how do you calculate emw

Expected Monetary Value (EMV) Calculation Steps

• 1. Calculate the probability of occurrence of each risk.
• 2. Calculate the impact of each risk as a monetary value
• 3. Multiply the probability by impact

Full Answer

How do you calculate the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave?

Calculate the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave in a vacuum by entering a value for the corresponding frequency. Electromagnetic waves are divided up into regions of what is called the electromagnetic spectrum.

How do you find the energy density of electromagnetic waves?

An electromagnetic wave stores energy in the electric and magnetic fields. You can find the energy density of an electromagnetic wave by calculating the sum of the electric field energy density and magnetic field energy density.

What are the limits of the electromagnetic wave equations?

The equations impose no limits on wavelength or frequency. The only requirement is that they propagate with the speed of light in a vacuum. These conclusions were made in 1864 before there was any experimental evidence for invisible electromagnetic waves. Before Maxwell there was light and nothing else.

What is EMV and how to calculate it?

In the case of a portfolio with different types of securities, the EMV can be calculated individually for each category of investments. Within the area of capital budgeting, the ending market value is used to calculate the economic income of an investment, that is, the profit realized from an investment:

What is EMW in mud weight?

Why is EMW important?

What happens if EMW pressure is greater than the weakest porous permeable formations pressing from the outside?

What does LW mean in math?

How to estimate maximum pressure fluctuation?

Why did Strong propose an equation to calculate bottom-hole pressure reduction?

Is mud weight above or below the median?

See 4 more

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What is EMW in drilling?

The pressure at any given depth expressed in terms of mud density at that given true vertical depth.

How do you calculate equivalent mud weight?

Equivalent mud weight (EMW) is the mud weight needed to balance formation-fluid pressure, i.e., it is the formation pressure divided by the depth below the Kelly bushing converted to pounds per gallon (the conversion factor is 0.0519 psi/ft=1 lb/gal).

What is the difference between ECD and EMW?

Definition: ECD is defined as the EMW (hydrostatic) value plus friction pressure. Unlike EMW, ECD calculations can be applied to a single fluid such as drilling mud being pumped through a wellbore.

How do you calculate ECD?

The ECD is calculated as: d + P/(0.052*D), where d is the mud weight (ppg), P is the pressure drop in the annulus between depth D and surface (psi), and D is the true vertical depth (feet).

What is the formula of Mud?

MUD | C11H24OS | ChemSpider.

What is maximum allowable mud weight?

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE MUD WEIGHT (ppg) = [Surface Leak Off psi ÷ 0.052 ÷ Shoe TVD feet] + Test Mud Weight ppg. (Fracture Mud Weight) 18.

What are the difference between EM waves and EM spectrum?

Electromagnetic waves can be classified and arranged according to their various wavelengths/frequencies; this classification is known as the electromagnetic spectrum.

How do you calculate mud gradient?

Mud gradient (psi/ft) = mud weight in ppg x 0.052 Converting 10 ppg to psi/ft =0.052×10=0.52 psi/ft.

What is ECD and ESD?

Drilling fluid simulation software By monitoring and predicting equivalent circulating density (ECD), equivalent static density (ESD), temperature, hole cleaning, and tripping profiles, the software helps you achieve a quality wellbore under optimal operating conditions while reducing rig time and lowering costs.

Does ECD increase with depth?

Factors Influencing ECD The equivalent circulating density (ECD) also depends on the true vertical depth (TVD) of the well. The greater the vertical distance through which the drilling mud has to travel until it gets to the surface, the higher the pressure drop and ECD.

How do you calculate annular velocity?

Annular Velocity FormulaFormula#2: Annular velocity (AV) in ft/min. ... Formula#2: Annular velocity (AV) in m/min. ... Flow rate required in gpm = (Annular Velocity ) × (Dh2 – DP2) ÷ 24.5. ... Flow rate required in gpm = (Annular Velocity × π) × (Dh2 – DP2) ÷ 4000. ... SPM = (Annular Velocity × Annular Capacity) ÷ Pump Output.More items...•

How do you calculate pressure drop in annulus?

P= (1.4327 x 10—7) x MW x Lx V2 Dh — Dp where P = annular pressure losses, psi L = length, ft Dh = hole or casing ID, in. Example: Mud weight = 12.5 ppg Circulation rate = 350 gpm Drill pipe OD = 5.0 in.

What is mud weight in oil industry?

In the oil industry, mud weight is the density of the drilling fluid and is normally measured in pounds per gallon (lb/gal) (ppg) or pound cubic feet (pcf) . In the field it is measured using a mud scale or mud balance. Mud can weigh up to 22 or 23 ppg. A gallon of water typically weighs 8.33 pounds.

