A Jacquard
Joseph Marie Jacquard
Joseph Marie Charles dit Jacquard was a French weaver and merchant. He played an important role in the development of the earliest programmable loom, which in turn played an important role in the development of other programmable machines, such as an early version of digital compiler used …
When was the Jacquard loom invented?
In Lyon, France Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) demonstrated in 1801 a loom that enabled unskilled workers to weave complex patterns in silk. The Jacquard Loom is controlled by a chain of multiple cards punched with holes that determine which cords of the fabric warp should be...
What is a Jacquard punch card loom?
With these punch cards, Jacquard looms could quickly reproduce any pattern a designer could think up, and replicate it again and again. Series of punch cards on the Jacquard hand loom in the Textiles Gallery at the Science and Industry Museum.
How did the Jacquard sewing machine work?
The machine was controlled by a "chain of cards"; a number of punched cards laced together into a continuous sequence. Multiple rows of holes were punched on each card, with one complete card corresponding to one row of the design. Both the Jacquard process and the necessary loom attachment are named after their inventor.
How did Joseph-Marie jacquard weave?
about Portrait of Jacquard inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard. The original image was woven in silk on a Jacquard loom. To weave fabric on a loom, a thread (called the weft) is passed over and under a set of threads (called the warp). It is this interlacing of threads at right angles to each other that forms cloth.
How was the Jacquard loom made?
The Jacquard loom was based on a system of cards, needles and hooks. The cards were made of cardboard, where holed could be easily punched in order to create the design; the hooks and needles used followed the holes in the cardboard, passing through these holes and inserting the thread to create the pattern.
How did the loom work?
A loom is any machine or device that holds the threads and helps you weave them. You stretch out one set of threads, the “warp”, parallel on the loom. Another thread, the “weft”, goes over and under the warp threads, back and forth, again and again, to create the woven fabric.
What technology does Jacquard loom use?
Modern jacquard machines are controlled by computers in place of the original punched cards, and can have thousands of hooks. The threading of a Jacquard machine is so labor-intensive that many looms are threaded only once.
For what purpose loom is used?
loom, machine for weaving cloth. The earliest looms date from the 5th millennium bc and consisted of bars or beams fixed in place to form a frame to hold a number of parallel threads in two sets, alternating with each other.
When was Jacquard loom made?
1804A revolutionary invention When Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a French weaver and merchant, patented his invention in 1804, he revolutionised how patterned cloth could be woven.
Why is Jacquard loom important in the history of computer?
The Jacquard Loom is important to computer history because it is the first machine to use interchangeable punch cards to instruct a machine to perform automated tasks. Having a machine that could perform various tasks is similar to today's computer programs that can be programmed to perform different tasks.
What is Jacquard pattern?
Jacquard fabric is a textured fabric that has complex patterns woven into it, rather than printed, dyed, or embroidered on top. Jacquard weaving has its origins in sixth-century Italian brocade, and it remains one of the most popular types of fabric to this day.
Where was Jacquard loom invented?
The Jacquard system was developed in 1804–05 by Joseph-Marie Jacquard of France, and it soon spread elsewhere.
How does electronic Jacquard work?
Electronic jacquard machine is to utilize automatic controls to replace mechanical type jacquard weave tap, finish weaving of jacquard fabric with control, it generally comprises controller and electromagnetic needle selector, controller is according to weaving pattern information output electronic impulse drive magnet ...
Is the Jacquard loom programmable?
The Jacquard loom used programmable cards and went on to influence Charles Babbages work so the loom is considered an important step towards modern computing. Jacquard was born on July 7th 1752 and worked on his loom in the early 1800s. This portrait of Jacquard was actually woven on one of his looms.
What was the mechanism by which the Jacquard loom was better than an ordinary loom?
The Jacquard mechanism, invented by Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard and first demonstrated in 1801, simplified the way in which complex textiles such as damask were woven. The mechanism involved the use of thousands of punch cards laced together. Each row of punched holes corresponded to a row of a textile pattern.
Which type of fabric is produced by Jacquard weaving machine?
Fabric types produced on this type of loom include the ornate and decorative, brocade, damask and cloqué. The fabrics produced on both of these loom types are termed flat-woven but there is another category of apparel fabrics that require specialist looms in order to form a pile on the surface of the cloth.
What is a jacquard loom?
Jacquard loom, also called Jacquard Attachment, or Jacquard Mechanism, in weaving, device incorporated in special looms to control individual warp yarns. It enabled looms to produce fabrics having intricate woven patterns such as tapestry, brocade, and damask, and it has also been adapted to the production of patterned knitted fabrics.
When was the Jacquard system invented?
The Jacquard system was developed in 1804–05 by Joseph-Marie Jacquard ( q.v.) of France, but it soon spread elsewhere. His system improved on the punched-card technology of Jacques de Vaucanson’s loom (1745).
Who made the looms?
The maker’s stamp ‘J.HOOD, NEWMILNS’, suggests the loom was manufactured by well-known Jacquard loom and lace maker Joseph Hood. Hood, who was based in Newmilns, Ayrshire, played a big role in the production of looms and the development of the Scottish textile industry during the mid to late 19th century.
