This solution being non-explosive, in the early days of application of nitroglycerin it was transported in that form; but if the spirit became weakened by evapora-tion, an explosive layer of nitroglycerin containing some spirit would separate, and, in cool weather, nitroglycerin would crystallize out of the solution.
Full Answer
What is nitroglycerine made of?
Nitroglycerine is an explosive liquid which was first made by Ascanio Sobrero in 1846 by treating glycerol with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid. The reaction which follows is highly exothermic, i.e. it generates heat and will result in an explosion of nitroglycerine, unless the mixture is cooled while...
What does it mean when nitroglycerin crystallizes?
It means, due to age or improper storage, the nitroglycerin has leaked out by crystallization from the inert materials it was mixed in to make the dynamite. Dynamite is made, carefully, this was to make it safe. You need a strong explosion to set it off (blasting cap).
What is the reaction between nitroglycerine and alcohol?
The reaction which follows is highly exothermic, i.e. it generates heat and will result in an explosion of nitroglycerine, unless the mixture is cooled while the reaction is taking place. Liquid nitroglycerine is colorless if pure. It is soluble in alcohols but insoluble in water.
Who invented nitroglycerin explosive?
Nitroglycerin was later adopted as a commercially useful explosive by Alfred Nobel, who experimented with safer ways to handle the dangerous compound after his younger brother, Emil Oskar Nobel, and several factory workers were killed in an explosion at the Nobels' armaments factory in 1864 in Heleneborg, Sweden.
Can nitroglycerin be crystallized?
Pure nitroglycerin crystallizes into hard prismatic needles at 120 to 12.50 C. In freezing it contracts approximately 8 per cent. of its volume and when frozen it has a specific gravity of 1.7.
How was crystallized glycerin discovered?
According to the game, in 1920, due to an accident involving the transport of liquid glycerin, a sample of glycerin crystallized. This was curious because glycerin had never been crystallized before, and afterwards glycerin everywhere started to crystallize spontaneously.
Can glycerine be crystallized?
It has long been known that pure glycerin could be crystallized by special technics, involving super-cooling, followed by careful reheating or seeding with glycerin crystals.
Can you make nitroglycerin?
Manufacturing. Nitroglycerin can be produced by acid-catalyzed nitration of glycerol (glycerin).
What is the purpose of seed crystal?
Used to replicate material, the use of seed crystal to promote growth avoids the otherwise slow randomness of natural crystal growth and allows manufacture on a scale suitable for industry.
Can we drink glycerin?
Glycerin , when taken by mouth, is used to treat certain conditions in which there is increased eye pressure, such as glaucoma. It may also be used before eye surgery to reduce pressure in the eye. Glycerin may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.
Is glycerine a sugar?
Glycerin is a type of carbohydrate called a sugar alcohol, or polyol. Glycerin contains slightly more calories per gram than sugar and is 60–75% as sweet. Glycerin occurs naturally in fermented foods and beverages, including beer, honey, vinegar, wine and wine vinegar.
What is glycerine made of?
Glycerin—also called glycerol and glycerine— is a colorless, odorless, viscous, and hygroscopic liquid that is non-toxic and non-allergenic. It is made of three carbon atoms, eight hydrogen atoms, and three oxygen atoms, giving it the formula of C3H8O3.
Is glycerin toxic to humans?
While glycerin is generally safe and non-toxic, a person who consumes it orally may have some side effects. They can include: mild headache. nausea.
What does nitroglycerin smell like?
Other objects and even some medical conditions are also associated with distinctive odors. For example, the nitroglycerin fumes in dynamite can smell like banana, while food infected with salmonella bacteria can release hydrogen sulfide gas that smells like rotten eggs.
What is C4 made of?
C4 was used during the Vietnam War as part of demolition blocks; today, it is commonly used in both military and civilian settings for demolition and flares. C4 is composed of RDX (91%), dioctyl sebacate (5.3%), polyisobutylene (2.1%), and mineral/motor oil (1.6%) [1].
Why is medical nitroglycerin not explosive?
Usually, chemical compounds rely on external sources of oxygen in order to combust or cause an explosive reaction. In nitroglycerin's case, this step is skipped entirely because it has a vast quantity of oxygen molecules in its chemical structure!
