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What was the name of the council that Genghis Khan called to settle the succession dispute?

To settle the matter, Genghis Khan called for a " kurultai ", a political and military council - a formal meeting used both in familial matters and in matters of state.

Why was Jochi kinder than Genghis Khan?

Certain incidents hint towards the fact that Jochi was of a kinder disposition than Genghis Khan, though the adjective “kind” must be interpreted by the standards of his times and milieu because Jochi had had his share of indulgence in massacres of civilians. On one occasion Jochi pleaded with his father to spare the life of a son of an enemy chief who had been taken captive and who happened to be a great archer. Jochi argued that such a great archer could be an asset to the Mongol army. Genghis Khan brushed aside this argument and had the captive executed.

What did Jochi do in 1207?

In 1207, Jochi conquered several of the forest peoples in Siberia, extending the northern border of the Mongol Empire for the first time. On behalf of his father, Jochi led two campaigns against the Kyrgyz, in 1210 and in 1218. Jochi played a major role in the Khwarezm war of 1219–1221 in Central Asia – his forces captured the towns of Signak, Jand, and Yanikant in April, 1220, during this war. Subsequently, he was given the command of operation against the city of Urgench (Gurganj, in present-day Turkmenistan), the capital of the Khwarezmian Empire. Here the siege of the town suffered delays because Jochi engaged in extensive negotiation with the town to persuade it to surrender peacefully and to save it from destruction. Jochi's brother Chagatai regarded this action as militarily unsound: Chagatai wanted to destroy the city but Genghis Khan had promised the city to Jochi after his victory. This difference of opinion on military affairs deepened a rift between Jochi and Chagatai. Genghis Khan intervened in the campaign and appointed Ögedei as the commander of the operation. Ögedei resumed the operations vigorously – capturing, sacking and thoroughly destroying the town and massacring its inhabitants (1221).

How many children did Jochi have?

Jochi had at least 14 sons and two daughters:

Where did Genghis Khan go?

During the autumn of 1223 Genghis Khan started for Mongolia after completing the Khwarezm campaign. Ögedei, Chagatai and Tolui went with him but Jochi withdrew to his territories north of Aral and Caspian Seas. There he remained until his death and would not see his father again in his lifetime.

When was Jochi's family partitioned?

In the Kurultai of 1229 following Genghis Khan's death, this partition was formalized and Jochi's family (Jochi himself had died six months before Genghis Khan) was allocated the lands in the west up to 'as far as the hooves of Mongol horses had trodden'.

Who was Genghis Khan's first son?

Tribal tradition was also critical. As Genghis Khan's first-born son, Jochi was favored to rule the clan and the empire after his father died. At the familial kurultai called in 1222, Chagatai raised the issue of Jochi 's legitimacy. At that meeting, Genghis Khan made it clear that Jochi was his legitimate first-born son.

How did Jochi die?

Whether the great khan had his son poisoned or not is besides the point. The fact is that healthy, forty-year old Jochi died early in 1227, nominally of sickness . Genghis Khan followed his eldest in August of that same year, and after a two year regency by the youngest, Tolui, Ogedei ascends to the khanship and expands the unified mongol empire beyond his father’s imaginings.

How many sons did Genghis Khan have?

So he called all four of his possible successors to meet. Not that Genghis had just four sons, far from it. He had a huge amount of children, not to mention adopted ‘fifth sons’ from conquered civilizations or children from orphaned soldiers under his command that were brought into the royal household. But only four were seriously considered for the rank of great khan when Genghis Khan died: Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei and Tolui.

What is the source of tension between Jochi and his brother Chaghatai?

The source of tension between Jochi and his brother Chaghatai was Jochi’s paternity, or more specifically, the lack of certainty regarding it . Jochi was born in 1182 shortly after Genghis Khan retrieved his kidnapped wife Borte from a rival steppe tribe, the Merkits. So who exactly his father was was always hotly debated among his siblings. This questionable paternity is even referenced in Jochi’s name—several Mongol scholars have noted that the word Jochi means ‘guest’ in Mongolian.

Why did Jochi refuse to die?

But by refusing to perish, Jochi would have accidentally saved millions of lives from the Mongol conquest, though that was certainly not his intention. Mongol expansion to the west would be drastically curtailed, if not stopped completely, and their campaigns against the organized states of Asia (the Khitan Liao, the Southern Song Dynasty and Korea, to name but a few) would likely bear few results if any.

