Why are parenteral products used in Drug Administration?
Parenteral products are often used for drugs that cannot be given orally. This may be because of patient intolerance, the instability of the drug, or poor absorption of the drug if given by the oral route.
What are the different routes of parenteral administration?
Other routes of parenteral administration include intradermal, intra-arterial, intracardiac, intraspinal and intra-articular. Parenteral products include injection, infusion and implantation. These are subdivided into small- and large-volume parenteral fluids.
What equipment is needed for Parenteral Drug Administration?
Syringes and needles are both single-use items needed for parenteral drug administration. Syringes should be selected based on the dose amount of medication to be administered, as well as the unit of medication to be measured.
What are the different types of parenteral nutrition?
• Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN): The delivery of nutrients into a small vein using a feeding catheter. • Central parenteral nutrition (CPN): Used when the catheter tip is placed in a large, high-flow vessel such as the superior vena cava.
How is parenteral administered?
Administration by injection (parenteral administration) includes the following routes: Subcutaneous (under the skin) Intramuscular (in a muscle) Intravenous (in a vein)
What are the different ways in administering parenteral routes?
The common routes of parenteral administration are intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous and IV.
How do you give a parenteral injection?
2:3310:00Parenteral Medication Administration - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipIt up your rear. End. Or put it into where the blood is which is the name right it will ultimatelyMoreIt up your rear. End. Or put it into where the blood is which is the name right it will ultimately make its way into the blood are we clear about that yeah.
What is the most common route used to administer parenteral medications?
Intravenous injection is the most common parental route of medication administration and has the benefit of bypassing the first-pass metabolism by the liver.
What are the 4 routes of parenteral administration?
Administration by injection (parenteral administration) includes the following routes:Subcutaneous (under the skin)Intramuscular (in a muscle)Intravenous (in a vein)Intrathecal (around the spinal cord)
How do you administer medication?
0:136:27How to give Medication - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipGiven through the feeding tube should be in liquid form when this is possible some medications areMoreGiven through the feeding tube should be in liquid form when this is possible some medications are only available in tablet form and therefore will need to be crushed into a fine powder.
When is the parenteral route of administration preferred?
Parenteral administration is preferred at times over other drug-administrations routes, such as in emergency situations of cardiac arrest and anaphylactic shock (Shi et al., 2009).
Which route of administration is used most often Why?
Oral administration of medication is a convenient, cost-effective, and most commonly used medication administration route. The primary site of drug absorption is usually the small intestine, and the bioavailability of the medication is influenced by the amount of drug absorbed across the intestinal epithelium.
Which of the following is an example of parenteral route?
Parenteral routes of administration include the subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous routes.
What are the parenteral routes of drug administration quizlet?
Terms in this set (16)Intravenous (IV) Within a vein; administering drugs or fluids directly into the vein to obtain a rapid or complete effect from the drug. ... Intramuscular (IM) Within the muscle. ... Subcutaneous (SC) Under the skin. ... Intradermal (ID) ... Intra-arterial. ... Intra-articular. ... Intracardia. ... Parenteral.More items...
What are three main reasons the parenteral route of administration is used?
Box 1. Parenteral administrationCan be used for drugs that are poorly absorbed, inactive or ineffective if given orally.The IV route provides immediate onset of action.The intramuscular and subcutaneous routes can be used to achieve slow or delayed onset of action.Patient concordance problems can be avoided.
What are parenterals give their types?
Introduction. Parenteral preparations are defined as solutions, suspensions, emulsions for injection or infusion, powders for injection or infusion, gels for injection and implants. They are sterile preparations intended to be administrated directly into the systemic circulation in humans or animals.
How many routes of administration are there for drugs?
Know the different drug administration routes as oral, rectal, parenteral, inhalation, dermal and mucosal. Routes of administration of a drug are determined by its physical and chemical properties, patient characteristics and the rapidity of response desired. Major routes are oral, parenteral and topical.
What is an example of a parenteral medication?
Stelara is an example of a parenteral medication. Stelara is indicated to treat plaque psoriasis in patients who are at least 6 years old. It's a...
What are four types of parenteral injections?
There are four parenteral injections that are most commonly known. These parenteral injections are the following: intramuscular, intradermal, sub...
What is parenteral drug administration?
It involves the administration of medications that don't enter the digestive system, commonly known as injections. Specific equipment may be neede...
Why are drugs administered parenterally?
Drugs are administered parenterally for various reasons. Some of these reasons include: (1) when an immediate onset of action is desired, (2) whe...
Where to administer IV infusion?
IV infusion can be administered through peripheral veins, typically in the forearm or the peripherally inserted central catheter. The commonly administered IV infusion products include Lactated Ringers Injection USP; Sodium Chloride Injection USP (0.9%), which replenish fluids and electro-lytes; and Dextrose Injection USP (5%), which provides fluid plus nutrition; and various combinations of dextrose and saline. Other solutions of essen-tial amino acids or lipid emulsions are also used as infusions.
