Do I really need a polarizer filter?
Polarizing filters are known for three highly visible effects: They reduce reflections, so you can photograph through glass and water. They reduce glare, so you can capture more saturated colors. They cut down on polarized light in the atmosphere, which causes skies to turn a deep, dark blue. In certain situations, these effects are a big deal.
How often do filters need to be replaced?
You should change your filter if it ever goes past its stated expiration date. It is also recommended that you you replace cartridges within six months of opening them, even if you haven't used them. Some of them, however, will need to be replaced sooner.
How long do you infuse platelets?
Usually transfused over 30–60 minutes per ATD. Platelets should not be transfused through a giving-set already used for other blood components. Start transfusion as soon as possible after component arrives in the clinical area. Keeping this in view, how are platelets administered?
Do Ponds really need filters?
Whilst almost all ponds will benefit from using a pond filter, it certainly isn’t an absolute necessity in every instance. Small dipping ponds and wildlife ponds may be being used to attract all kinds of mini-beasts and it may not matter to the owner if the water turns green or murky.
Do platelets need a pump?
Platelets are administered either via a free-flowing gravity line or an electromechanical pump [1,2]. There are few centres that employ an electromechanical pump for platelet transfusion as a routine practice [2,3].
Do you need a filter for FFP?
Once thawed, the FFP must not be refrozen and should be transfused as soon as possible using a standard blood administration set with a 170-200 micron filter.
Do all blood products need a filter?
All blood components must be transfused using blood administration tubing with a filter. The standard filter size recommended for blood administration is 170-260 micron. 1 Specialty filters may be required for specific patients or certain clinical situations.
Do you use regular tubing for platelets?
What type of tubing should be used for transfusion of blood products (RBC, Platelet, FFP, and Cryo)? Standard blood transfusion tubing sets can be used.
What blood products require a filter?
Blood Infusion. Blood components must be filtered during transfusion to remove clots and small clumps of platelets and white blood cells that form during collection and storage. Standard blood infusion sets contain 170 - 260 micron filters.
Does Rh matter with platelets?
Although platelets do not express Rh antigens, they contain small numbers of intact red blood cells or fragments, which can lead to alloimmunization in the recipient. Alloimmunization to the RhD antigen may occur when platelets obtained from RhD-positive donors are transfused to RhD-negative recipients.
Can you pressure bag platelets?
Background: In massively bleeding patients, pressure infusers are used for transfusion of red blood cells and plasma but not for platelets (PLTs) due to an assumed negative effect on the PLTs.
Can you run platelets through a rapid infuser?
Rapid infusers use filters, pumps, and heat exchangers to infuse blood products. Rapid infusers are contraindicated for transfusion of platelets and cryoprecipitate. Rapid infusers decrease the platelet count of whole blood but not platelet function.
How quickly can platelets be infused?
Typical Rates, Volumes, and Durations for Routine (Non-Emergent) TransfusionsBlood ComponentAdultAll, first 15 minutes100 mL/hrRed Blood Cells350mL1 ½ -4 hrsPlasma200-250mL30-60 min. (max 4 hrs)Platelets250-350mL1 hour3 more rows
Why is filtered tubing used during infusion of blood products?
Why is filtered tubing used during infusion of blood products? Filtered tubing is used during the administration of blood product to remove aggregates and possible contaminants during the infusion. Hemolysis is prevented by diluting the blood products with normal saline only.
Why is a giving set with a filter used to administer blood?
Equipment. Blood components must be transfused using an administration set approved for this purpose. The set must incorporate a filter (170 to 200 µm) which removes large clots and aggregates and ensures an effective transfusion flow rate.
Can you give platelets through warmer?
Abstract. Platelet (PLT) transfusions are an important component of hemostatic resuscitation. The AABB has published several guidelines recommending that PLT units should not be infused through blood warming devices.
What is medical FFP?
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is plasma that has been frozen so it can be stored and used later. The plasma you get is thawed out and warmed before it is used. Plasma comes from blood that has been donated. The donated blood is carefully tested to make sure it's safe to use.