How many troops did Tolui have?

In our main timeline, Tolui was left with over one-hundred thousand troops at his command, compared to the other brother’s ‘pure Mongol’ divisions of four thousand each. As the youngest of the candidates for succession, Mongol tradition dictated that he guard the home of the Mongols in Central Asia. It took two years to gather the necessary Mongols from the corners of the empire and assemble them into a congress to confirm Ogedei’s ascension. Mongol expansion slowed in North China and the Middle East, then largely ceased. During this time Tolui was regent of the unified empire, and had the most troops available, making him the key player in our little fraternal drama. Whoever’s side the warlike Tolui came down on would be the likely winner of the first-generation Mongol-civil war.

What would Chagatai do if his father died?

The most likely scenario is that Chagatai would try to launch a surprise attack on his hated brother. The gamble was that he could get his forces to Jochi’s camps between the Aral and Caspian seas ahead of the death notification, and deal Jochi a crushing defeat before he had time to mobilize—or any of his brothers had time to formally condemn or take actions to prevent such actions. Better to ask forgiveness than permission.

What would happen if the Mongol Empire ate itself?

The Mongol Empire would eat itself from the inside inside a generation: at best it could rally under a khan and slowly begin rebuilding, at worst it would devolve into small central-asian principalities, never to grow into the world-striding colossus it did in our timeline.

Has anyone ever survived execution in the roman arena by killing all opponents?

Would it even be possible hypothetically speaking? If so, what would be the aftermath?

How did Jochi die?

While some authors (like Juvaini, writing in the 1250s) just have Jochi die of undisclosed reasons around 1225, returning to his own territory after a final meeting with his father, the fullest account of Jochi’s death comes from the great Ilkhanid vizier and historian, Rashid al-Din, writing around 1300. In his version, Jochi falls ill, and is unable to answer Chinggis’ summons. Chinggis gets suspicious that these are just excuses, and a Mangqut individual who sees Jochi sending his men off on a hunt (though Jochi himself was too ill to take part) informs Chinggis that he knew nothing about any illness, but did see Jochi going hunting. Since hunting was what Mongols did for fun, Chinggis Khan now believed that Jochi was ignoring his summons to goof off, essentially, rebelling against his father. By this point Chinggis Khan was old, and was concerned about the succession for his empire. A wayward son, positioned in the vast and valuable steppes to the west, could prove a potentially faultline in the empire. Enraged that Jochi would so deliberately tear apart their hard work, he ordered two of his other sons, Chagatai and Ogedai, to begin marshalling forces for an invasion. Before the army could set out, news arrived that Jochi had succumbed to his illness. Chinggis was horrified, and a search was made for the Mangqut man, but he could not be found. In this version, Chinggis is distraught, and appoints Jochi’s son Batu to succeed him, and leaves his territory in-tact. So basically, Chinggis reacts exactly how you’d expect a father to react upon learning of his son’s death.

Where did Jochi go after the fall of the Khwarezmian capital?

The general gist in the sources is that after the fall of the Khwarezmian capital of Gurganj (Otrar) in 1221, a long and difficult siege in which Jochi’s abilities as a commander came under question, is that he then travelled to the Qipchaq steppe, where, depending on the source, he either spent the next years subduing Qipchaq tribes and expanding the empire, or hunting and wasting time.

Who was the Khwarezmian who fled the Mongols?

Meanwhile, there’s Juzjani . Juzjani was a Khwarezmian citizen who fled the Mongols, seeking refuge in the Delhi Sultanate of India. Writing in the 1250s, if you have to know one thing about Juzjani ’s work, it’s that he hated the Mongols, Chinggis Khan and Chagatai both earning particular ire from him. In his version, he writes that after the fall of Gurganj, Jochi and Chagatai travel to the steppe, where Jochi falls in love with the territory. So much does he love it, in fact, that he becomes willing to betray his father, kill him and ally with the Khwarezm-shah (Muhammad II, who had died in Dec. 1220, or his son Jalal al-Din Mingburnu, who had fled to India-neither particularly likely options for an alliance!). Chagatai learns of this, tells his father, and they have Jochi poisoned. It’s notable that Juzjani describes Jochi in quite glowing terms, and writes that Chinggis was in awe of him. Now, note that I mentioned that Juzjani hated Chinggis. I suspect that the sudden death of the World Conqueror’s eldest son, for undisclosed reasons, made the rumour mills of Asia crazy. Rumours of tensions between father and son over the succession and disputes over Jochi’s uncertain paternity reached Juzjani and had morphed into Chinggis taking a direct role in Jochi’s demise. Juzjani hated Chinggis so much he wouldn’t have found it hard to believe that the Khan killed his own son, and if Chinggis hated Jochi, therefore Jochi must have had all sorts of good and admirable qualities!

