How do you find the porosity of a material?
If you can determine the density of the material, you can also find porosity by using the equation porosity = 1 - bulk density ÷ by particle density. To learn how to calculate porosity through saturation, read on.
What is the relationship between porosity and density?
Since density is defined as mass per volume, and porosity is a comparison of pore volume to total volume, it is possible to express porosity in terms of density as well. The result is the equation is the sample’s particle density.
What is the formula for the density of pores in water?
Bulk or Archimedes density = (w3)/ V Volume of pores, vp = (w2-w3)/density of water Apparent porosity (%) = vp/V Relative density (%) = Bulk density / theoretical density.
How can I determine my hair type's porosity and density?
No single race or hair type has pre-determined porosity and density, so the only way to find out is to perform an at-home test on your curls. It is just another aspect of your curls that makes them completely unique to you!
How do you calculate density and porosity?
The formula for bulk density is (mass of dry soil) / (total volume of soil), 1 - (bulk density/particle density) for porosity, and (volume of pores) / (volume of solids) for void ratio.
What is the formula for calculating porosity?
A fairly straightforward formula is used as follows: Soil Porosity = ( 1 - (Bulk Density ÷ Particle Density) ) x 100. This will indicate the percentage of the soil that contains pores. (1 - (0.63) ) x 100 = 37%.
How does porosity relate to density?
Porosity, the percent by volume of a soil sample not occupied by solids, is directly related to bulk density and particle density. If particle density remains constant, as bulk density increases porosity decreases.
Is porosity and density the same?
Porosity is also known as "pore space." The weight of an individual soil particle per unit volume. Particle density is usually expressed in units of grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm2). Bulk density considers both the solids and the pore space; whereas, particle density considers only the mineral solids.
How do you calculate porosity and permeability?
To calculate the permeability of a porous material, use Darcy's law equation: Multiply together the fluid discharge rate, dynamic viscosity, and distance traveled. Divide the result from Step one by the cross-sectional area of the material multiplied by the pressure difference on either side of the material.
How do you find the density?
The formula for density is the mass of an object divided by its volume. In equation form, that's d = m/v , where d is the density, m is the mass and v is the volume of the object. The standard units are kg/m³.
What is density porosity?
It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. It is written as either a decimal fraction between 0 and 1 or as a percentage.
What is soil density and porosity?
Soil porosity is also dependent on, and inversely related to, soil density. If a soil is compacted, the soil solids are packed into a smaller volume, and the particles get packed closer together. This results in less total pore volume. Thus as soil density increases, soil porosity decreases.
What is the formula of particle density?
The particle density of a soil = dry mass (g) of soil / volume of soil particles. Where Dp is particle density; ODwt is oven-dry weight of soil; Vs is volume of solids. Particle density takes into account the mass and volume occupied by the solid particles only.
What is the unit for porosity?
puThe porosity is conventionally given the symbol φ, and is expressed either as a fraction varying between 0 and 1, or a percentage varying between 0% and 100%. Sometimes porosity is expressed in 'porosity units', which are the same as percent (i.e., 100 porosity units (pu) = 100%).
How do you measure sand porosity?
Divide the air space volume (in mL) by the starting volume of sand (also in mL). Multiply the resulting fraction by 100. The result is the percentage of the original volume of sand that is occupied by air in between the grains.
How do you calculate pore volume?
Pore Volume = Net Volume x Porosity.
What is the unit for porosity?
puThe porosity is conventionally given the symbol φ, and is expressed either as a fraction varying between 0 and 1, or a percentage varying between 0% and 100%. Sometimes porosity is expressed in 'porosity units', which are the same as percent (i.e., 100 porosity units (pu) = 100%).
What is total porosity?
The total porosity is the total void space and as such includes isolated pores and the space occupied by clay-bound water. It is the porosity measured by core analysis techniques that involve disaggregating the sample.
How do you find the porosity from the void ratio?
The relationship between void ratio e and porosity n is given byn = 1 + e 1 − e.e = 1 + n 1 − n.n = e 1 − e.e = n × (1 + e)
How do you determine pore size in porosity?
The mass of saturated material less the oven-dry mass of the solids, divided by the density of water, gives the volume of water. This divided by the original sample volume gives porosity. An analogous method is to determine the volume of gas in the pore space of a completely dry sample.
What is the standard for measuring porosity?
The density or porosity of the sintered samples can be measured according to ASTM standard B962-15 which is based on Archimedes' method. The steps to perform this method are very simple.
How to determine porosity of a sintered disc?
The most accurate way to determine porosity in a sintered disc is to measure the pressure drop and back-calculate for the porosity. I have developed a novel technique to do this and refer all readers to the following link www.wranglergroup.com/UPPR. Under the UPPR tab on my web site you will find examples of published papers in which I provide the necessary corrections to validate porosity in sintered discs made from powdered metals.
How to measure porosity of a pellet?
Dear Sanjay porosity is differ from density ,porosity measured by wetting the pellets with water then weight it .After dry the pellets with Caco3 for a time and weight the pellets so the differrence in weight represent the porosity.