What is the full form of FFP?
Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
What is in fresh frozen plasma?
FFP contains all of the clotting factors, fibrinogen (400 to 900 mg/unit), plasma proteins (particularly albumin), electrolytes, physiological anticoagulants (protein C, protein S, antithrombin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor) and added anticoagulants [1, 2].
What is a platelet transfused?
Platelets are commonly transfused to patients with low platelet counts or patients with platelet dysfunction who are bleeding or at high risk of bleeding. All platelet components are leucodepleted and irradiated prior to release to the hospital.
What causes a refractory platelet count?
There are clinical and immunological causes of platelet refractoriness. Clinical causes include fever, sepsis, bleeding, DIC and some drugs.
What is an ABO incompatible platelet?
An ABO incompatible platelet transfusions (group O platelets given to a group A patient) may be associated with clinically significant transfusion reactions, including a positive DAT, red cell haemolysis and even lower platelet survival in some patients.
What is the purpose of apheresis platelets cab?
Apheresis platelets cab be used to decrease donor exposure in chronically transfused patients. In patients who rely on platelet support e.g. severe aplastic anaemia, they may be selected when available to reduce the risk of alloimmunisation.
How many packs of apheresis platelets are there?
One unit of apheresis platelets may be divided into three equal packs to create paediatric sized components (pedipaks). This will enable smaller patients requiring small but regular top ups to have exposure to less donor products and minimise product wastage.
What is the role of platelets in blood clots?
Platelets are small, disc shaped cells that have a critical role in helping our blood clot and stop bleeding. When there is a break in the vascular endothelium, a process of platelet activation occurs and the platelets change shape and aggregate to form a platelet plug. Platelets are commonly transfused to patients with low platelet counts ...
How many microns are in a standard syringe filter?
Standard 170-200 micron filter either in-line or on transfer to syringe.
What are the microns of a blood filter?
Blood components must be filtered during transfusion to remove clots and small clumps of platelets and white blood cells that form during collection and storage. Standard blood infusion sets contain 170 - 260 micron filters. Smaller component sets with in-line filters for plasma, platelets, and red cell aliquots are also available.
Why do we need blood warmers?
Blood warmers are used to prevent cardiac arrhythmia associated with the rapid infusion of large volumes of cold blood. Specific indications include: Adults receiving blood at a rate in excess of 100 mL per minute. Children receiving blood over 15 mL/kg/hour. Patients with clinically significant cold agglutinins.
Why should blood pressure cuffs not be used?
Blood pressure cuffs should not be used because they apply pressure non-uniformly and can cause leakage. Platelets are transfused through platelet filters at a rate which allows a pool of random donor platelets or a single donor platelet to be transfused within 30 to 60 minutes.
How long does it take to transfuse FFP?
FFP is usually transfused through a standard blood filter at a rate of 30 to 60 minutes per bag. Cryoprecipitate is infused through a standard blood filter at a rate of 4 to 10 mL/minute. At this rate, a pool of 10 bags can be infused in approximately 30 minutes. Transfusion Delays.
How long can a red blood cell be kept at room temperature?
The Red Blood Cell unit's temperature will usually not exceed 10o C for at least the first 30 minutes at room temperature.
What causes red blood cells to aggregate?
Solutions containing glucose (e.g. 5% dextrose) may cause red cells to aggregate and Iyse and those containing calcium (e.g. Ringer's Lactate) may cause blood to clot. Packed red blood cells can be diluted with 0.9% NaCl to decrease viscosity and improve flow rate.
How long can you infuse blood?
The maximum time period allowed for infusion of a single unit of blood is 4 hours. In emergency situations, the infusion rate is not as well established. Infusion rates greater than 60mL/min are dangerous and infusion rates greater than 100mL/min are associated with cardiac arrest.
What is a healthy platelet count?
