What are antibodies produced against ABO blood group antigens?
Antibodies produced against ABO blood group antigens View in own window Antibody type IgG and IgM Naturally occurring. Anti-A is found in the serum of people with blood groups O and B. Anti-B is found in the serum of people with blood groups O and A.
How are antibodies made in the body?
Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cellcalled a B cell (B lymphocyte). B cells develop from stem cellsin bone marrow. When B cellsbecome activated due to the presence of a particular antigen, they develop into plasma cells. Plasma cells create antibodies specific to a certain antigen.
What is the ABO blood group system made up of?
The ABO blood group system consists of the A, B, and H antigens. A and B antigens are specific carbohydrate structures synthesized in a stepwise fashion by A and B glycosyltransferase enzymes. The terminal carbohydrate backbone on which A and B are synthesized is H antigen.
How does a child acquire ABO antibodies from its mother?
Children acquire ABO antibodies passively from their mother before birth, but by three months of age infants are making their own; it is believed that the stimulus for such antibody formation is from contact with ABO-like antigenic substances in nature. ABO incompatibility, in which the antigens of a mother...
Are ABO antibodies naturally occurring?
ABO antigens and antibodies These naturally occurring antibodies are mainly IgM immunoglobulins. They attack and rapidly destroy red cells carrying the corresponding antigen. For example, anti-A attacks red cells of Group A or AB. Anti-B attacks red cells of Group B or AB.
What are ABO antibodies?
ABO blood group antibodies are divided into two categories of natural antibodies and immune antibodies; these blood group antibodies are mainly IgM and IgG class antibodies, with are a very small number of IgA antibodies. The origin of human blood group antibodies cannot be completely elucidated.
Where does ABO come from?
The gene that determines human ABO blood type is located on chromosome 9 (9q34. 1) and is called ABO glycosyltransferase. The ABO locus has three main allelic forms: A, B, and O, as mentioned above and each of them is responsible for the production of its glycoprotein.
How are anti-A and anti-B formed?
Anti-A and anti-B are found in the sera of individuals who lack the corresponding antigens. They are produced in response to environmental stimulants, such as bacteria. These antibodies are produced after birth, reaching a peak at 5–10 years of age, and declining with increasing age.
Where are ABO antibodies found?
The ABO blood group antigens are attached to oligosaccharide chains that project above the RBC surface. These chains are attached to proteins and lipids that lie in the RBC membrane. The ABO gene indirectly encodes the ABO blood group antigens.
Are ABO antibodies IgM?
Of course, ABO antibodies in blood groups A and B are primarily IgM, and they react very well at body temperature and are highly significant.
How ABO blood groups are inherited and produced?
The ABO blood type is inherited in an autosomal codominant fashion. The A and B alleles are codominant, and the O allele is recessive.
Where is ABO gene located?
chromosome 9The ABO gene is located on chromosome 9 and has three alleles, A, B and O. The A allele encodes a glycosyltransferase that adds N-acetylgalactosamine to the glycoprotein H antigen that is expressed on all normal red cells. The B allele encodes a different glycosyltransferase that adds d-galactose.
What is the difference between ABO and Rh blood groups?
The main difference between ABO blood group and RH blood group is that ABO blood group is determined by the presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of the red blood cell whereas RH blood group is determined by the presence or absence of D antigen on the surface of the red blood cell.
Why AB blood type has no antibodies?
The blood group AB indicates that the RBCs of this type of blood group has both types of antigens i.e. A antigen and B antigen on their surfaces. Hence, the plasma of this blood group has no antibodies at all.
Are you born with A or B antibodies?
Variation with age: Anti-A and anti-B are not normally present at birth because newborns cannot synthesize immunoglobulins due to their underdeveloped immune system. If present at birth, anti-A and anti-B are IgG and of maternal origin.
What blood type produces anti-B antibodies?
type A bloodPeople with type A blood have anti-B antibodies. People with type B blood have anti-A antibodies. Type O blood contains both types of antibodies.
