For the natives of the Americas, contact with Europeans changed their entire way of life, resulted in the loss of their autonomy, and almost annihilated their population, completely eliminating it in some parts of the two continents. The Europeans brought technologies (and horses) that completely changed Native American ways of life.
What were the effects of the age of exploration on islands?
All of these sustained and prolonged contacts began to affect the island societies. In addition, there were increasing numbers of European castaways and beachcombers, who had begun to live in the islands from the days of first European contact, because of the expansion of commercial shipping in the region.
What was the European contact with Native Americans like?
European Contact. For the native peoples of North America, contact with Europeans was less dramatic than that experienced by the Aztec and Inca empires upon the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors.
What were the effects of the European colonization of North America?
1 European immigrants executed massacres on the Native American people. 2 Immigrants spread microbes throughout the continents, where millions of Natives lost their lives. 3 European colonists and Natives belonged to two different human races. It created racial diversity in their societies.
What was the impact of contact with the Native Americans?
Contact with Native Americans can be credited with teaching English and other settlers in North America some of the skills that they needed to expand out into the wilderness (ironically, pushing the Indians farther into marginal lands). In these less obvious ways, contact also had an impact on the Europeans.
How did European contact change island societies?
How did European contact change island societies? Island societies began to decline - died of diseases brought by Europeans, western ways replaced traditional customs & Europe & the U.S. took control of the islands, turning them into territories & possessions.
How did imperialism affect the Pacific islands?
Foreign diets, illnesses, and economic practices were imposed on the islanders, disrupting native lifestyles, traditions, and even languages. These colonialist practices continue to detrimentally affect islanders.
What are the negative impacts of colonization in the Pacific island countries?
Residual effects initially included radiation sickness, but later increased rates thyroid cancer as well as lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia and lymphoma (Anderson et al., 2006). Today, these island nations struggle with the legacy of the colonization and westernization of their island homelands.
Why did Europeans colonize the Pacific islands?
Much of the European exploration of the Pacific was inspired by two obsessions: the search for the fastest routes to the spice-rich islands of the Moluccas (modern-day Maluku in Indonesia) and the theory that somewhere in the South Pacific lay a vast undiscovered southern continent, possibly also rich in gold, spices, ...
How did European settlement affect the people of the region?
Colonization ruptured many ecosystems, bringing in new organisms while eliminating others. The Europeans brought many diseases with them that decimated Native American populations. Colonists and Native Americans alike looked to new plants as possible medicinal resources.
When did Europeans come to the Pacific?
The 16th and 17th centuries Vasco Núñez de Balboa was the first European to sight the Pacific, in 1513; seven years later Ferdinand Magellan rounded South America and sailed across the ocean, missing the main island groups but probably encountering Pukapuka Atoll, in the Tuamotu Archipelago, and Guam.
What major consequences did European colonization have on native peoples in the South Pacific?
Natives were also struck by illnesses that became endemic, including venereal disease and tuberculosis. These afflictions weakened Indian societies just as non-Indian colonizers approached the Pacific Northwest, and thus diminished natives' ability to resist colonization.
What are some of the problems the Pacific islands face?
Introduction. The Pacific Islands are facing devastating impacts of climate change including increasing droughts and water scarcity, coastal flooding and erosion, changes in rainfall that affect ecosystems and food production, and adverse impacts to human health (IPCC, 2014, 2018).
Which of the following most motivated European powers to claim Pacific Islands as colonies?
Which of the following most motivated European powers to claim Pacific islands as colonies? The islands were useful ports for merchant and war ships.
Which European countries colonized the Pacific islands?
From the mid-nineteenth century onward, the Pacific islands came under the rule of Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States.
Who settled the Pacific islands?
the PolynesiansIt is generally believed that these phenotypically Oceanic “Lapita people” from Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and Fiji are the ancestors of the Polynesians (1, 4). After a pause of ≈500-1,000 years, Polynesians then settled the rest of the Polynesian Triangle (1).
Who was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?
After sailing through the dangerous straits below South America that now bear his name, Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan enters the Pacific Ocean with three ships, becoming the first European explorer to reach the Pacific from the Atlantic.
What are the impacts of colonization in Fiji?
Eight decades of colonial rule ensured that indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians had minimum social interaction and, at all times, the colonial administration reinforced ethnic and communal identities. Also, demographic changes played a key role in ethnic tensions.
How were the Pacific islands first settled?
While the first settlers of the Pacific Islands are thought to have crossed over land from northern Australia to New Guinea at least 40,000 years ago, evidence for human movement east of the Solomon Islands originates with groups of master seafarers in southern China approximately 5,000 years ago.