Where do injections go?
Most injections are designed for administration into a vein (intravenous, IV), into a muscle (intramuscular, IM), into the skin (intradermal, ID), or under the skin (subcutaneous, SC).
Where is IM injection?
IM injections of drugs into the striated muscle fibers that lie beneath the SC layer provide effects that are less rapid but generally longer lasting than those obtained from IV administration. Aqueous or oleaginous solutions or suspensions of drugs may be administered intramuscularly. Drugs in aque-ous solution are absorbed more rapidly than those in oleaginous prepara-tions or in suspensions. An IM medication is injected deep into a large muscle mass, such as the upper arm, thigh, or buttocks. Up to 2 mL of the drug may be injected into the upper arm and 5 mL in the gluteal medial muscle of each buttock.
What is an IV push?
A bolus means the drug is injected into the vein over a short period of time. A bolus is used to administer a relatively small volume and is often written as IV push (IVP). An infusion refers to the introduc-tion of larger volumes (100–1000 mL) of the drug over a longer period of time. A continuous infusion is used to administer a large volume of drug at a constant rate. Intermittent infusions are used to administer a relatively small volume of drug over a specified amount of time at speci-fied intervals.
Why are parenteral products used?
This may be because of patient intolerance, the instability of the drug, or poor absorption of the drug if given by the oral route. From the site of administration the drug is transported to the site of action.
Where to administer parenteral fluids?
The fluids are administered into a superficial vein, commonly on the back of the hand or in the internal flexure of the elbow. The intravenous route is widely used to administer parenteral products, but it must not be used to administer water-in-oil emulsions or suspensions.
What is parenteral therapy?
Parenteral therapy is used to: Produce a localized effect. Administer drugs if the oral route cannot be used. Deliver drugs to the unconscious patient. Rapidly correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Ensure delivery of the drug to the target tissues. Parenteral injections are either administered directly into blood for a fast ...
What are the routes of parenteral administration?
Other routes of parenteral administration include intradermal, intra-arterial, intracardiac, intraspinal and intra-articular.
Why do you sterilize parenteral products?
Parenteral products must be prepared in conditions that reduce microbial contamination because bacteria contaminating aqueous solutions can release pyrogens. Contaminated solutions will become more pyrogenic with the passage of time. Therefore, these products must be sterilized shortly after preparation.
How are glass ampoules prepared?
Plastic ampoules are prepared, filled and sealed by a procedure known as blow-fill-seal in which the semi solid plastic is blow moulded and formed into ampoules. These containers are filled with the product and immediately sealed.
How does IV injection affect blood?
An intravenously administered (IV) injection will rapidly increase the concentration of drug in the blood plasma, but this concentration falls due to the reversible transfer of the drug from blood plasma into body tissues, a process known as distribution.
How is parenteral administration performed?
Parenteral administration of drugs can be performed by injection (small volumes), infusion (large volumes), or implant, and while its typical goal is to achieve rapid systemic effects, it can also be used locally on a given region, tissue or organ by injecting the drug substance directly on the site of action, in order to achieve high drug concentrations in the site of action and/or minimize systemic adverse effects.
What is parenteral administration?
VIEWS. The parenteral route (also referred to as injection route) is the fastest and the second commonest route of drug administration. The term parenteral is made up of two words – par meaning beyond and enteral meaning intestine. Hence, we can say that parenteral administration literally means introduction of substances into ...
What are the two most frequent routes for intraspinal drug delivery?
Intraspinal route: This involves the administration of a drug within the vertebral column. The two most frequent routes for intraspinal drug delivery are epidural route and intrathecal route .
What is the intralymphatic route?
Intralymphatic route: Intralymphatic route involves administration of drugs into a lymph node or a vessel. It is used, for example, for the administration of stem cells during the treatment of autoimmune diseases, antitumoural therapy, and/or for diagnosis purposes (contrast reagents injection). 8.
What is intraarterial route?
2. Intraarterial route: Intraarterial route involves direct administration to an artery, generally for local effects over irrigated organs or tissues. For example, antineoplastic injected in the surroundings of the tumor, with a decrease of systemic adverse effects. It is also useful for the administration of vasodilators in arterial embolisms or contrast media for arteriography.
Why is intradermic administration used?
Due to the extremely low blood supply to the dermis, intradermic administration implies almost null systemic absorption of the drug. It is usually used for vaccines (e.g., BCG vaccines) and for local anesthesia, as well as for diagnostic purposes in hypersensitivity tests. 6.
What is the epidural route?
a. Epidural route: This is a method of drug administration in which a medicine is injected on or over the dura mater. The drug must be filtered through fat and veins to reach the nervous roots, thus delaying the beginning of the effect. It supports permanent catheter collation.
How does total parenteral nutrition work?
A person who is on total parenteral nutrition receives all the nutrients and energy they need through an intravenous (IV) line. The nutrients enter through the veins and travel through the blood vessels to the entire body.
Which is better, enteral or parenteral?