What does ABO Rh a positive mean?
Overview. Rh factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood has the protein, you're Rh positive. If your blood doesn't have the protein, you're Rh negative. The "+" or "–" you might see after your blood type refers to Rh positive or Rh negative.
Is ABO a blood type?
The four main blood types are A, B, O, and AB. For a blood transfusion, the ABO blood group system is used to match the blood type of the donor and the person receiving the transfusion. People with blood type O can donate blood to anyone and are called universal donors.
At what age do ABO antibodies become detectable?
ABO and H Blood Group Systems Antibody production begins after birth and is usually detected by 4–6 months of age, reaches a peak at age 5–10 years, and then declines with increasing age. Immunodeficient patients may not produce detectable levels of anti-A and/or anti-B.
What are anti-A and anti-B antibodies?
The Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-A,B reagents are used in the red blood cell determination of the ABO blood group. They are used to determine the absence or presence of erythrocytic antigens A and/or B on the surface of human red blood cells.
What is the ABO blood group?
The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes. In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 38 different blood type (or group) classification systems currently recognized.
Who discovered the ABO blood type?
The ABO blood types were discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901; he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for this discovery. ABO blood types are also present in other primates such as apes and Old World monkeys.
How many lines of ABO are there?
Some evolutionary biologists theorize that there are four main lineages of the ABO gene and that mutations creating type O have occurred at least three times in humans. From oldest to youngest, these lineages comprise the following alleles: A101/A201/O09, B101, O02 and O01. The continued presence of the O alleles is hypothesized to be the result of balancing selection. Both theories contradict the previously held theory that type O blood evolved first.
How many alleles are there in the ABO gene?
There are six common alleles in white individuals of the ABO gene that produce one's blood type:
How many subgroups are there in the blood type A1?
The A blood type contains about 20 subgroups, of which A1 and A2 are the most common (over 99%). A1 makes up about 80% of all A-type blood, with A2 making up almost all of the rest. These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned, as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against the A1 antigen. Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood.
When did blood groups become popular?
During the 1930s, connecting blood groups to personality types became popular in Japan and other areas of the world. Studies of this association have yet to confirm its existence definitively.
When was blood typing first used?
The first practical use of blood typing in transfusion was by an American physician Reuben Ottenberg in 1907. And the large-scale application started during the First World War (1914-1915) when citric acid was developed as blood clot prevention.
How many antibodies does each B cell produce?
Each B cell lymphocyte produces one unique antibody against one unique epitope. Once antibodies with sufficient specificity to the epitope can be encoded, the B cell begins to release antibodies into the bloodstream.
What is the process of coding for a new antibody?
Once Antigen Presentation to the B cell lymphocytes has occurred, a process known as Somatic Hypermutation allows the B cell to begin coding for a new antibody that will contain a unique Antigen Binding Site in the variable region that is capable of binding specifically to an epitope from the antigen.
What cells break down proteins?
When an organism’s immune system encounters a foreign molecule (typically a protein) for the first time, specialized cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells capture the molecule and begin breaking it down so that it can present these antigens to B cell lymphocytes.
Do B cells produce antibodies?
After the foreign molecule has been eliminated, B cells remain in the bloodstream ready to produce antibodies if the antigen is encountered again.
What is the ABO blood group?
ABO blood group system, the classification of human blood based on the inherited properties of red blood cells ( erythrocytes) as determined by the presence or absence of the antigens A and B, which are carried on the surface of the red cells. Persons may thus have type A, type B, type O, or type AB blood.
What system did the ABO follow?
Once the ABO blood group system was discovered and was shown to follow the pattern of Mendelian heredity, other systems—the MN system, the Rhesus system, and many others—soon followed. Experts thought that at last they had found genetic features that, because they are inherited and not susceptible…
What is the ABO incompatibility?