What is measured density?
Measured density is rhox which can be calculated by ratio of mass and volume of prepared samples.
How to find bulk density?
The formula for bulk density is (mass of dry soil) / (total volume of soil), 1 - (bulk density/particle density) for porosity, and (volume of pores) / (volume of solids) for void ratio.
Why is density measurement important?
Are you going to use density measurement as a quality control tool for a product on which you can do some more research than you are doing , because you can sacrifice a sample or two, despite limited resources. Metallography is a very useful tool to find out what is going on in the materials of different composition.
How to measure the weight of a mint?
1. Boil the samples for 40 mints in distilled water for degassing purposes. 2. Immerse the samples in the water to fill out any pores. and check the immersed weight = w1. 3. take out the immersed samples and tap off the water from the top bottom surfaces gently and measure the weight , w2.
How much does porosity vary?
For most rocks, porosity varies from less than 1% to 40%. The porosity of a rock depends on many factors, including the rock type and how the grains of a rock are arranged. For example, crystalline rock such as granite has a very low porosity (<1%) since the only pore spaces are the tiny, long, thin cracks between the individual mineral grains.
How to determine dry densities?
Dry densities were determined by weighing the samples after drying and dividing the mass by the total sample volume.
What is the percentage of void space in a rock?
What is porosity? Porosity is the percentage of void space in a rock. Porosity is the percentage of void space in a rock. It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. It is written as either a decimal fraction between 0 and 1 or as a percentage. For most rocks, porosity varies from less ...
What is the density of sandstone?
Sandstones, ρ = 2.65–2.80 g/cm 3. Nearly half of the sandstones have grain densities close to 2.65 g/cm 3, the density of quartz, suggesting that those sandstones are composed of quartz grains and cement.
How to calculate grain density?
Grain density was calculated by subtracting the pore space volume from the total sample volume and then dividing the difference by the dry mass.
Which type of rock has the lowest porosity?
The dolomites have the lowest porosities (2–6%), the shales have the widest range of porosities (8–29%, although most are less than 15%), and the sandstones have the highest porosity (11–32%). Figure 1. Distribution of porosities for dolomite, shale, and sandstone.
What is the density of a rock?
Density is defined as the mass per volume. In rocks, it is a function of the densities of the individual grains, the porosity, and the fluid filling the pores. There are three types of density in rocks: dry density, wet density, and grain density.
What is the density of hair?
The density of your hair is simply how thin or thick it is. The number of hair follicles in a specific area of your hair, say a 1-inch area, determines your hair’s density.
How to tell if your hair has low density?
Look closely at your hair from all angles, and see if you can see your scalp through the hair strands. If you can, your hair has very low density.
What are the two senses that determine hair density?
However, you can also do a simple hair density test with just two of your senses — vision and touch. Your hair texture defines how your hair reacts to certain products, humidity and eve water. Knowing your hair's texture can point you in the right direction for your perfect products and hair regimen.
Is porosity the same for all hair types?
For hair porosity, you want to feel your hair while it is wet, and the technique is the same for all hair types.
Is hair porous or low porosity?
They allow little, if any, moisture to get in or out. If your hair is like this, it is considered to have low porosity. The further apart the cuticle layers are, and the more open they are, the more porous your hair will be. If the space between them is exactly as it should be, and they are open just as much as they should be, ...
What is porosity %?
porosity % = 100 - the density of the green body / theoretical density of the required material *100 = .......
How to find the actual density of a sample?
The actual density of the sample = [m/ (m-M)] p, where m and M are the masses of samples in air and water respectively and p is the density of water.
How to measure pellet density?
Pellet density can be measured using density = (dry wt/ (soaked weight -suspended wt))* Density of water or kerosene ( which ever is used).
What is the advantage of mercury porosimetry?
The advantage of mercury porosimetry is that you do not only get the density information, but you will also get information about the size of your pores and how they change during sintering.
Is relative density obtainable with respect to theoretical density?
The relative density is obtainable with respect to the theoretical density.
Can you use mercury porosimetry to detect mercury?
You can use mercury porosimetry as long as your metal does not react with mercury, but even in the case, where it might react, you could form a coating on your sample surface to reduce or prevent that reaction.
How to measure porosity?
Several logging techniques are available to measure density or porosity. These indirect techniques can have substantial errors depending on borehole conditions, but they do provide a measure of the in-situ properties. Gamma ray logs bombard the formation with radiation from an active source. Radiation is scattered back to the logging tool, depending on the electron density of the material. Formation density is extracted from the amplitude of these back-scattered gamma rays. The neutron log estimates porosity by particle interaction with hydrogen atoms. Neutrons lose energy when colliding with hydrogen atoms, thus giving a measure of the hydrogen content. Because most of the hydrogen in rocks resides in the pore space (water or oil), this is then related to the liquid-filled porosity. Note that the neutron log will include bound water within clays as porosity. In addition, when relatively hydrogen-poor gas is the pore fluid, the neutron log will underestimate porosity. In a similar fashion, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) log will resolve the hydrogen content. This tool, however, has the ability to differentiate between free bulk water and bound water. Sonic logs are also used for porosity measurements, particularly when anomalous minerals (such as siderite) or borehole conditions render other tools less accurate. The technique involves inverting velocity to porosity using one of the relationships provided in Elastic wave velocities. Gravimetry has also been used downhole to measure variations in density. Although this tool is insensitive to fine-scale changes, it permits density measurement far out into the formation.