How did colonialism impact the culture of Oceania?
Colonizers implemented their own systems of governance, land management, and trade. These efforts had severe consequences that continue to affect indigenous groups and their cultural systems today. Foreign forces also transformed Australia and Oceania's political landscape during World War II and the Cold War.
Why is trade an essential part of the culture and economy of the Pacific islands?
Why is trade an essential part of the culture and economy of the Pacific Islands? Trade is essential because resources are distributed unevenly among the islands. Trade carries important political and social meanings, and trade was often used to establish relationships among different groups.
What was the British response to the Western Pacific Order in Council?
The British responded with the Western Pacific Order in Council (1877), which granted the governor of Fiji authority over British nationals and vessels in a wide area of the western Pacific. The problem still remained, however, of non-British nationals in islands that had neither native kings nor European governors, especially in Melanesia.
Which country was the first to intervene in the Pacific?
The French government was the first to intervene, after two Roman Catholic missionaries were expelled from Tahiti in 1836.
What was the name of the group of islands that became the Gilbert and Ellice Islands?
The Ellice Islands were added to it, and the group became the Gilbert and Ellice Islands protectorate. France declared a protectorate over Wallis and Futuna in 1887, and, in the same year, a convention set up a mixed British and French naval commission in the New Hebrides.
What was the Samoa Act?
In Samoa, after a tripartite supervision set up by the Samoa Act of 1889 came to grief in European rivalries and Samoan factionalism over chieftainships, an agreement of 1899 divided the Samoa group between Germany and the Unit ed States ; Britain received compensation elsewhere.
What did the Germans do to the Carolines?
In Micronesia the Germans, after an attempt to annex the Spanish possession of the Carolines in 1885, finally bought them from Spain with Palau and the Marianas (excepting Guam) in 1899. They had annexed the Marshalls in 1885 and, under a convention with Britain of 1886, the phosphate-rich island of Nauru.
Why did Britain take over Fiji?
Britain was mainly concerned with the activity of its nationals, and it accepted control of Fiji in 1874 primarily because native authority had broken down. Sir Arthur Gordon, the island’s first governor, set aside the vast majority of land for Fijians, but he imported thousands of Indian indentured labourers.
Why did the French annex New Caledonia?
In 1853 the presence of French missionaries in New Caledonia led to French annexation, possibly for fear of British action and certainly to establish a penal colony (to which convicts were transported until 1897). Other European countries intervened for different reasons.
When did the Micronesians first come to the island?
Historically, Micronesians descended from seafarers who populated the island atolls between 2000 BC and 500 BC. Since the first contact with Westerners, starting with the Portuguese and Spanish explorers, the islands have been colonized by various European and Asian countries.
Who claimed sovereignty over Micronesia?
Spain later “claimed sovereignty” over most of Micronesia. Germany was the official colonizer for one year before Spain formally occupied Pohnpei in 1866. Germany “bought” the island from Spain in 1899 after the conclusion of the Spanish American War.
What is the Samoan region?
The Polynesia triangular region stretches from Fiji and Tonga to the west, Easter Island to the east, Hawaii to the North and New Zealand to the south. Samoans are the largest population of Polynesians in the US after Native Hawaiians. The Samoan islands were populated more than 2,000 years ago and subsequent migrations settled the rest of Polynesia further to the east. Contact with Europeans began in the early 1700s but did not intensify until the arrival of English missionaries and traders in the 1830s. At the turn of the 20th century, the Samoan islands were split into two sections. The eastern islands became territories of the United States in 1904 and today are known as American Samoa. The western islands became known as Western Samoa (now the Independent State of Samoa), passing from Germany to New Zealand in 1914. The New Zealand government administered Western Samoa under the auspices of the League of Nations and then as a UN trusteeship until independence in 1962. Western Samoa was the first Pacific Island country to gain its independence (US Department of State, Accessed September 2, 2007).
What were the effects of World War 2?
Residual effects initially included radiation sickness, but later increased rates thyroid cancer as well as lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia and lymphoma (Anderson et al., 2006). Today, these island nations struggle with the legacy of the colonization and westernization of their island homelands. Social structures and ways of life are changing and diseases associated with western lifestyles such as obesity, coronary artery disease and substance abuse are having devastating effects (Kermode & Tellei, 2005).
When did Samoa become part of the United States?
At the turn of the 20th century, the Samoan islands were split into two sections. The eastern islands became territories of the United States in 1904 and today are known as American Samoa. The western islands became known as Western Samoa (now the Independent State of Samoa), passing from Germany to New Zealand in 1914.
