A) They do not depend on enzymes. Are enzymes involved in catabolic or anabolic? Anabolic enzymes catalyze anabolic reactions that synthesize larger complex molecules from smaller units while catabolic enzymes catalyze catabolic reactions that break down larger complex molecules into smaller units.
What is the pathway where glucose is metabolized into pyruvate?
What is the first step in the glycolysis pathway?
What are the two types of reactions that are involved in metabolism?
Why does the brain need to take up glucose at a steady rate?
What is the role of isozymes in the body?
Which enzyme has a high Km and low Vmax?
Is Kcat the maximum velocity of a catalytic reaction?
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Why are enzymes important in metabolic pathways?
Each reaction step is facilitated, or catalyzed, by a protein called an enzyme. Enzymes are important for catalyzing all types of biological reactions— those that require energy as well as those that release energy.
What are some examples of anabolic pathways?
Anabolic pathways require an input of energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones. Synthesizing sugar from CO 2 is one example. Other examples are the synthesis of large proteins from amino acid building blocks, and the synthesis of new DNA strands from nucleic acid building blocks.
What is the catabolic pathway?
Catabolic pathways involve the degradation (or breakdown) of complex molecules into simpler ones. Molecular energy stored in the bonds of complex molecules is released in catabolic pathways and harvested in such a way that it can be used to produce ATP. Other energy-storing molecules, such as fats, are also broken down through similar catabolic ...
How many molecules of ATP are there in the catabolic pathway?
The breakdown of sugars illustrates how a single molecule of glucose can store enough energy to make a great deal of ATP, 36 to 38 molecules. This is a catabolic pathway.
Which type of pathway requires energy to synthesize larger molecules?
Anabolic pathways are those that require energy to synthesize larger molecules. Catabolic pathways are those that generate energy by breaking down larger molecules. Both types of pathways are required for maintaining the cell’s energy balance.
How are proteins synthesized in the body?
Within our body cells proteins are synthesized by our ribosomes by joining together amino acids. The human body is able to obtain energy through the process of cellular respiration in which glucose and oxygen are taken in and broken down to form energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Check Answer.
How is NAD+ oxidized?
3. C) NAD+ is oxidized by the action of hydrogenases.
What is the input of hydrolysis?
A) Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions.
What happens to the entropy of an organism as it grows?
Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?
Which process manages the increase of entropy in an organism?
B) Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism.
What happens to the entropy of a system when it increases?
A) If the entropy of a system increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe.
What is a mutation in enzymes?
A mutation that results in a single amino acid substitution in a region of the enzyme outside of the active site. A) may alter the ability of a competitive inhibitor to bind to the enzyme. B) will almost always destroy the activity of the enzyme. C) will often change the substrate specificity of the enzyme.
How do organisms grow?
D) Organisms grow by converting energy into organic matter.
Do saline phosphates depend on enzymes?
A) They do not depend on enzymes.
What is the opposite of the reaction that occurs in the absence of the enzyme?
B) The free energy change of the reaction is opposite from the reaction that occurs in the absence of the enzyme.
Which group contains a strong covalent bond that, when hydrolyzed, releases free energy?
C) Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that, when hydrolyzed, releases free energy.
How do organisms grow?
D) Organisms grow by converting energy into organic matter.
Do saline phosphates depend on enzymes?
A) They do not depend on enzymes.
What enzyme is required to attach tRNA to ATP?
To attach a particular amino acid to the tRNA molecule that will transport it, an enzyme, an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, is required, along with ATP. Initially, the enzyme has an active site for ATP and another for the amino acid, but it is not able to attach the tRNA. What must occur for the final attachment to occur?
What happens to the entropy of an organism as it grows?
Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?
What happens to the entropy of a system when it increases?
A) If the entropy of a system increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe.
Why does life obey the second law of thermodynamics?
B) Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics because the decrease in entropy as the organism grows is exactly balanced by an increase in the entropy of the universe.
What does every energy transformation by a cell decrease?
E) Every energy transformation by a cell decreases the entropy of the universe.
How do organisms grow?
D) Organisms grow by converting energy into organic matter.
What is the pathway where glucose is metabolized into pyruvate?
Let’s take one of the first you learn about in biochemistry, the glycolysis. Again, skim the link if you don’t at all know what I’m talking about. This is basically the pathway where glucose is metabolized (catabolized, to be specific) into pyruvate (and NADH, and ATP, and water, and protons, to even out the equation).
What is the first step in the glycolysis pathway?
Again, keeping it simple, let’s just start at the top. The first reaction in the glycolysis pathway is the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. This is mediated by the enzyme hexokinase. Making hexokinase the first enzyme in this specific metabolic pathway.
What are the two types of reactions that are involved in metabolism?
Catabolic and anabolic reactions are the two types of reactions involved in metabolism. Catabolism involved the breaking down of larger molecules (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) into smaller units either for energy or for resources. Energy is usually obtained from a series or redox reactions using carbs called cellular respiration, but proteins and lipids can be incorporated in the krebs cycle. Catabolism can also yield resources for rebuilding things. Various amylases, lipases, and proteases are involved in breaking down and recycling.
Why does the brain need to take up glucose at a steady rate?
The rationale is as follows. The brain needs to take up glucose at a steady rate because its demands for glucose are relatively constant. Therefore, the enzyme should be saturated with glucose even when blood glucose is low. The low Km ensures that to be the case, and evidently the Vmax is sufficient to supply the needs of the cells. If a cell needs a higher Vmax, it can produce more of the enzyme because Vmax is the product of k c a t [ E o].
What is the role of isozymes in the body?
It is much easier to answer your question from the standpoint of a physiologist, who observes the body has numerous isozymes, that is, enzymes that catalyze the same reaction with different kinetic properties. The isozymes are tissue specific, and their kinetic differences reflect the different roles of the tissues or organs. The example most cited is the variation in hexokinases, which catalyze the phosphorylation of glucose in the cell:
Which enzyme has a high Km and low Vmax?
The liver isozyme is called glucokinase and has both a high Km and high Vmax. The brain enzyme has a low Km and low Vmax.
Is Kcat the maximum velocity of a catalytic reaction?
No, actually Kcat is the maximal velocity of the catalyzed reaction divided by the total enzyme concentration. We do that to get a measure of the turnover number of each catalytic site that is independent of the substrate and enzyme concentration.