A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. Having more than 450,000 platelets is a condition called thrombocytosis; having less than 150,000 is known as thrombocytopenia. You get your platelet number from a routine blood test called a complete blood count (CBC).
How do platelets relate to cardiovascular disease?
How platelets relate to cardiovascular disease. If you have too many platelets, it can increase your risk for clotting. But often your cardiovascular risk has more to do with platelet function than platelet number.
What causes platelets to increase?
The medical term for having too many platelets is thrombocytosis, and there are two types: 1 Primary or essential thrombocytosis – Abnormal cells in the bone marrow cause an increase in platelets, but the reason is unknown. 2 Secondary thrombocytosis – The same condition as primary thrombocytosis, but may be caused by an ongoing condition or disease such as anemia, cancer, inflammation, or infection.
Why does my platelet count drop?
Your platelet count drops when something is preventing your body from producing platelets. There are a wide range of causes, including: Medications. An inherited condition.
What does it mean when you have too many platelets?
What it means to have too many platelets. The medical term for having too many platelets is thrombocytosis, and there are two types: Primary or essential thrombocytosis – Abnormal cells in the bone marrow cause an increase in platelets, but the reason is unknown.
Can too many platelets cause heart attacks?
Too many platelets, too few platelets, abnormally functioning platelets, and related conditions such as blood clots, strokes, and heart attacks can be inherited. So it’s a good idea to alert your doctor when there’s a family connection.
How many units of platelets are given?
2 units of platelets may be given. A single unit of platelets is the standard for transfusion, with the exception of patients on Plavix with bleeding. After giving 1 unit, check the platelet count 15 minutes-1 hour after transfusion, and re-evaluate for on-going bleeding, if a second unit is needed to achieve the platelet goal.
Can platelet units be triaged?
Every platelet unit ordered may be triaged by transfusion medicine.
How to stop platelet destruction?
Autoimmune conditions can be treated with drugs that suppress your immune system. This will help stop the destruction of platelets.
How to stop bleeding from low platelet count?
If you begin bleeding, follow these steps and contact your care provider: Have a seat or lie down. Try to remain calm. Apply pressure to the wound if you can see it. Apply an ice pack to the site to slow the bleeding.
What happens if your platelet count is low?
Call your doctor if any of the following issues increase in frequency, severity, or become worrisome to you: 5 . Pain in your joints, particularly large joints like the knees and hips.
What causes low platelet count?
Nutritional deficiencies: As with anemia, iron deficiency or vitamin deficiencies (B12, folate) can lead to low platelet counts, since the body doesn't have the basic nutrients to create them. Viral infections: Certain viral infections such as hepatitis C or HIV may result in decreased production of platelets.
Can low platelet count be treated?
Treatment. A low blood platelet count will often return to a normal level if the cause can be clearly identified and treated. This allows your bone marrow to recover normal function, such as post-pregnancy or post-cancer treatment, though the timeline will differ for everyone. 5 .
Can you prime a blood line with Sodium Chloride?
The line must be primed to remove air before attaching it to the patient. It is unnecessary to prime with anything other than the blood component, however 0.9% Sodium Chloride may be used for this purpose. Dextrose should never be used in a giving set before or after blood, as it can cause haemolysis.
Is sodium chloride flushed through the filter?
Flushing through the remainder of the blood in the line with 0.9% Sodium Chloride is unnecessary and is not recommended because it may result in particles being flushed through the filter. If another IV infusion is to take place after the blood transfusion, it is good practice to use a new administration set to reduce the risk of incompatible fluids or drugs causing haemolysis of any residual red cells which may be left in the administration set.
Can you add drugs to blood?
Drugs must not be added to any blood component pack. It is generally advised that an infusion line that is being used for blood should not be used to administer any other drugs. Dextrose solution (5%) can cause haemolysis and must not be mixed with blood components. Calcium-containing solutions may cause clotting of citrated blood. The topics of compatible IV fluids and co-administration of drugs and blood components are currently under review by BCSH transfusion task force. (The Handbook of Transfusion Medicine 4th edition 2007)
