Set the ruler at the base of the plant. Smaller plants can be measured with a ruler, while taller plants may require a measuring tape, yardstick, or meter stick. Make sure that the ruler begins at zero on the bottom. If you are measuring a plant in a pot, the ruler should begin at ground level. 2 Record the height of the plant.
How we can measure plant height of maize at maturity?
a) Up to the tip of the tassel of male flower. b) up to the node of top leaf or base of the tassel. Join ResearchGate to ask questions, get input, and advance your work. Hi Everyone, the right measure is from ground level to the base of the tassel, after milk stage.
What is the best way to measure the height of plants?
Smaller plants can be measured with a ruler, while taller plants may require a measuring tape, yardstick, or meter stick. Make sure that the ruler begins at zero on the bottom. If you are measuring a plant in a pot, the ruler should begin at ground level. Record the height of the plant.
What is the structure of a maize plant?
Structure and physiology. The maize plant is often 3 m (10 ft) in height, though some natural strains can grow 13 m (43 ft). The stem is commonly composed of 20 internodes of 18 cm (7.1 in) length. A leaf, which grows from each node, is generally 9 cm (4 in) in width and 120 cm (4 ft) in length.
What is the modern technique for growing maize?
Modern technique plants maize in rows which allows for cultivation while the plant is young, although the hill technique is still used in the maize fields of some Native American reservations. When maize is planted in rows, it also allows for planting of other crops between these rows to make more efficient use of land space.
How are plant heights measured?
Small plants: Measure the height with a ruler, yard stick or tape measure (make sure your ruler or tape is metric). The ruler should be placed on the ground next to the stem, and measure to the height of the tallest stem (ignore the leaves). If the plant has multiple stems, measure the tallest one.
What is the height of maize?
The maize plant is often 3 m (10 ft) in height, though some natural strains can grow 13 m (43 ft), and the tallest recorded plant reached almost 14 metres (46 ft).
What is the height of plant?
Theoretically, plant height is defined as the shortest distance between the upper boundary (the highest point) of the main photosynthetic tissues (excluding inflorescences) and the ground level [4].
How is maize leaf area measured?
Several methods have been proposed for measuring leaf area in maize, Zea mays L., (Montgomery, 1911; McKee, 1964; Francis, Rutger, and Palmer; 1969). It has been demonstrated that the area of an individual leaf can be estimated from the formula, leaf area — length times (maximum width) times 0.75 (Mont- gomery, 1911).
What is ear height in maize?
Application of nitrogen significantly increased the grain yield and yield components of maize-hybrids. However recent maize-hybrids were more tolerant to low nitrogen and out-yielded the commercial hybrids. ... Data in Table (1) showed that mean ear height ranged from 39.30 cm for P 7 to 144.3 for cross P 9 xP 2 .
What is the depth of planting maize?
Check planting depth when starting each field. In summary, corn should never be planted less than 1.5 inches deep, 1.75 to 2.25 inches is an ideal target, but depending on soil type and conditions, may be planted up to 3 inches deep without any effect on stand establishment. Have a safe and successful planting season.
Which instrument is used for measuring growth of plants?
AuxanometerAuxanometer is the instrument with which we determine the rate of growth in plants.
How do we classify plants according to their height?
On the basis of differences in the height of stems and branches of plants, they are classified into trees, shrubs, climbers and creepers and herbs.
What is the maximum height of plant?
The height of a plant is controlled by three genes. The maximum height in the species is 24 inches , wherease the minimum height in the species is 6 inches ....QuestionSubjectBiology (more Questions)Class12thType of AnswerVideoQuestion LanguageIn Video - English In Text - English4 more rows•Jun 27, 2022
How do you measure the height of a leaf?
Keeping your leaves flat, use a ruler to measure the length of each leaf from the pointy part at one end of the leaf to the point where the leaf joins the stalk at the other end.
What is leaf area how it can be measured?
Leaf area index (LAI) quantifies the amount of leaf material in a canopy. By definition, it is the ratio of one-sided leaf area per unit ground area. LAI is unitless because it is a ratio of areas. For example, a canopy with an LAI of 1 has a 1:1 ratio of leaf area to ground area (Figure 1a).
Which instrument is used to measure the area of a leaf?
leaf area index meterOur leaf area meter often called leaf area index meter is a handheld instrument that performs non-destructive leaf area measurement. It is widely used in plant physiology studies and agricultural research.
Does maize increase height?
Maize height at six weeks and increases in height at 8 and 10 weeks after application of water hyacinth-based composts.
What is the height of wheat?
Wheat is typically from 0.7 to 1.2 m tall. Wheat has a single main stem plus typically 2-3 tillers per plant. The number of tillers tends to increase with better growing conditions and with a lower crop density.
What is the shape and size of maize?