Where was the Jacquard loom filmed?
You can see a Jacquard loom in action here. This loom was filmed at Paisley Museum.
Where does the loom come from?
Jacquard looms are recorded as being used in the Scottish textile industry from the 1820s. It is believed that they were operational in Angus, Kincardineshire and Paisley for shawl production and Dunfermline for damask weaving.
What handloom was used to weave silk?
Jacquard loom. This handloom was used for weaving silk at Stonehouse in Lanarkshire in the 19th century. It has a Jacquard attachment which allows complex patterns to be woven. The punch cards used in the Jacquard mechanism laid the foundation for modern computer programming.
Who invented the Jacquard mechanism?
The Jacquard mechanism, invented by Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard and first demonstrated in 1801, simplified the way in which complex textiles such as damask were woven. The mechanism involved the use of thousands of punch cards laced together. Each row of punched holes corresponded to a row of a textile pattern.
Who were the two weavers in Stonehouse?
This particular loom was used by two weavers from Stonehouse in Lanarkshire, brothers Robert and James Hamilton. Weaving was part of ordinary life for many families in Scotland, and was a major cottage industry in Stonehouse for over 200 years.
What is a jacquard loom?
The Jacquard machine ( French: [ʒakaʁ]) is a device fitted to a loom that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with such complex patterns as brocade, damask and matelassé. The resulting ensemble of the loom and Jacquard machine is then called a Jacquard loom.
When was the first Jacquard loom invented?
The first prototype of a Jacquard-type loom was made in the second half of the 15th century by an Italian weaver from Calabria, Jean le Calabrais, who was invited to Lyon by Louis XI. He introduced a new kind of machine which was able to work the yarns faster and more precisely.
What did Joseph Marie Jacquard do?
Joseph Marie Jacquard saw that a mechanism could be developed for the production of sophisticated patterns. He possibly combined mechanical elements of other inventors, but certainly innovated. His machine was generally similar to Vaucanson 's arrangement, but he made use of Jean-Baptiste Falcon's individual pasteboard cards and his square prism (or card "cylinder"): he is credited with having fully perforated each of its four sides, replacing Vaucanson's perforated "barrel". Jacquard's machine contained eight rows of needles and uprights, where Vaucanson had a double row. This modification enabled him to increase the figuring capacity of the machine. In his first machine, he supported the harness by knotted cords, which he elevated by a single trap board.
Why is jacquard so expensive?
A factory must choose looms and shedding mechanisms to suit its commercial requirements. As a rule the more warp control required the greater the expense. So it is not economical to purchase Jacquard machines if one can make do with a dobby mechanism. As well as the capital expense, the Jacquard machines are more costly to maintain, as they are complex and require higher skilled personnel; an expensive design system is required to prepare the designs for the loom, and possibly a card-cutting machine. Weaving is more costly since Jacquard mechanisms are more likely to produce faults than dobby or cam shedding. Also, the looms will not run as quickly and down-time will increase because it takes time to change the continuous chain of cards when a design changes. For these reasons it is best to weave larger batches with mechanical Jacquards.
When was the first electronic jacquard made?
Bonas Textile Machinery NV launched the first successful electronic Jacquard at ITMA Milan in 1983. Although the machines were initially small, modern technology has allowed Jacquard machine capacity to increase significantly, and single end warp control can extend to more than 10,000 warp ends. That avoids the need for repeats and symmetrical designs and allows almost infinite versatility. The computer-controlled machines significantly reduce the down time associated with changing punched paper designs, thus allowing smaller batch sizes. However, electronic Jacquards are costly and may not be required in a factory weaving large batch sizes, and smaller designs. The larger machines allowing single end warp control are very expensive, and can only be justified where great versatility is required, or very specialized design requirements need to be met. For example, they are an ideal tool to increase the ability and stretch the versatility of the niche linen Jacquard weavers who remain active in Europe and the West, while most of the large batch commodity weaving has moved to low cost areas.
How are cards fastened?
On the diagram, the cards are fastened into a continuous chain (1) which passes over a square box. At each quarter rotation a new card is presented to the Jacquard head which represents one row (one "pick" of the shuttle carrying the weft ). The box swings from the right to the position shown and presses against the control rods (2). Where there is a hole the rod passes through the card and is unmoved whereas if the hole is not punched the rod is pushed to the left. Each rod acts upon a hook (3). When the rod is pushed in, the hook moves out of position to the left, a rod that is not pushed in leaves its hook in place. A beam (4) then rises under the hooks and those hooks in the rest location are raised; the hooks that have been displaced are not moved by the beam. Each hook can have multiple cords (5). The cords pass through a guide (6) and are attached to their heddle (7) and a return weight (8). The heddles raise the warp to create the shed through which the shuttle carrying the weft will pass. A loom with a 400 hook head might have four threads connected to each hook, resulting in a fabric that is 1600 warp ends wide with four repeats of the weave going across.
How many cards did Charles Babbage use to make his portrait?