ABO incompatibility, in which the antigens of a mother and her fetus are different enough to cause an immune reaction, occurs in a small number of pregnancies. Rarely, ABO incompatibility may give rise to erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn), a type of anemia in which the red blood cells of the fetus are destroyed by ...
What type of blood has antibodies against B cells?
Blood containing red cells with type A antigen on their surface has in its serum (fluid) antibodies against type B red cells. If, in transfusion, type B blood is injected into persons with type A blood, the red cells in the injected blood will be destroyed by the antibodies in the recipient’s blood. In the same way, type A red cells will be ...
Who discovered the ABO blood group?
The human ABO blood groups were discovered by Austrian-born American biologist Karl Landsteiner in 1901. Landsteiner found that there are substances in the blood, antigens and antibodies, that induce clumping of red cells when red cells of one type are added to those of a second type.…
Where is Type B found?
Type B is prevalent in Asia, especially in northern India. Type A also is common all over the world; the highest frequency is among Australian Aboriginal peoples, the Blackfoot Indians of Montana, and the Sami people of northern Scandinavia. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content.
Can you inject O blood into a person with type A blood?
Type O blood can be injected into persons with type A, B, or O blood unless there is incompatibility with respect to some other blood group system also present. Persons with type AB blood can receive type A, B, or O blood. Read More on This Topic. blood group: Historical background.
What are the ABO phenotypes?
ABO blood group phenotypes include A, B, AB, and O. Reciprocal antibodies are consistently present in the majority of individuals’ sera without previous R BC exposure (e.g., anti-B antibodies in blood group A patients), and these antibodies may result in severe intravascular hemolysis after transfusion of ABO-incompatible blood components. Prevention of ABO-incompatible transfusion is the primary objective of pretransfusion testing.
How to determine ABO?
ABO is determined by testing donor RBCs with anti-A and anti-B (also known as a ‘forward’ or ‘front’ type) and the donor plasma with group A 1 and group B RBCs (also known as a ‘reverse’ or ‘back’ type ). Discrepancies between the front and back type must be resolved prior to labeling a blood component (see Chapter 23 ). RBC genotyping can be used to resolve typing discrepancies.
What is the clinical importance of ABO?
ABO antibodies. The clinical importance of the ABO blood group system derives from the universality of its antibodies and their in vivo potency. The ‘naturally occurring’ antibodies of the majority of group A or B individuals are mainly IgM and produced in response to environmental ABO antigens, e.g. from microbes in the gut and respiratory tract.
How do antibodies lose?
Antibodies can be lost by exhaustive plasma exchange ( used therapeutically in ABO incompatible bone marrow and organ transplantation) or by immunosuppression caused by therapy or by disease. IgM anti-A or -B are completely absent in individuals with the very rare Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. View chapter Purchase book.
What is the ability to secrete blood group antigens?
The ability to secrete blood group substances (such as secretor histo-blood group antigens , HBGA) into saliva and at other mucosal surfaces is genetically determined. Most individuals are secretors, but about 20% of most populations are nonsecretors because of mutation in the fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) gene. 136 In relatively small studies, nonsecretion was suggested to be associated with susceptibility to some bacterial and fungal infections and with resistance to certain common viral infections. 137,138 Nonsecretor status is clearly associated with susceptibility to recurrent urinary tract infection, 139 and a possible mechanism for this has been proposed. 140 Nonsecretor status was found to protect completely against infection with Norwalk virus in volunteer challenge studies 141 and is associated with substantially reduced risk in the general population. 142 More recent studies have reported symptomatic norovirus infection in nonsecretors, and in vitro binding studies have demonstrated that binding of noroviruses to HBGA is strain specific, with some norovirus strains evolving different HBGA-binding targets in an attempt to evade genetically determined host resistance. 143 However, overall, apart from associations with norovirus and urinary tract infections, there is a need for larger studies to show compelling evidence of association.
What is the association between ABO and cholera?