Seed from a single cob falls into many size/shape categories. Large rounds usually come from the base of the ear, flats from the centre and small flats and small rounds from the tip. Very small seed usually comes from the base or tip of the cob, but will fall outside the weight ranges established by the grading system.
What is the growth rate of maize?
Results revealed that maximum crop growth rate (CGR) (17.39 g/m2/day) and net assimilation rate (NAR) (6.27 g/m2/day) were noted in T1, while least values were observed in T2 and T3.
Where was the maize experiment conducted?
Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at Lishu , Jilin, China (43°16'45''N, 124°26'10''E, altitude 196 m). The experiments were set with three replicates. There were 30 maize inbred lines with extensive genetic diversity in each replicate. The size of each plot was two rows × 5 m long with 40 plants. Row distance was 60 cm in all replicates. The maize emergence date was 9 June. Before sowing, basal chemical fertilizers were applied in all plots at a rate of 60 kg P ha –1 and 80 kg K ha –1. Management was conducted according to typical farmers’ practice.
What is the importance of plant height?
Plant height is a good indicator to evaluate plant growth and grain yield ( Bendig et al ., 2015 ). The dynamics of plant height during the whole growing season could be used to assess critical genetic traits, fundamental plant physiology and environmental effects ( Malambo et al ., 2018 ). Leaf area index (LAI) is an important physiological trait and can be used to indicate the performance of a plant canopy for growth and yield ( Roth et al ., 2018 ). In addition, the vertical distribution of leaf area is important for the analysis of photosynthesis, pollen propagation and stress resistance. Quantitative analysis of vertical distribution and dynamic changes of LAI can be used for early nutrition diagnosis and breeding research ( Lei et al ., 2019 ).
What are the platforms used to measure crop phenotypes?
Advanced crop phenotyping platforms have been developed worldwide to measure crop phenotypes in the field recently such as BreedVision, Crop 3D, Field Scanalyzer and CropQuant ( Busemeyer et al ., 2013; Virlet et al ., 2017; Zhou et al ., 2017 a; Guo et al ., 2018; Rouphael et al ., 2018 ). Field phenotyping platforms can integrate multiple sensors to obtain multi-source phenotypic data with high resolution and high quality, but are limited to fixed areas and need increased costs for large-scale experiments. Satellite survey can map large areas at the same time, but the method suffers from cloud cover and water vapour, especially during crop growth seasons. The coarse resolution of satellite surveys limits their application on field crops ( Matese et al ., 2015; Chu et al ., 2017 ).
How was the LAI calculated?
The plant height of each inbred line was calculated automatically by a reference ground method. The LAI was calculated by the 3-D voxel method. The reconstructed canopy was sliced into different layers to compare leaf area density obtained from oblique and nadir photography.
What is the definition of corn height?from pioneer.com
Corn height is generally defined as “free standing” or the height of the arch of the highest leaf that is at least 50% developed. Corn height is less accurate than leaf number in determining growth stage.
What are the stages of corn growth?from pioneer.com
Growth stages of corn are divided into vegetative stages (V) and reproductive stages (R) as outlined in Table 1. Subdivisions of the V stages are designated numerically as V1, V2, V3, etc. through V (n), where (n) represents the last leaf stage before VT for the specific hybrid under consideration. The first and last V stages are designated as VE (emergence) and VT (tasseling). The number of leaves (n) will fluctuate with hybrid and environment differences. The vegetative stages and six subdivisions of the reproductive stages are designated numerically with their common names in Table 1.
How to determine leaf stage after leaf loss?from pioneer.com
To determine the leaf stage after lower leaf loss, split the lower stalk lengthwise ( Figure 2) and inspect for the internode elongation. The first node above the first elongated stalk internode generally is the fifth leaf node. This internode is usually a little less than 1/2 inch in length.
How tall is a maize plant?
Structure and physiology. The maize plant is often 3 m (10 ft) in height, though some natural strains can grow 13 m (43 ft). The stem is commonly composed of 20 internodes of 18 cm (7 in) length. The leaves arise from the nodes, alternately on opposite sides on the stalk.
How much maize was grown in 2014?
In 2014, total world production was 1.04 billion tonnes. Maize is the most widely grown grain crop throughout the Americas, with 361 million metric tons grown in the United States alone in 2014. Genetically modified maize made up 85% of the maize planted in the United States in 2009.
What is maize used for?
In addition to being consumed directly by humans (often in the form of masa ), maize is also used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize products, such as corn starch and corn syrup. The six major types of maize are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn.
When was maize first grown?
Around 4,500 ago, maize began to spread to the north; it was first cultivated in what is now the United States at several sites in New Mexico and Arizona, about 4,100 ago.
Where was maize found?