Who discovered glycerine?
glycerol content The term glycerin (or glycerine), introduced in 1811 by French chemist Michel-Eugène Chevreul, is ordinarily applied to commercial materials containing more than 95 percent glycerol.
What is c10 F?
Since its establishment on Jan. 29, 2010, U.S. Fleet Cyber Command (FCC)/U.S. TENTH Fleet (C10F) has grown into an operational force composed of more than 19,000 Active and Reserve Sailors and civilians organized into 26 active commands, 40 Cyber Mission Force units, and 29 reserve commands around the globe.
What is nitroglycerin used for?
Earn continuing education credits (CME/CE) on this topic. Indications. Nitroglycerin is a vasodilatory drug used primarily to provide relief from anginal chest pain. Nitroglycerin has been FDA approved since 2000 and was first sold by Pfizer under the brand name Nitrostat. It is currently FDA approved for the acute relief ...
What are the contraindications for nitroglycerin?
The contraindications of nitroglycerine therapy include: 1 Allergic reactions to nitroglycerin are extremely rare, but reports do exist. Nitroglycerin is contraindicated in patients that have reported allergic symptoms to the medication. 2 Known history of increased intracranial pressure, severe anemia, right-sided myocardial infarction, or hypersensitivity to nitroglycerin are contraindications to nitroglycerin therapy. 3 Concurrent use of nitroglycerin with PDE-5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil citrate, vardenafil hydroxide, tadalafil) is absolutely contraindicated. PDE-5 inhibitors have proven to accentuate the hypotensive effects of nitrates and precipitate syncopal episodes.
How long does nitroglycerin stay in the body?
Nitroglycerin is primarily eliminated via metabolism in the liver and has a mean half-life of approximately 2 to 3 minutes. There are intravenous (IV) routes of administration for nitroglycerin used most commonly in emergency rooms and intensive care units (ICU).
How long does it take for nitroglycerin to absorb?
Absorption takes about 5 to 10 minutes for full effect.
What is the color of blood from a patient with methemoglobinemia?
Blood from patients with methemoglobinemia has the appearance of being "chocolate brown" in color, with no change in color upon exposure to air. The treatment for methemoglobinemia is an intravenous administration of methylene blue, dosed at 1 to 2 mg/kg of the patient's body weight.
Can nitroglycerin be taken for chest pain?
Patients may be prescribed nitroglycerin to take as prophylaxis for anginal chest pain prior to an event that may provoke anginal symptoms. They must be instructed to allow the nitroglycerin to dissolve in their mouth and allow their oral mucosa to absorb the drug.
Does nitroglycerin cause venodilation?
Although nitroglycer in has a vasodilatory effect in both arteries and veins, the profound desired effects caused by nitroglycerin are primarily due to venodilation.[2] Venodilation causes pooling of blood within the venous system, reducing preload to the heart, which causes a decrease in cardiac work, reducing anginal symptoms secondary to demand ischemia. Arterial vasodilation will still occur and contribute to the relief of anginal symptoms. [3][4] Vasodilation of the coronary arteries will cause increased blood flow to the heart, increasing perfusion, but this effect remains minimal compared to the effects of venodilation.
What was the name of the substance that was used to make dynamite?
In 1867, Nobel’s discovery that nitroglycerin mixed with an absorbent substance was much safer to handle led to the invention of dynamite. Asciano Sobrero was badly injured in a lab accident during one of his experiments with nitroglycerine. (Wikimedia Commons)
What was Sobrero's first substance?
It was during his time with Peleuze, in the mid-1840s, that he came up with a substance he initially called “pyroglycerine,” made by adding glycerol to a mix of nitric and sulfuric acids. The oil this produced was incredibly explosive, writes Nobel biographer Kenne Fant, and Sobrero considered it too destructive and volatile to have any practical ...
What was the only dependable explosive for use in mines?
“At the time, the only dependable explosive for use in mines was black powder , a form of gunpowder ,” the encyclopedia writes.
Did Sobrero get credit for nitroglycerin?