An association of blood group O with increased severity of cholera symptoms was found in several studies. 132,133 Blood group O is associated with peptic ulceration, which in turn is connected with H. pylori infection. A possible mechanism for this relationship was suggested by the observation that fucosylation of the Lewis b (Leb) receptor for H. pylori in the gastric mucosa, found in individuals with A or B blood group, impairs binding of the bacteria. 134 However, H. pylori infection is not clearly influenced by ABO blood group type. 135 Recently, a large study of Africans provided compelling evidence that blood group O associates with reduced risk of severe malaria. 39
What are the three main carbohydrate antigens?
ABO blood groups reflect the presence of three main carbohydrate antigens and distinct glycotransferase activities: A, B, and H. Individuals with the A, B, and AB alleles express glycosyltransferase activities that convert the H antigen to the A antigen or to the B antigen.
How strong are ABO antibodies?
When we are testing adults, their ABO antibodies are usually quite well-developed and strong, so the reactions in the reverse (serum) grouping are generally 3+ or 4+ in strength. Antibody problems are more common than antigen problems.
How many antigens are there in the ABO system?
There are only two antigens you have to know in the ABO system (don’t let the name fool you!); they are cleverly known as “A” and “B.” Amazingly enough, given how important it is to distinguish between the blood groups, these two antigens differ by exactly ONE sugar residue added by one of two different enzymes.
How to determine ABO type?
We just separate the plasma and red cells from the person to be tested (by spinning the sample tube really fast), and then we mix the person’s red cells with really strong, laboratory-derived antibodies against the A antigen (“anti-A”) and the B antigen (“anti-B”). Hey, don’t let anyone confuse you: There is no such thing as an “O” antigen, and neither do we use “anti-O” in our testing. Here’s how it looks:
How many patterns of ABO are there?
There are really only four patterns that are seen in the VAST majority of people being typed. Those four are shown below.
What is the ABO system?
The ABO Blood Group System is clearly the most important system, since just about everything we do in blood banking revolves around ensuring that a donor and a recipient are either “ABO-compatible” (the definition varies somewhat by product, but in general, that means the recipient does not have an ABO antibody that would harm the transfused donor red blood cells) or “ABO-identical” (donor and recipient have exactly the same ABO type).
What is the ABO test called?
This test goes by several names, depending on whom you ask! Most blood bankers call it the “front-type,” but others call it “cell grouping” or “forward grouping.” Whatever you call it, this simple test gets you halfway to determining someone’s ABO type.
What is ABO blood group?
The ABO Blood Group System is the foundation of everything we do in Transfusion Medicine. If you are wondering how we test patients and donors to determine their ABO type, this quick blog post is for you.
How long does it take for antibodies to be produced?
When an unfamiliar antigen is detected in the body, it can take up to two weeks before plasma cells can generate enough antibodies to counteract the specific antigen. Once the infection is under control, antibody production decreases and a small sample of antibodies remain in circulation.
What is the structure of an antibody?
An antibody or immunoglobulin (Ig) is a Y-shaped molecule. It consists of two short polypeptide chains called light chains and two longer polypeptide chains called heavy chains. The two light chains are identical to each other and the two heavy chains are identical.
What happens when an antibody binds to a determinant?
The antigen is tagged as an intruder and labeled for destruction by other immune cells. Antibodies protect against substances prior to cell infection.
How many classes of antibodies are there?
Classes of Antibodies. Five primary classes of antibodies exist with each class playing a distinct role in the human immune response. These classes are identified as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. Immunoglobulin classes differ in the structure of the heavy chains in each molecule.
Where are IgA antibodies located?
IgA: Located mainly in body fluids such as sweat, saliva, and mucus , these antibodies prevent antigens from infecting cells and entering the circulatory system. The heavy chain type in IgA is an alpha chain. IgD: The role of these antibodies in the immune response is currently unknown.
Where are IgD and IgE found?
IgD molecules are located on the surface membranes of mature B cells. The heavy chain type in IgD is a delta chain. IgE: Found mostly in saliva and mucus, these antibodies are involved in allergic responses to antigens.