How to determine porosity of a rock?
Numerous methods can be used in the laboratory to determine porosity and density. The most common are by saturation weight and Boyle’s law. For rocks without sensitive minerals such as smectites, the porosity and dry, grain, and saturated densities can be derived from the saturated mass, dry mass, and volume (or buoyant weight). These measurements allow calculation of saturated, dry, and grain density as well as porosity and mineral and pore volume by employing Eqs. 3 through 5 .
How does density change with depth?
In general, density increases and porosity decreases monotonically with depth. This is expected, because differential pressures usually increase with depth. As pressure increases, grains will shift and rotate to reach a more dense packing. More force will be imposed on the grain contacts. Crushing and fracturing is a common result. In addition, diagenetic processes such as cementation work to fill the pore space. Material may be dissolved at point contacts or along styolites and then transported to fill pores. Some of the textures resulting from these processes were seen in the photomicrographs of Rock types. In Fig. 2, generalized densities as a function of depth for shales are plotted. The shapes and overall behaviors for these curves are similar, even though they come from a wide variety of locations with different geologic histories. These kinds of curves are often fit with exponential functions in depth to define the local compaction trend.
What causes pore pressure to increase?
Differential or effective pressures do not always increase with increasing depth. Abnormally high pore fluid pressures ("overpressure") can occur because of: 1 Rapid compaction 2 Low permeability 3 Mineral dewatering 4 Migration of high-pressure fluids
What is the unit of porosity?
To avoid confusion, particularly when variable or changing porosities are involved, it is often reported in porosity units (1 PU = 1%).
What is density in science?
Density is defined as the mass per volume of a substance.
Does differential pressure increase with depth?
Differential or effective pressures do not always increase with increasing depth. Abnormally high pore fluid pressures ("overpressure") can occur because of:
How do you calculate porosity example?
The porosity will be calculated using the following formula: Volume water held in soil Porosity (%) = × 100 Volume total sediment NOTE: Answers may be rounded to the nearest 1%. Porosity = ( ( Total Volume – Volume of the Solid ) / Total Volume ) … Calculate the bulk density of a soil sample that has a porosity of 45%.
What Is percent pore space?
Pore space is defined by porosity of a material possessing free space between the mineral grains, expressed as percentage (Rebollo et al., 1996), and depends on size and sorting of the particles as a cubic or hexagonic package. From: Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation, 2014.
How are bulk density and pore space related?
Core samples are taken by driving a metal core into the earth at the desired depth and soil horizon. The samples are then oven dried and weighed. Bulk density = (mass of oven dry soil)/volume The bulk density of soil is inversely related to the porosity of the same soil. The more pore space in a soil the lower the value for bulk density.
How to calculate the porosity of a material?
If you can determine the density of the material, you can also find porosity by using the equation porosity = 1 – bulk density ÷ by particle density. To learn how to calculate porosity through saturation, read on.
How to find porosity of a log?
To obtain porosity, read the value directly from the log. If the log is recorded in limestone units and the formation you wish to evaluate is sandstone or dolomite, then correct the log value by using the appropriate chart in a log interpretation chartbook.
How is neutron energy loss related to porosity?
Neutron energy loss can be related to porosity because in porous formations, hydrogen is concentrated in the fluid filling the pores. Reservoirs whose pores are gas filled may have a lower porosity than the same pores filled with oil or water because gas has a lower concentration of hydrogen atoms than either oil or water.
What is density neutron log?
The density–neutron log is a combination log that simultaneously records neutron and density porosity. In some zones, porosities recorded on the logs differ for three reasons:
Why is the combination of density and neutron logs good?
The combination of the density and neutron logs provides a good source of porosity data, especially in formations of complex lithology. Better estimates of porosity are possible with the combination than using either tool or sonic separately because inferences about lithology and fluid content can be made.
What is bulk density in formation?
Formation bulk density is a function of matrix density, porosity, and fluids contained in the pore space. Formation bulk density measured by the log must be corrected for borehole irregularities. Convert bulk density to porosity using charts in a log interpretation chartbook, or calculate porosity from bulk density using this equation:
What is density log?
The density log measures the electron density of a formation. The logging device is a contact tool that emits gamma rays from a source. Emitted gamma rays collide with formation electrons and scatter. A detector, located a fixed distance from the tool source, counts the number of returning gamma rays. The number of returning gamma rays is an indicator of formation bulk density. The litho-density tool (LDT) also provides a photoelectron (P e) cross section curve, an independent indicator of lithology.
Is density log a reasonable approximation of formation porosity?
If density porosity is less than neutron porosity, such as in a sandstone with shale/clay content, the density log provides a reasonable approximation of formation porosity.
