When the blood is at low acidic pH the stomatocytes are formed and the blood be at low acidic pH by more interaction with cationic detergents and also in patients who are taking chlorpromazine and phenol thiazine. The stomatocytes may be inherited or acquired.
What causes the formation of stomatocytes in blood?
The stomatocytes may also occur due to the alteration in permeability which causes the increase in volume of red cells. When the blood is at low acidic pH the stomatocytes are formed and the blood be at low acidic pH by more interaction with cationic detergents and also in patients who are taking...
What does stomatocytes look like?
Stomatocytes. •Stomatocytes are red cells with a slit-like or “fish-mouth” central pallor. Stomatocytes may be seen in patients with alcoholic liver disease, hereditary stomatocytosis, or Rh null disease, among other conditions. They may form in vitro in the presence of certain cationic medications or low pH.
What is stomatocytosis?
Typical red blood cells are known as stomatocytes (mouth featured cells) appear in blood smear examination. The clinical manifestation can vary from asymptomatic to severe hemolytic anemia. Hereditary Stomatocytosis shows autosomal dominant inheritance and may cause severe hemolytic anemia presenting very early in life.
What is the meaning of Stomatocyte in blood smear?
“Stomatocyte” describes the appearance of red blood cells (RBCs) on the peripheral blood smear. Stomatocytes (also called hydrocytes) contain a mouthlike or slitlike pattern that replaces the normal central zone of pallor.
What conditions cause stomatocytes?
Stomatocytes can be seen with some acquired conditions such as chronic liver disease (most often due to alcoholism) or acute alcohol intoxication. The stomatocytosis with acute alcohol intoxication appears to be transient, and it may affect a significant proportion of RBCs.
What does it mean if stomatocytes are present?
Sometimes they are mere artifacts associated with specimen collection and storage. A significantly high number of stomatocytes can be found in alcoholism, liver and gallbladder disease, cancer and heart disease. A high number of stomatocytes are also seen in congenital stomatocytosis and other rare hereditary diseases.
How are stomatocytes treated?
Neonates with overhydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (OHSt) or dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (DHSt) may require phototherapy, simple blood transfusions, and, occasionally, exchange transfusions for treatment of anemia and hyperbilirubinemia.
What causes hereditary Stomatocytosis?
Causes. The cause for these hereditary conditions is now understood to be various mutations in the erythrocyte membrane protein, band 3. It is this protein which mediates the cation leaks which are characteristic of this disease.
What is acquired stomatocytosis?
Stomatocytosis is a rare condition of red blood cells (RBCs) in which a mouthlike or slitlike pattern replaces the normal central zone of pallor. Stomatocytosis may be. Congenital. Acquired.
How is hereditary stomatocytosis diagnosed?
Diagnosis relies on laboratory findings. The typical presentation includes normal hemoglobin level or mild anemia, normal mean cell volume (MCV) or mild macrocytosis, normal or elevated mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), elevated reticulocytosis, and a small number of stomatocytes (<10% of red cells).
What are the symptoms of hereditary stomatocytosis?
Despite the highly variable clinical presentation of HSt, almost all the forms present hemolysis and anemia, which can vary from mild to severe. Similarly to all hemolytic conditions, the key signs and symptoms are jaundice, pallor, fatigue, splenomegaly, and gallstones.
What do Schistocytes mean?
Introduction: Schistocytes are split red blood cells that indicate microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Their presence in a peripheral smear is the hallmark for diagnosing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).
When do you see Schistocytes?
Schistocytes are likely to be seen in hemolytic anemias, especially microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in which there is mechanical trauma to erythrocytes attempting to pass through fibrin strands in small vessels. Patients usually also have thrombocytopenia.
What is dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis?
Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (DHSt), also known as hereditary xerocytosis (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man [OMIM] 194380), is an autosomal dominant congenital hemolytic anemia associated with a monovalent cation leak. DHSt consists of a usually compensated hemolysis, associated with moderate splenomegaly.
Can dehydration cause hemolysis?