When was Palau discovered?
A similar political history occurred for the Republic of Palau. Palau was “discovered” in 1710 by Spain. It too was sold to the Germans, annexed by Japan and later became part of the US-managed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after World War II.
When did Tonga become independent?
By 1845, all of the Tongan islands had been united by ancestors of the current dynasty. Under British protection by 1900 , Tonga retained its independence and autonomy and became fully independent in 1970 (US Department of State, Accessed September 2, 2007).
What were the three major legacies of the Spanish explorers?
Nonetheless, Spanish explorers attempting to penetrate into what would become the United States left three major legacies for the tribes: disease, horses and other domesticated animals, and metal tools and firearms. Disease.
What did the tie arrangement of poles make?
A simple tied arrangement of poles made from young trees enabled horses to pull large loads. The poles doubled as a tipi framework and enabled the dwellings of these nomadic peoples to be larger and more comfortable. Mounted on horseback, the Indians became dramatically more efficient hunters of bison.
How did horses change the culture of the Plains Indians?
The arrival of the horse in North America, which probably occurred with the 1540 expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado into the Southwest, transformed Plains Indian culture. By the end of the sixteenth century, horses were being traded, stolen, or left to stray, and their numbers multiplied. The Sioux, Cheyenne, and Kiowa soon found the horse indispensable, and its use spread to other tribes. A simple tied arrangement of poles made from young trees enabled horses to pull large loads. The poles doubled as a tipi framework and enabled the dwellings of these nomadic peoples to be larger and more comfortable. Mounted on horseback, the Indians became dramatically more efficient hunters of bison. Within a generation, the Plains Indians made the horse an integral part of their culture. Frontiersmen crossing the Mississippi and encountering Indians on horseback in the eighteenth century had no idea that the horse culture was less than two hundred years old.
What were the tools that Europeans used to make their weapons more efficient?
The knives, needles, fishhooks, hatchets, and pots offered by the Europeans were immediately recognized as more efficient than their stone, bone, or clay implements. Early firearms—muskets and pistols—did not present a clear advantage for the Europeans over the Indians.
What were the animals that were used in the European civilization?
Horses and other domesticated animals. Although disease proved a curse to the native peoples, the introduction of European livestock improved the quality of life for many tribes. The best known and most dramatic change came with the horse, but other domesticated animals were important as well. Cattle, sheep, goats, and hogs were raised for food, and their hides were used for clothing, blankets, and shelter coverings.
What were the crops that were introduced to Europe?
Many new crop and food plants, such as maize, beans, potatoes, peanuts, pumpkins, and avocados, were first introduced to Europe from the Western Hemisphere.
Where did the Mandans stay in 1804?
In 1804, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, leaders of the Corps of Discovery, were given hospitality by the Mandans during their winter stay at Fort Mandan on the Missouri River. The tribe, which numbered about 2000, dwindled to 150 after an epidemic of smallpox brought by fur traders in 1837.
What did the French do to protect the Society Islands?from britannica.com
Dissidents and heretics looked to these Europeans for leadership, and they turned to their own national governments for protection. The French took control of the Society Islands and nearby archipelagoes beginning in 1842. They also established missionary control of Wallis and Futuna.
What problems did Europeans face in Fiji?from britannica.com
Problems became more serious after permanent European settlers arrived. In Fiji, for example, following Cakobau’s first offer to cede the islands to Great Britain in 1858, Europeans began to establish plantations of coconuts and then, during the American Civil War, of cotton and afterward of sugarcane. Developments in Samoa were similar. But planters needed land on a much larger scale than did traders, and they needed labour in much greater quantities to work the plantations. Land sales caused friction because “ownership” was not an Oceanian concept, and land titles were thus disputed or resented. Labour recruiting often caused the breakup of traditional societies if too many males left their communities and the creation of immigrant labour communities if they did not. By 1870 there were 2,000 such permanent European residents in Fiji.
Why did the pearl shell trade decline?from britannica.com
Pearl shell attracted traders to the Tuamotus in 1807, and the sandalwood trade declined as supplies were exhausted. However, Europeans in both trades were harsh and sometimes committed atrocities, and pearling declined as islanders began to take reprisals.