How do you convert PSI to PPG?

Example: Pressure = 5,000 psi. True vertical depth = 8,000 ft. Equivalent mud weight, ppg = 5,000 psi ÷ 0.052 ÷ 8,000 ft. Equivalent mud weight, ppg = 12.0 ppg.Example:Ref book:

How do you calculate hydrostatic pressure?

The pressure in a liquid at a given depth is called the hydrostatic pressure. This can be calculated using the hydrostatic equation: P = rho * g * d, where P is the pressure, rho is the density of the liquid, g is gravity (9.8 m/s^2) and d is the depth (or height) of the liquid.

How do you calculate formation pressure?

P=formation pressure at DI, psi. DI=depth of interest below the barrier, ft The normal formation fluid pressure gradient is 0.465 psi/ft. The overburden pressure gradient is assumed to be 1.0 psi/ft. P=0.465psi/ft(10000)+1psi/ft (5000) =4650psi+5000psi =9650psi =12.4 lb/gal EMW 9650/(0.052*15000)=12.4 lb/gal.

Name the property of an electromagnetic wave which is dependent on the medium in which it is travelling.

Velocity of an electromagnetic wave is a property which is dependent on the medium in which it is travelling. Other properties such as frequency, t...

What is the wavelength of the photon of infrared light with the frequency 2.5 x 10 14 Hz?

Since infrared light is a part of electromagnetic spectrum, the relation between the wavelength, frequency, and velocity is given by the formula: \...

State if the given statement is true or false: Radio waves and X-rays both are on the electromagnetic spectrum and can travel at the same speed.

The given statement is true. Any wave from the electromagnetic spectrum travels at a constant speed of light. Other properties such as frequency, e...

What is the reason behind photons travelling at a speed of light while the other particles cannot?

Photons can travel at a speed of light while other particles cannot because they do not have mass.

State if the given statement is true or false: High frequency propagation is used so as to increase the accuracy.

The given statement is true. It is true that for increasing the accuracy, the frequency of propagation needs to be high.

What is the sequence for the propagation of electromagnetic waves?

The sequence for the propagation of electromagnetic waves is the generation, propagation, reflection, and reception.

Equivalent Mud Weight (EMW) | Oil and Gas Drilling Glossary ...

Equivalent Mud Weight (EMW) The pressure at any given depth expressed in terms of mud density at that given true vertical depth. Source: IADC UBO / MPD Glossary, December 2011.Global Standards

Mud, fluid volume to weight conversion - Aqua-Calc

About Mud, fluid; 1 cubic meter of Mud, fluid weighs 1 730 kilograms [kg] 1 cubic foot of Mud, fluid weighs 108.00037 pounds [lbs] Mud, fluid weighs 1.73 gram per cubic centimeter or 1 730 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e. density of mud, fluid is equal to 1 730 kg/m³.In Imperial or US customary measurement system, the density is equal to 108 pound per cubic foot [lb/ft³], or 1 ounce per cubic ...

Mud Weight – Sigma Quadrant – Drilling Engineering Books

To convert specific gravity to pounds per gallon (ppg) Mud weight in ppg = specific gravity (SG) x 8.33; Converting 1.198 to mud weight in ppg = 1.198 x 8.33=10 ppg

Equivalent Mud Density - Oil Well Drilling - Rig Worker

A pressure with the units of psi acting within a wellbore at a depth D may be converted to equivalent mud density or equivalent gradient in the units of ppg

How to find the ratio of electric to magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave in free space?

The ratio of the electric to magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave in free space is always equal to the speed of light. This knowledge can then be used to simplify the energy density situation a bit. Start with the magnetic energy density and replace it with an expression containing the electric field.

Why is Poynting's derivation important?

(Translation: I don't understand it.) The poynting vector is important because it aligns the three vectors of an electromagnetic wave: the electric field, the magnetic field, and the direction of propagation.

What is half of the energy in an electromagnetic wave?

Look familiar? It's the electric energy density. For an electromagnetic wave in free space, half the energy is in the electric field and half is in the magnetic field

What is the right side of the curl of the equation?

The right side of each equation, on the other hand, is the curl of a time derivative. We'll switch it around into a time derivative of the curl.

What is the last law of the electromagnetic field?

It is the last law in the list — Ampère's law as modified by Maxwell — that is the key. A changing electric field can produce a magnetic field in much the same way as an electric current can produce a magnetic field. Thus, electric charges did not have to flow or even to exist. A changing electric field will generate a changing magnetic field all on its own. This would result in a changing electric field, which would result in a a changing magnetic field, and so on — the whole thing flying away out into empty space at the speed of light.