With prolonged dehydration, secondary membrane changes may potentiate the primary effect. This increased shear sensitivity of dehydrated cells may explain atraumatic exercise-induced hemolysis in xerocytosis as cardiac output is shifted to vessels of exercising muscles with small diameters and high shear rates.
Why is splenectomy contraindicated in stomatocytosis?
The inheritance pattern is dominant. Splenectomy is contraindicated in most of these conditions due to the risk of thromboembolic accidents, which may be lethal.
What do Schistocytes mean?
Introduction: Schistocytes are split red blood cells that indicate microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Their presence in a peripheral smear is the hallmark for diagnosing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).
When do you see Schistocytes?
Schistocytes are likely to be seen in hemolytic anemias, especially microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in which there is mechanical trauma to erythrocytes attempting to pass through fibrin strands in small vessels. Patients usually also have thrombocytopenia.
What are Dacrocytes?
A dacrocyte (or dacryocyte) is a type of poikilocyte that is shaped like a teardrop (a "teardrop cell"). A marked increase of dacrocytes is known as dacrocytosis.
When do you see Heinz bodies?
Heinz bodies may be present in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), or FAD f(adenine dinucleotide deficiency), i.e. methemoglobinemia.
What is the shape of a stomatocyte?
Stomatocytes are cup- or bowel-shaped erythrocytes which in blood smears appear as cells with a wide slit or stoma (mouth-like) area of central pallor (see Figure 61.2B ). The stomatocyte shape is the result of the decreased ratio of the surface area to the volume in the erythrocytes.
What causes stomatocytes in dogs?
The swelling associated with water accumulation accounts for the increased MCV and decreased MCHC values in affected dogs. Stomatocytosis in these breeds resembles overhydrated hereditary stomatocytosis in humans, a disease characterized by a reduced or absent stomatin expression ( Fricke et al., 2003 ). However, standard schnauzers with hereditary stomatocytosis exhibit normal stomatin expression ( Paltrinieri et al., 2007 ). The GSH content in affected RBCs is about 50% to 60% of normal ( Giger et al., 1988a; Harvey, 2001; Pinkerton et al., 1974 ). This GSH deficiency appears to occur from increased catabolism, but the mechanism responsible is unknown ( Smith et al., 1983b ).
What is the red cell in a wet film?
Stomatocytosis (στομα, mouth) Stomatocytes are red cells in which the central biconcave area appears slitlike in dried films. In “wet” preparations, the stomatocyte is a cup-shaped red cell. The slitlike appearance of the cell's concavity, as seen in dried films, is thus to some extent an artefact. The term was first used to describe ...
What is dehydrated stomatocytosis?
This is characterized by a relative paucity of stomatocytes with cells that appear very hyperchromic.
What is the slit-like appearance of the cell's concavity?
The slit-like appearance of the cell’s concavity, as seen in dried films, is thus to some extent an artefact. The term was first used to describe the appearance of some of the cells in a rare type of haemolytic anaemia, hereditary stomatocytosis.20 They are also a feature of Southeast Asian ovalocytosis.
Is stomatocytosis hereditary or acquired?
Stomatocytes are trapped and consequently hemolyzed in the microvasculature of spleen and other organs. Stomatocytosis is either hereditary or acquired. Hereditary stomatocytosis is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder leading to the increased permeability of the red cells to sodium.
Is stomatocytosis an in vitro artefact?
There is a suspicion that in some films the occurrence of stomatocytosis is an in vitro artefact because it is known that the change can be produced by decreased pH and as the result of exposure to cationic detergent-like compounds and nonpenetrating anions. 21. View chapter Purchase book. Read full chapter.
What are the two types of hereditary stomatocytosis?
Hereditary Stomatocytosis comprises two different diseases: the xerocytosis or dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis and the overhydrated hereditary stomatocytosis. Both are genetic disorders mainly due to an abnormality of red cell membrane permeability to monovalent cations (Na+ and K+) resulting in an alteration in the red blood cell water content. The movement of divalent cations and anions is normal. Typical red blood cells are known as stomatocytes (mouth featured cells) appear in blood smear examination. The clinical manifestation can vary from asymptomatic to severe hemolytic anemia. Hereditary Stomatocytosis shows autosomal dominant inheritance and may cause severe hemolytic anemia presenting very early in life.