What type of cell produces antibodies?
Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell called a B cell (B lymphocyte ). B cells develop from stem cells in bone marrow. When B cells become activated due to the presence of a particular antigen, they develop into plasma cells.
The immune system
Antibodies are created when your immune system reacts to toxins, pollen, and infectious organisms. Your body is constantly making antibodies. There are different kinds of antibodies, but all are necessary to the immune system to fight foreign bacteria and viruses.
Antibodies, antigens, and the immune system
Antibodies are proteins made by your immune system to try and protect you. Antibodies are created when your immune system reacts to toxins, pollen, and infectious organisms. Your body is constantly making antibodies, so it has a constant supply ready to fight thousands of different threats.
Antibodies and immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins function similarly to antibodies, but they’re proteins found in your blood, tissues, and other fluids. There are five main classes of immunoglobulins that work together to carry out immune responses. An immunoglobulin deficiency can be the result of any kind of disorder that weakens the immune system.
Active antibodies
Active immunization occurs when foreign molecules are introduced into your body and your immune system reacts by creating unique tailored antibodies specifically for this target. Vaccines create active antibodies by inserting a concentration of infectious cells into your body.
Passive antibodies
Passive immunization happens when pre-made antibodies are given to you so that your body doesn’t need to make them. Passive antibodies are fast-acting, but they don’t last long. They are broken down quickly, and there is no natural way to produce more to replace them.
More than the immune system
In addition to antibodies and your immune system, your body has other defenses against foreign infections:
Protect your body
Those with weakened immune systems and immunoglobulin deficiencies are more likely to get infections, diseases, disorders, and allergic reactions. To learn how you can help your antibodies and immune system protect your body, get in touch with your healthcare provider.
Overview
The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes. For human blood transfusions, it is the most important of the 43 different blood type (or group) classification systems currently recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusions (ISBT) as of June 2021. A mismatch (very rare in modern medicine) in this, or …
History
The ABO blood types were first discovered by an Austrian Physician Karl Landsteiner working at the Pathological-Anatomical Institute of the University of Vienna (now Medical University of Vienna). In 1900, he found that red blood cells would clump together (agglutinate) when mixed in test tubes with sera from different persons, and that some human blood also agglutinated with animal b…
Genetics
Blood groups are inherited from both parents. The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene (the ABO gene) with three types of alleles inferred from classical genetics: i, I , and I . The I designation stands for isoagglutinogen, another term for antigen. The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase—that is, an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens. The gene is loc…
Clinical relevance
The carbohydrate molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells have roles in cell membrane integrity, cell adhesion, membrane transportation of molecules, and acting as receptors for extracellular ligands, and enzymes. ABO antigens are found having similar roles on epithelial cells as well as red blood cells.
The ABO antigen is also expressed on the von Willebrand factor (vWF) glycoprotein, which partici…
Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion
In April 2007, an international team of researchers announced in the journal Nature Biotechnology an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A, B, and AB blood into type O. This is done by using glycosidase enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from red blood cells. The removal of A and B antigens still does not address the problem of the Rh blood group antigen on the blood cells of Rh positive individuals, and so blood from Rh negative donors mus…
Pseudoscience
During the 1930s, connecting blood groups to personality types became popular in Japan and other areas of the world. Studies of this association have yet to confirm its existence definitively.
Other popular but unsupported ideas include the use of a blood type diet, claims that group A causes severe hangovers, group O is associated with perfect teeth, and those with blood group A2 have the highest IQs. Scientific evidence in support of these concepts is limited at best.
See also
• Secretor status – secretion of ABO antigens in body fluids
Further reading
• Dean L (2005). "Chapter 5: The ABO blood group". Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
• Farr A (1 April 1979). "Blood group serology--the first four decades (1900–1939)". Med Hist. 23 (2): 215–26. doi:10.1017/s0025727300051383. PMC 1082436. PMID 381816.