Why is the name Poynting vector oddly appropriate?

and is given the oddly appropriate name poynting vector, not because someone was making a joke about how vectors "poynt" but in honor of its discoverer, the English physicist John Poynting (1852–1914). Poynting's derivation involves vector mathematics that isn't appropriate for the level of this book.

Which wave propagates at the speed of light?

Electromagnetic waves propagate at the speed of light.

What is the highest point of an electromagnetic wave?

Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature. The highest point of the wave is known as crest while the lowest point is known as a trough. In vacuum, the waves travel at a constant velocity of 3 x 10 8 m.s -1.

What is the property of an electromagnetic wave that is dependent on the medium in which it is traveling?

Name the property of an electromagnetic wave which is dependent on the medium in which it is traveling. Velocity of an electromagnetic wave is a property which is dependent on the medium in which it is traveling. Other properties such as frequency, time period, and wavelength are dependent on the source that is producing the wave.

How are Electromagnetic waves formed?

Generally, an electric field is produced by a charged particle. A force is exerted by this electric field on other charged particles. Positive charges accelerate in the direction of the field and negative charges accelerate in a direction opposite to the direction of the field.

Which scientist gave the idea of electromagnetic radiation?

Maxwell gave the basic idea of Electromagnetic radiations, while Hertz experimentally confirmed the existence of an electromagnetic wave. The direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave is given by vector cross product of the electric field and magnetic field. It is given as:

Formula

The formula used to calculate the wavelength of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is:

Frequency

Enter the frequency of the electromagnetic wave in a vacuum. This is the number of completed cycles of oscillation per unit of time, a photon generates as a electromagnetic wave, as it propagates through a vacuum at the speed of light.

Wavelength

This is the distance of one complete cycle of oscillation, for an electromagnetic wave, produced by a photon propagating through a vacuum.

How to convert pressure gradient to mud weight?

To convert pressure gradient to mud weight in ppg Converting 0.52 psi/ft to mud weight in ppg = 0.52/0.052=10 ppg.

How to find pressure at bottom of wellbore?

Prove that when density of drilling fluid is expressed in lbm/gal and depth in h ft, the pressure at the bottom of the wellbore can be expressed as P = 0.052 x density of mud (lbm/gal) x depth (h) psi

What is expected monetary value?

Expected Monetary Value is a recommended tool and technique for Quantitative Risk Analysis in Project Risk Management. For the PMP exam, you need to know how to create an EMV calculation.

How to calculate EMV?

To calculate the EMV in project risk management, you need to: 1 Assign a probability of occurrence for the risk. 2 Assign monetary value of the impact of the risk when it occurs. 3 Multiply Step 1 and Step 2.

What is the value you get after performing step 3?

The value you get after performing Step 3 is the Expected Monetary Value. This value is positive for opportunities (positive risks) and negative for threats (negative risks). Project risk management requires you to address both types of project risks.

What are project risks 2?

Project Risks 2 - Cost of Construction Material: There is a 10 percent probability of the price of construction material dropping, which will save the project $100,000.

Does the golden rule of project risk management change?

Note: Regardless of the type of project, the golden rules of project risk management do not change. Hence, though this example is from the construction industry, the theory is applicable to other industries, such as software development and manufacturing. Next, let’s see how to quantify the project risks by calculating the Expected Monetary Value of each risk.

What is the energy density of an electromagnetic wave?

The total energy stored per volume is the energy density of the electromagnetic wave (U), which is the sum of electric field energy density (U E) and magnetic field energy density (U B ). Equation (3) gives the expression for the energy density of an electromagnetic wave, where 𝜇 0 is the permeability of free space and 𝜺 0 is the permittivity of free space. The unit of energy density is Joule/m 3:

What is the ratio of the electric field to the magnetic field?

In electromagnetic field theory, the ratio of the electric field to the magnetic field gives the speed (c) of the electromagnetic waves in free space. It can be written as follows: The expression in equation (4) implies that in an electromagnetic wave, the energy associated with the electric field is equal to the energy associated with ...

How do electromagnetic waves and electric fields work?

When an electromagnetic wave propagates from the source, it transfers energy to the objects in its path. An electromagnetic wave stores energy in the electric and magnetic fields. The total energy stored in an electromagnetic wave is equal to ...

What happens when an electromagnetic wave propagates from the source?

When an electromagnetic wave propagates from the source, it transfers energy to objects in its path. An electromagnetic wave stores energy in the electric and magnetic fields.

Where does an electromagnetic wave store energy?

An electromagnetic wave stores energy in the electric and magnetic fields. The total energy stored in an electromagnetic wave is equal to the sum of energy stored in the electric and magnetic fields.

Which direction does the electric field change?