What is a stoma in a blood smear?
Stomatocytes are erythrocytes with a central slit or stoma instead of a circular area of pallor when examined on dried smears; they are uniconcave rather than biconcave, giving them a bowl-like appearance. A few stomatocytes may be observed in blood smears prepared from normal individuals, as well as from patients with acute alcoholism and hepatobiliary disease. Large numbers of stomatocytes are associated with very rare hereditary disorders of red cell cation permeability leading to increased or decreased red cell water content.
What is a slit pattern in RBCs?
Description. Stomatocytosis is a rare condition of RBCs in which a mouthlike or slitlike pattern replaces the normal central zone of pallor.
What is the name of the condition in which a mouthlike or slitlike pattern replaces the normal central?
Stomatocytosis. Stomatocytosis is a rare condition of RBCs in which a mouthlike or slitlike pattern replaces the normal central zone of pallor. These cells are associated with congenital and acquired hemolytic anemia.
How long does it take for stomatocytosis to disappear?
Stomatocytes in the peripheral blood and hemolysis disappear within 2 weeks of alcohol withdrawal. Stomatocytosis could also be seen in thalassemia, neoplastic, cardiovascular or hepatobiliary disease including acute alcoholism and during therapy with certain drugs some of which are known to be stomatocytogenic in vitro.
Is thalassemia a stomatocytosis?
Stomatocytosis could also be seen in thalassemia, neoplastic, cardiovascular or hepatobiliary disease including acute alcoholism and during therapy with certain drugs some of which are known to be stomatocytogenic in vitro.
What is the mechanism of stomatocyte formation?
In hereditary stomatocytosis (HSt), the mechanism of stomatocyte formation often involves changes in cell volume caused by reduced intracellular ion content.
What are the defects associated with stomatocytosis?
Some of the defects associated with this condition involve membrane transporters such as Piezo1, Gardos, Rhesus antigen-associated glycoprotein, and the anion exchanger band 3. Several rare inherited defects affecting membrane lipid composition have been reported to have stomatocytosis on the peripheral blood smear.
What is the name of the red blood cells on a peripheral blood smear?
STOMATOCYTES. “Stomatocyte” describes the appearance of red blood cells (RBCs) on the peripheral blood smear. Stomatocytes (also called hydrocytes) contain a mouthlike or slitlike pattern that replaces the normal central zone of pallor.
Can stomatocytes be found on a blood smear?
In some healthy individuals, stomatocytes occasionally can be found on the peripheral blood smear. This is thought to be due to a drying artifact; hence, it is important to evaluate several different areas of the peripheral smear before determining that a patient has circulating stomatocytes.
Can alcohol cause stomatocytes?
Liver disease/medications. Stomatocytes can be seen with some acquired conditions such as chronic liver disease (most often due to alcoholism) or acute alcohol intoxication. The stomatocytosis with acute alcohol intoxication appears to be transient, and it may affect a significant proportion of RBCs. The mechanism is thought to be due to a reduction in RBC membrane surface area rather than an increase in RBC volume. Also, dministration of some medications can cause transient stomatocytosis. This was demonstrated in a study that demonstrated formation of stomatocytes upon exposure of RBCs to drugs like vinblastine and chlorpromazine. Intercalation of the drug into the inner half of the lipid bilayer may be responsible for creating the abnormal morphology.
What is a polymer stomatocyte?
Polymer stomatocytes are bowl-shaped structures of nanosize dimensions formed by the controlled deformation of polymer vesicles. The stable nanocavity and strict control of the opening are ideal for the physical entrapment of nanoparticles which, when catalytically active, can turn the stomatocyte morphology into a nanoreactor.
How are polymersomes formed?
Polymersomes are first formed by the self-assembly of block copolymers PEG–PS in THF/dioxane solvent (represented by the pink spheres). The solvent molecules are removed slowly by dialysis, which enables entrapment of the nanoparticles during the shape transformation of the polymersomes into stomatocytes.
