the bronchiolar epithelium?
Numerous short dark bacilli (black arrow) cover the luminal surface of the bronchiolar epithelium. A few cilia, which stain very faintly, are present at the lower left. In contrast to B. hinzii, CAR bacillus would be longer than the cilia.
Which yeasts have FHBs?
The protective function of FHbs from nitrosative stress also occurs in pathogenic yeasts, such as Cryptococcus neoformans ( de Jesus-Berrios et al., 2003) and Candida albicans, the most prevalent human fungal pathogen ( Ullmann et al., 2004 ).
Which cell hydrolyzes aromatic nitrile?
Many aromatic nitriles were hydrolyzed enantioselectively by cells of Rhodococcus butanica giving ( R )-amides and ( S )-carboxylic acids. This enzymatic hydrolysis was successfully applied to the kinetic resolution of α -arylpropionitriles. 85