The story of how much credit this budding industrialist gave to the inventor of nitroglycerin is a bit muddied by later conflict between the two men, but the Nobel Prize website and Nobel's biographer Fant both state that Nobel never tried to claim credit for that discovery. However, Sobrero, who had been badly injured in a nitroglycerin explosion ...
Was Sobrero injured in the nitroglycerin explosion?
However, Sobrero, who had been badly injured in a nitroglycerin explosion during his work, was at first “mortified” to hear about Nobel’s work, according to the Nobel Prize website. "When I think of all the victims killed during nitroglycerin explosions, and the terrible havoc that has been wreaked, which in all probability will continue ...
When was the blasting cap invented?
When it was lit and exploded, the liquid nitroglycerin would also explode. A few years later, in 1865 , he invented the blasting cap, which replaced the wooden detonator. “The invention of the blasting cap inaugurated the modern use of high explosives,” the encyclopedia writes.
Where did Nobel study nitroglycerin?
A few years later, though, Nobel thought nitroglycerin’s explosive tendencies could be tamed. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Nobel studied at Pelouze’s lab during a brief stint in Paris while he was studying chemistry.
What is the name of the explosive liquid that was first made by Ascanio Sobrero?
Nitroglycerine and Dynamite. Nitroglycerine is an explosive liquid which was first made by Ascanio Sobrero in 1846 by treating glycerol with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid. The reaction which follows is highly exothermic, i.e. it generates heat and will result in an explosion of nitroglycerine, unless the mixture is cooled while ...
What was Alfred Nobel's first invention?
His first major invention was a blasting cap (igniter), a wooden plug filled with black gunpowder, which could be detonated by lighting a fuse. This in turn, caused an explosion of the surrounding nitroglycerine. Alfred Nobel worked hard to improve nitroglycerine as an explosive that could be used in blasting rock and in mining.
What did Alfred Nobel discover?
He made one of his most important discoveries when he found that by mixing nitroglycerine, an oily fluid, with kieselguhr, the mixture could be turned into a paste.
How many Nobel Prizes will be awarded in 2020?
Nobel Prizes 2020. Twelve laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2020, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from the formation of black holes and genetic scissors to efforts to combat hunger and develop new auction formats.
Is nitroglycerine sensitive to shock?
Nitroglycerine is extremely sensitive to shock and in the early days, when impure nitroglycerine was used, it was very difficult to predict under which conditions nitroglycerine would explode. Alfred Nobel studied these problems in detail, and was the first to produce nitroglycerine on an industrial scale.
What happened to glycerins after the discovery?
Shortly after the discovery, the glycerins in factories and laboratories around the world began to crystallize all together even without seed crystals.
Why did the chemists puzzle the chemists in all fields?
That puzzled the chemists in all fields, because nothing had been changed in both production and storage conditions. A speculation that a seed crystal might have gotten in from someone’s clothing or skin was unlikely because carefully controlled experiments showed the same result.
What is the legend about glycerin?
When it comes to the discussion of crystals, there’s a famous legend about glycerin. The story that’s frequently found in occult books goes like the following: "……Glycerin is an important compound used as lubricant, food additive, and various industrial ingredients.
Does glycerin crystallize?
However, no one has ever been able to crystallize it, leading to the belief that the solid state of glycerin does not exist.” (Figure 2.15) But one day, a barrel-full of glycerin on a British cargo ship was found completely crystallized.
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What is the explosive in dynamite?
Nitroglycerin on the other hand is the actual explosive in dynamite and is extremely sensitive, especially to shock. Drop a test tube of nitroglycerin and boom. Drop a crystallized stick of dynamite, or throw something at it, or shoot a bullet into it, vibrate it and it may explode. And nitro
Why does nitroglycerin leak out?
It means, due to age or improper storage , the nitroglycerin has leaked out by crystallization from the inert materials it was mixed in to make the dynamite. Dynamite is made, carefully, this was to make it safe. You need a strong explosion to set it off (blasting cap). On fire it will burn but not blow up.
How big is a stick of dynamite?
There is no standard “Stick” of dynamite- they come in a variety of sizes from 1 inch to 5 inches. The most common dynamite is a 40% nitroglycerin equivalent that is 1.25 by 8 inches, and weighs a half pound.