This portrait of Jacquard was woven in silk on a Jacquard loom and required 24,000 punched cards to create (1839). It was only produced to order. Charles Babbage owned one of these portraits; it inspired him in using perforated cards in his Analytical Engine.
Why is the Jacquard Loom important?
The Jacquard Loom is important to computer history because it is the first machine to use interchangeable punch cards to instruct a machine to perform automated tasks. Having a machine that could perform various tasks is similar to today's computer programs that can be programmed to perform different tasks.
What is a jacquard loom?
Jacquard Loom. Invented by Joseph Jacquard and demonstrated in 1801, the Jacquard Loom is an attachment for powered fabric looms. It uses a chain of punch cards to instruct the loom on how to make intricate textiles.
When was the Jacquard loom invented?
The Jacquard Loom was not the first loom to use punch cards. In Lyon, France, Basile Bouchon invented a loom in 1725 that used a perforated paper tape roll that was later upgraded in 1728 by his assistant Jean-Baptiste Falcon to use punched cards. Although this loom predates the Jacquard Loom, it was not fully automated.
Who used punch cards in his analytical engine?
The Jacquard Loom was also an inspiration to Charles Babbage planning to use perforated cards in his analytical engine. Herman Hollerith also used the idea of punch cards to not only store information, but to input information into a computing device, helping to create the company IBM. Today's textile looms no longer use punch cards.
Do textile looms use punch cards?
Today's textile looms no longer use punch cards. Instead, they can use a digital scanner to create a pixelated digital version of any image. This digital version is used to create instructions for the loom to make a textile version of the scan. Tip. The Jacquard Loom was not the first loom to use punch cards.
How did the Jacquard loom work?
The Jacquard loom, in contrast, was controlled by a chain of punch cards laced together in a sequence. Multiple rows of holes were punched on each card, with one complete card corresponding to one row of the design. Chains of cards allowed sequences of any length to be constructed, not limited by the cards’ size.
How many people were needed to make a loom?
At that time, two people were needed on each loom. A skilled weaver and an assistant, or draw boy, chose by hand which warps (the lengthwise threads held under tension on the loom) to pull up so the weft (the thread inserted at right angles) could be pulled through the warps to create a pattern.
What did Jacquard do in 1801?
At an industrial exhibition in Paris in 1801, Jacquard demonstrated something truly remarkable: a loom in which a series of cards with punched holes ( one card for each row of the design) automatically created complex textile patterns. The draw boy was no longer needed. Patterns that had been painstaking to produce and prone to error could now be mass-produced quickly and flawlessly, once programmed and punched on the cards.
What is a loom that attaches to the loom called?
Thus, any loom that uses the attachment is called a Jacquard loom.
What company was the Tabulating Machine Co.?
The Tabulating Machine Co. eventually became IBM. (Some IEEE members undoubtedly remember using IBM punch cards into the 1970s.)
Did Jacquard get a pension?
The government of France soon nationalized the loom (or considered it government property) and compensated Jacquard with a pension to support him while he continued to innovate. He also was paid a royalty for each machine sold. It took Jacquard several more years to perfect the device and make it commercially successful.
Where is the Jacquard loom?
This working Jacquard loom is at the Shelburn Museum near Burlington, Vermont (USA). To the left center on the far side of the loom you can see the light-colored "deck" of punched cards that control the loom. On top is the "card reader".
Who invented the punched card loom?
The Jacquard system was developed in France in 1804-05 by Joseph-Marie Jacquard, improving on the original punched-card design of Jacques de Vaucanson's loom of 1745. The punched cards controlled the actions of the loom, allowing automatic production of intricate woven patterns. The punched-card idea was adopted later by Charles Babbage about ...
Who was the first programmer to use punched cards?
As Lady Ada Lovelace ( the world's first programmer) said, regarding the use of punched cards as the control medium for the Babbage Analytical Engine, "the Analytical Engine weaves algebraical patterns just as the Jacquard-loom weaves flowers and leaves.". [1]
Why are punched cards important?
The importance of punched cards in weaving can hardly be oversated. Prior to their introduction, a loom would have to be built (or configured or modifed) for each specific textile pattern, whereas with punched-card control, the same loom could produce an unlimited number of patterns simply feeding it different cards.
Who invented the loom?
In Lyon, France, Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) demonstrated in 1801 a loom that enabled unskilled workers to weave complex patterns in silk. The Jacquard Loom is controlled by a chain of multiple cards punched with holes that determine which cords of the fabric warp should be raised for each pass of the shuttle. The ability to store and automatically reproduce complex operations found wide application in textile manufacturing.
How big was the original Hollerith punch card?
The original Hollerith punch card (3 1/4" high and 7 3/8" wide) was approximately the same size as the US dollar bill at the time to facilitate adaptation of some existing storage and handling devices.
When was punched tape used?
Data storage and input on punched tape remained in use for small computers and machine tool control through the early 1970s. American inventor Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) built an electro-mechanical tabulator to analyze statistical information stored on punched cards for the U.S. Census of 1890.