Where did the missionaries go?from britannica.com
Christian missionaries traveled to Oceania with the deliberate intention of changing its societies. In 1797 the London Missionary Society (LMS) sent a party to Tahiti. After some vicissitudes the missionaries converted a prominent chief, Pomare II, who controlled the area of Matavai Bay, where European ships had called since Wallis’s landing. The LMS failed in its first attempts in Tonga and the Marquesas, although it was more successful in Huahine (in the Society Islands), the Tuamotus, the Cook Islands, and, later, Samoa. English and American missionaries then tried to win over additional Polynesian chiefs so that the masses would follow. Indigenous converts were sent to other islands to spread the word. In 1823 John Williams of the LMS took Polynesian missionaries to Rarotonga and other islands, and he took Christianity to Samoa in 1830. The Methodists began arriving in Tonga in 1822 and Fiji in 1835. Roman Catholic missionaries began working in New Caledonia in the 1840s, and, at about the same time, the Church of England began to penetrate into Oceania from New Zealand. Meanwhile, Polynesian societies were facing varying degrees of lawlessness and disorder at the hands of European beachcombers and traders. British missionaries responded to the situation by creating missionary kingdoms, whereas the French established direct political control.
Why did the trading community grow?from britannica.com
Beachcombers and castaways preceded missionaries in many of the islands, but trading communities grew partly because of the missionaries’ work in restraining native violence. Those individuals were initially pork traders in Tahiti, but European captains followed valuable cargoes from island to island.
What did missionaries do to the Pacific Island?from britannica.com
Missionaries thus altered political structures, introduced both European goods and the desire for them, and acted as intermediaries between Pacific Island societies and other Europeans —as political advisers, as agents, and as interpreters.
How did the missionary kingdoms address the problems of European lawlessness in the islands?from britannica.com
The missionary kingdoms addressed problems of European lawlessness in the islands by attempting to enforce a scriptural code of law. Although missionaries could not prevent the sale of arms, they could at least ensure that these passed into the hands of friendly chiefs.
How did Europeans affect Native Americans?
For the natives of the Americas, contact with Europeans changed their entire way of life, resulted in the loss of their autonomy, and almost annihilated their population, completely eliminating it in some parts of the two continents. The Europeans brought technologies (and horses) that completely changed Native American ways of life. They used some of these technologies to dominate the Native Americans. In North America, they tended to push the natives off their ancestral lands while in South America they subjugated the natives. Either way, the natives lost their autonomy. European aggression, combined with European diseases to which the natives had no immunity, destroyed as much as 90% of the original population of the Americas. These were huge impacts that can be clearly seen.
How did Europeans impact the New World?
The Europeans were not impacted in such obvious ways. However, coming to the New World did impact them as well. Contact with the New World changed the politics of the Old World. It enriched Spain, making it a greater power. Contact with the indigenous people created a large group of mestizos in Latin America, creating a new, hybrid society. Contact with Native Americans can be credited with teaching English and other settlers in North America some of the skills that they needed to expand out into the wilderness (ironically, pushing the Indians farther into marginal lands). In these less obvious ways, contact also had an impact on the Europeans.
Why did Europeans see themselves as the rightful owners of the land?
Europeans saw themselves as the rightful owners of the land, because they thought they knew what to do with it. They disregarded Native American agriculture as collections of weeds, even though it has been proven that companion planting, as practiced by many indigenous tribes, is quite effective. Europeans sought guidance from Native Americans initially—Native Americans helped the first Pilgrims survive. Native Americans also helped fur traders translate and properly bundle furs. Some fur traders and explorers also took native wives. But Europeans ultimately viewed Native Americans as being "in the way"—an obstacle to be removed for the whites to achieve their full cultural and economic potential.
What did the colonialists do to the people of Europe?
First of all, the colonialists imposed slavery on these ingenious people. They began capturing locals for the slave trade in Europe.
How did European colonization affect Native Americans?
After the arrival of the European colonists, massive changes started happening in the demography of the Native American people. Primarily demographic changes came for three reasons: European immigrants executed massacres on the Native American people .
What brought the system of slavery to native American society?
2. Secondly, European colonization brought the system of slavery to native American society. Some European tyrants often captured natives to use as slaves or to sell them in Europe’s slave market.
Why did the population of the North and South decrease?
Because of the massacres and the deaths from diseases, their population on both continents (north and south) greatly reduced.
What was the fourth impact of European colonization?
The fourth impact of European colonization was seen on the culture of Native societies. Though, original inhabitants were conscious to protect their own cultural values; but slowly, their traditions also started mingling with Europeans. 5. Fifth most important impact came on the political authority of Natives.
Why did Europeans become multi-racial?
Because of the mass execution of the native people by the European immigrants, their population drastically reduced. On the other hand, Europeans belonged to a different human race (Caucasian) than natives. In this case, their society also transformed into multi-racial.
Which countries centralized power in the Americas?
After colonization, this authority was centralized by European powers. Especially, France, Great Britain, Spain centralized this power in their own hands. 1.