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US consumer protection had a golden age from 1960-1978. Ralph Nader and other advocates successfully pushed for clean water and air regulations, as well as safer cars and other consumer goods. But by 1980 this seems to have stalled. Why did Americans lose interest in the once-wildly popular topic?

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Wars of conquest

A Mughal miniature painting of Genghis Khan his wife Borte and their sons.

Legacy

Jochi's descendant Berke was among the earliest Mongols to convert to Islam. Among his other descendants were Öz Beg Khan, Tokhtamysh and Hacı I Giray .

In fiction

Jochi appeared as a supporting character in the 2007 Japanese-Mongolian film Genghis Khan: To the Ends of the Earth and Sea, played by Kenichi Matsuyama .

How did Jamukha and Temüjin become rivals?

As Jamukha and Temüjin drifted apart in their friendship, each began consolidating power, and they became rivals. Jamukha supported the traditional Mongolian aristocracy, while Temüjin followed a meritocratic method, and attracted a broader range and lower class of followers. Following his earlier defeat of the Merkits, and a proclamation by the shaman Kokochu that the Eternal Blue Sky had set aside the world for Temüjin, Temüjin began rising to power. In 1186, Temüjin was elected khan of the Mongols. Threatened by this rise, Jamukha attacked Temujin in 1187 with an army of 30,000 troops. Temüjin gathered his followers to defend against the attack, but was decisively beaten in the Battle of Dalan Balzhut. However, Jamukha horrified and alienated potential followers by boiling 70 young male captives alive in cauldrons. Toghrul, as Temüjin's patron, was exiled to the Qara Khitai. The life of Temüjin for the next 10 years is unclear, as historical records are mostly silent on that period.

How did Genghis Khan die?

Genghis Khan died in August 1227, during the fall of Yinchuan, which is the capital of Western Xia. The exact cause of his death remains a mystery, and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the Western Xia, illness, falling from his horse, or wounds sustained in hunting or battle. According to The Secret History of the Mongols, Genghis Khan fell from his horse while hunting and died because of the injury. He was already old and tired from his journeys. The Galician–Volhynian Chronicle alleges he was killed by the Western Xia in battle, while Marco Polo wrote that he died after the infection of an arrow wound he received during his final campaign. Later Mongol chronicles connect Genghis's death with a Western Xia princess taken as war booty. One chronicle from the early 17th century even relates the legend that the princess hid a small dagger and stabbed him, though some Mongol authors have doubted this version and suspected it to be an invention by the rival Oirads.

What was the Mongol Empire governed by?

The Mongol Empire was governed by a civilian and military code, called the Yassa, created by Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy. The Mongol Empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history, as befitted its size. Many of the empire's nomadic inhabitants considered themselves Mongols in military and civilian life, including the Mongol people, Turkic peoples, and others. There were Khans of various non-Mongolian ethnicities such as Muhammad Khan .

Why is Genghis Khan so famous?

Genghis Khan had been revered for centuries by Mongols and certain other ethnic groups such as Turks, largely because of his association with Mongol statehood, political and military organization, and his victories in war. He eventually evolved into a larger-than-life figure chiefly among the Mongols and is still considered the symbol of Mongolian culture .

Why is Genghis Khan so little known?

Little is known about Genghis Khan's early life, due to the lack of contemporary written records. The few sources that give insight into this period often contradict.

What is the Jurchen inscription?

Jurchen inscription (1196) in Mongolia relating to Genghis Khan's alliance with the Jin against the Tatars.

Why was Genghis Khan portrayed as a liberator?

Genghis Khan was also portrayed positively by early Renaissance sources due to the incredible spread of culture, science and technological ideas by the Mongol Empire.

Overview

Succession controversy

Early life

Wars of conquest

Genetic Evidence for Paternity

Legacy

Wives, concubines, and children

In fiction