What to do if you find a dynamite stick?
If you ever find a box or stick of dynamite that is oozing a liquid or appear to be in a damp or wet box or the outside of the stick looks damp IMMEDIATELY MOVE AWAY FROM IT AND NOTIFY THE POLICE! If possible put up warning signs well away from the site and keep everyone away.
What to do if you encounter crystallized explosives?
If you do encounter crystallized explosives, leave the area immediately, do not use a lighter or open flame, do not create static by dragging your feet and do not use any radio device, like a cell phone. Report the hazard and location immediately and keep everyone else a safe distance away from the hazard until help arrives.
What is the best James Bond movie?
Casino Royale is, no doubt, definitely one of the best film from the Bond franchise. It takes James Bond back to his roots: a cold hearted killing machine. Stripped of campiness and creepy dialogues, along with nice gadgets, this James Bond film manages to give the audience a film which is so grounded than any other previous adaptations along with a room of character development for Bond himself. Vesper Lynd is probably the best Bond girl since her presence and Bond's love for her really developed a character out of Bond. The mediocre villain and lack of Aston Martin action sequences really dr
What happens when you blast rocks?
When being used to blast rock, explosives are placed in holes drilled in the rock. Accordingly, such an explosion would be quieter. If I do my job correctly, you would hear a KAWHOMPH! and the ground around the shot would hump up. No flames, smoke or flying rocks.
Overview
Nitroglycerin (NG), (alternative spelling nitroglycerine) also known as trinitroglycerin (TNG), nitro, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), Nobel Oil , or 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane, is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitric acid ester. Chemically, the substance …
History
Nitroglycerin was the first practical explosive produced that was stronger than black powder. It was first synthesized by the Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, working under Théophile-Jules Pelouze at the University of Turin. Sobrero initially called his discovery pyroglycerine and warned vigorously against its use as an explosive.
Instability and desensitization
In its undiluted form, nitroglycerin is a contact explosive, with physical shock causing it to explode. If it has not been adequately purified during manufacture it can degrade over time to even more unstable forms. This makes nitroglycerin highly dangerous to transport or use. In its undiluted form, it is one of the world's most powerful explosives, comparable to the more recently developed RDX and PETN.
Detonation
Nitroglycerin and any diluents can deflagrate (burn). The explosive power of nitroglycerin derives from detonation: energy from the initial decomposition causes a strong pressure wave that detonates the surrounding fuel. This is a self-sustained shock wave that propagates through the explosive medium at 30 times the speed of sound as a near-instantaneous pressure-induced decomposition of the fuel into a white-hot gas. Detonation of nitroglycerin generates gases that …
Manufacturing
Nitroglycerin can be produced by acid-catalyzed nitration of glycerol (glycerin).
The industrial manufacturing process often reacts glycerol with a nearly 1:1 mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid. This can be produced by mixing white fuming nitric acid—a quite expensive pure nitric acid in which the oxides of nitrogen have been removed, as opposed to red fuming nitr…
Use as an explosive and a propellant
The main use of nitroglycerin, by tonnage, is in explosives such as dynamite and in propellants.
Nitroglycerin is an oily liquid that may explode when subjected to heat, shock, or flame.
Alfred Nobel developed the use of nitroglycerin as a blasting explosive by mixing nitroglycerin with inert absorbents, particularly "Kieselgur", or diatomaceous earth. He named this explosive dynamite and patented it in 1867. It was supplied ready for use in the form of sticks, individually wrapped i…
Medical use
Nitroglycerin belongs to a group of drugs called nitrates, which includes many other nitrates like isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) and isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur, Ismo, Monoket). These agents all exert their effect by being converted to nitric oxide in the body by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), and nitric oxide is a potent natural vasodilator.
Industrial exposure
Infrequent exposure to high doses of nitroglycerin can cause severe headaches known as "NG head" or "bang head". These headaches can be severe enough to incapacitate some people; however, humans develop a tolerance to and dependence on nitroglycerin after long-term exposure. Although rare, withdrawal can be fatal. Withdrawal symptoms include chest pain and other heart problems. These symptoms may be relieved with re-exposure to nitroglycerin or othe…