The electric field associated with the wave is changing in the y-direction and the magnetic field is alternating in the z-direction. Let the electric and magnetic fields be mathematically represented as: The energy stored in any part of the electromagnetic wave is the sum of electric field energy and magnetic field energy.

Can energy density be expressed in magnetic field?

Hence, the energy density (U) of an electromagnetic wave can be expressed only in terms of either the electric field or magnetic field. Equations (5) and (6) give the expression for the energy density of electromagnetic waves in terms of the electric field and magnetic field, respectively:

What are Electromagnetic Spectrum?

The electromagnetic spectrum is a range of frequencies, wavelengths and photon energies covering frequencies from below 1 hertz to above 10 25 Hz corresponding to wavelengths which are a few kilometres to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus in the spectrum of electromagnetic waves. Generally, in a vacuum electromagnetic waves tend to travel at speeds which is similar to that of light. However, they do so at a wide range of wavelengths, frequencies, and photon energies.

What is the significance of the electromagnetic spectrum?

Nonetheless, the main significance of the electromagnetic spectrum is that it can be used to classify electromagnetic waves and arrange them according to their different frequencies or wavelengths.

What is the spectrum of radiation?

The type of radiation and their frequency and wavelength ranges are as follows: The electromagnetic spectrum can be depicted as follows : We see the uses of the electromagnetic waves in our daily life as : Radio: A radio basically captures radio waves that are transmitted by radio stations. Radio waves can also be emitted by gases ...

How many frequencies does Maxwell's equation predict?

Maxwell’s equations predicted the existence of an infinite number of frequencies of electromagnetic waves, all travelling with the speed of light. This is the first indication of the existence of the entire electromagnetic spectrum.

What is the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation?

The electromagnetic spectrum consists of a span of all electromagnetic radiation which further contains many subranges which are commonly referred to as portions. These can be further classified as infra-red radiation, visible light or ultraviolet radiation.

What are the uses of electromagnetic waves?

Radio waves can also be emitted by gases and stars in space. Radio waves are mainly used for TV/mobile communication.

What is the purpose of spectroscopy?

Spectroscopy is used to study the way different electromagnetic waves interact with matter.

What does EMV mean?

What Does the EMV Tell You? Ending market value (EMV) is the total value of each various class of securities held in an investment account at the end of the reporting period.

What Is Ending Market Value – EMV?

In stock investing, ending market value (EMV) signifies the value of an investment at the end of an investment period. In private equity, ending market value (also called the residual value) is the remaining equity that a limited partner has in a fund.

How to calculate ending market value?

The ending market value is calculated by taking an asset's beginning market value and adding the interest earned over the investing time period.

What is EMW in mud weight?

The EMW shall sit practically within the upper and lower operating limits to define the safe mud weight window for each section . The EMW values and components are used and applied to assess the key and critical operational aspects of kick tolerance sensitivity, drilling and riser margins, to define best practices to apply, and where to set the next casing or liner string. Should the EMW pressure margins change, risks are reassessed, derisked, controlled with operational parameters corrected accordingly.

Why is EMW important?

No matter what complexity a deepwater well may be, the equivalent mud weight (EMW) is the singular, most evident, and important factor to assure that primary well control is maintained for all wells operating conditions. In simple terms, the EMW affords the operationally safe workable values above and below the highest permeable formation pore pressure and minimum fracture pressure to prevent inducing a formation fracture (losses), wellbore (kicks), and further operating difficulties resulting as illustrated in Fig. 15.7.

What happens if EMW pressure is greater than the weakest porous permeable formations pressing from the outside?

The overbalanced pressure exists throughout the wellbore to endanger the integrity of other formations, once fluid is lost where time and cost over run events can readily result.

What does LW mean in math?

Lw = Length of water added to annulus in ft.

How to estimate maximum pressure fluctuation?

In this method, drilling fluid properties and maximum fluid velocity are calculated to estimate maximum pressure fluctuation.

Why did Strong propose an equation to calculate bottom-hole pressure reduction?

Strong proposed an equation to calculate bottom-hole pressure reduction because of a gas cut of drilling fluid. In the original equation, the pressure is expressed in atmospheres. The original equation is

Is mud weight above or below the median?

Mud weight (MW) is best managed somewhere suitable below the median line rather than above it. It is preferred as safer and more practicable to increase mud weight than reduce it.

Maxwell's Equations

History

Energy, Power, and Pressure

• The electric field describes an electromagnetic wave completely in free space. The magnetic field is related to the electric field by a simple relationship. Start from Faraday's law. Work on the left side first. Substitute the one dimensional wave equation for electricity and find its curl. Work on the right side second. Substitute the one dimensio...

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