Because of these physiological differences and some other factors, enteral feeding has less risk of serious complications compared with parenter al feedings.
Who Might Need TPN?
Any person who is unable to get enough calories through their gastrointestinal tract might need to receive TPN. Some medical situations that might require TPN include:
How Is TPN Given?
If you need to receive TPN, your medical team will need to have access to your veins. A catheter —a long thin tube—will be put in some part of the venous system. The careful placement of a catheter is done in the hospital while a person is under heavy sedation or anesthesia.
What Does TPN Contain?
TPN is designed to replace all the important nutrients that a person would normally be getting through their diet. 6
Why do doctors prefer enteral feeding?
3 One reason is that enteral nutrition does not disrupt the body’s normal physiological processes the way parenteral nutrition does.
Why do hospitalized people need TPN?
Some hospitalized people need TPN if they are unable to eat for an extended period and enteral methods are not possible.
What are the elements that are added to PN?
Shortages of parenteral multivitamins have occurred in recent years; in such instances, the addition of individual vitamin ingredients such as thiamine and folic acid may be important to avoid complications. Zinc, chromium, manganese, and copper are the four trace elements most commonly added to PN solutions.
What is PN used for?
PN is commonly used in such conditions as severe pancreatitis, short-bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease exacerbations, and gastrointestinal (GI) fistulae, as well as in critically ill patients, infants with very low birth weight, and patients with cancer receiving hematopoietic cell transplantation.
What is the most common carbohydrate used in PN solutions?
Dextrose is the most common carbohydrate used in PN solutions. Dextrose solutions commonly used for compounding range from 10% (for PPN solutions) to 70%, with final concentrations of dextrose commonly in the range of 5% (for PPN) to 30%. Dextrose for IV use provides 3.4 kcal/gram.
How long does PPN therapy last?
5 When PPN is used in the U.S., osmolality of the infusate is usually limited to approximately 900 mOsm/L, and duration of therapy is limited to about seven to 10 days.
What is PN in nutrition?
Parenteral nutrition (PN), the provision of nutrients via the intravenous (IV) route, is in some cases a life-saving therapy in patients who are unable to tolerate oral or tube feedings for prolonged periods. The development of a bedside technique for accessing a large vein (e.g., subclavian) enabled hypertonic fluids to be administered beginning ...
What is the glycerol 3% in ProcalAmine?
ProcalAmine combines glycerol 3% with amino acid 3%, a mixture that can be heat sterilized and supplied commercially. This product is used as PPN in some institutions. If used as PPN, IV lipid should generally be piggybacked to increase calories. Caloric density of glycerol is 4.3 kcal/gram.
How much protein should I give to a PN?
Typically, patients receiving PN are given 1 to 2 g of protein per kg of body weight per day. In general, the more highly stressed a patient is, the more protein he or she requires to maintain nitrogen equilibrium (i.e., to prevent lean body mass loss).
Intravenous Route
- TheIV administration provides immediate access of the drug to the sys-temiccirculation, resulting in the rapid onset of drug action. Depending on the rateof drug administration, IV injections could be a bolus or an infusion. A bolus means the drug is injected intothe vein over a short period of time. A bolus is used to administer arelatively small ...
Intramuscularroute
- IMinjections of drugs into the striated muscle fibers that lie beneath the SClayer provide effects that are less rapid but generally longer lasting thanthose obtained from IV administration. Aqueous or oleaginous solutions or suspensionsof drugs may be administered intramuscularly. Drugs in aque-ous solution areabsorbed more rapidly than those in oleaginous prepara-tions or i…
Subcutaneous Route
- TheSC route is used for small volume injections, typically 1 mL or less. SCinjections are administered beneath the surface of the skin, between the dermisand muscle. Medications administered by this route are slowly absorbed andconsequently have a slower onset of action than medications given by IV or IMroutes. Drugs often given by this route include epineph-rine, in…
Other Routes
- Certaintypes of injections are intended for specific purposes. For example, ·Intradermal administration involvesinjection just beneath the epider-mis, within the dermal or skin layers. Theusual site for intradermal injection is the anterior forearm. The volume ofsolution that can be administered intradermally is limited to 0.1 mL. The onsetof action and the rate of absorption of …
Rate and Extent Ofabsorption
- Theroute of administration has a significant impact on the rate and extent ofsystemic absorption of a drug. Drugs injected intravenously are imme-diatelyavailable in the systemic circulation. Systemic availability of the drug fromother sites of injection, such as SC, IM, and intraperitoneal (IP), requiresdrug absorption. The rate of drug absorption from the site of administration tothe s…
Factors Affectingselection of Route
- Selectionof a parenteral route of administration for a new therapeutic moi-ety dependson several considerations, such as ·Desired rate ofonset of action: IV route provides the most rapid onsetof action, whereas the SC, IM, and IP routes have slower rate ofdrug absorption into the systemic circulation. SC route is often preferred forSR dosage forms when slow drug absorption over a pr…