Plant fragments dated to 4200 BC found in the Guilá Naquitz Cave in Oaxaca, Mexico, showed maize had already been domesticated from teosinte. Ancient Mesoamerican engraving, National Museum of Anthropology of Mexico. Maize is a cultigen; human intervention is required for it to propagate.
Did the Spanish eat maize?
After the arrival of Europeans in 1492, Spanish settlers consumed maize, and explorers and traders carried it back to Europe and introduced it to other countries. Spanish settlers far preferred wheat bread to maize, cassava, or potatoes. Maize flour could not be substituted for wheat for communion bread, since in Christian belief only wheat could undergo transubstantiation and be transformed into the body of Christ. Some Spaniards worried that by eating indigenous foods, which they did not consider nutritious, they would weaken and risk turning into Indians. "In the view of Europeans, it was the food they ate, even more than the environment in which they lived, that gave Amerindians and Spaniards both their distinctive physical characteristics and their characteristic personalities." Despite these worries, Spaniards did consume maize. Archeological evidence from Florida sites indicate they cultivated it as well.
Is maize a cultigen?
Maize is a cultigen; human intervention is required for it to propagate. Whether or not the kernels fall off the cob on their own is a key piece of evidence used in archaeology to distinguish domesticated maize from its naturally-propagating teosinte ancestor. Genetic evidence can also be used to determine when various lineages split.
How to measure fresh weight of plants?
Here is the process for measuring fresh weight: Remove plants from soil and wash off any loose soil. Blot plants gently with soft paper towel to remove any free surface moisture.
How many measurements should be taken to determine the overall health of a plant?
To capture enough data on the overall health of your plants, we recommend that you record at least one final weight measure, one measure of root health, and all of the observation measurements that pertain to the type of plant you are using.
How to keep plants from drying out?
Remove the plants from the soil and wash off any loose soil. Blot the plants removing any free surface moisture. Dry the plants in an oven set to low heat (100° F) overnight. Let the plants cool in a dry environment (a Ziploc bag will keep moisture out) - in a humid environment the plant tissue will take up water.
How to find average leaf area of a plant?
Method 2: Trace out each leaf on paper. Make sure to use the same type of paper every time AND make sure that the paper is not wet. Cut out the le af tracings and weigh them. Weigh the cutouts and divide the total weight by the number of leaves to give you the average leaf area for each plant. Repeat this for each of the plants in your experiment.
How to calculate root/shoot ratio?
Separately weigh and record the root and top for each plant. (Dry weight for roots/dry weight for top of plant = root/shoot ratio)
What does blotting do to plants?
Blot the plants removing any free surface moisture.
What vegetables have large root?
Measure the diameter of the root. This is especially useful for root vegetables such as beets, carrots, potatoes, etc. that have a large root.
What is the best way to measure a plant?
Smaller plants can be measured with a ruler, while taller plants may require a measuring tape, yardstick, or meter stick. Make sure that the ruler begins at zero on the bottom. If you are measuring a plant in a pot, the ruler should begin at ground level. ...
How to measure growth rate of a plant?
To measure a plant’s growth rate, use a ruler or measuring tape to measure from the base of the plant to its highest point. If your plant is in a pot, start your measurement at the base of the pot. Write the measurement down, then repeat 2-3 days later.
How to get rid of clumps on a plant?
Rinse soil from the roots. With a gentle stream of water, wash off dirt from the plant. You can use your fingers to gently ease clumps away. Pat your plant dry with a paper towel.
How to find the average daily growth rate?
You can see the average daily growth rate by taking the change in size and dividing it by the amount of time it has been growing.
How to find the surface area of a leaf?
Keeping the leaf on the plant, draw around the leaf on grid paper. The grid should have squares that are one inch in area. Count the number of squares covered to get the surface area of each leaf.
How to keep plants dry?
Place your plant in a plastic zip bag. Pinch the zipper closed to prevent moisture from entering. This will keep the plants dry. Allow the plants to cool in the bag. [10]
How to tell if a plant is completely destroyed?
Weigh your plant. When it is completely cool, place the plant on the scale. Record the weight. This particular plant is now completely destroyed. You may toss out the plant this point. [11]
Introduction
Materials and Methods
- Field experiments and measurement on plants
Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at Lishu, Jilin, China (43°16'45''N, 124°26'10''E, altitude 196 m). The experiments were set with three replicates. There were 30 maize inbred lines with extensive genetic diversity in each replicate. The size of each plot was two rows × 5 m long with … - UAV image acquisition
The UAV DJI Inspires 2 with a ZENMUSE X5S camera (DJI, Shenzhen, China) was used for image acquisition. The imaging sensor was a 4/3-inch CMOS with 15 mm focal length. The obtained image resolution was 5280 × 3956 pixels. Each field survey has three flight plans with …
Results
- There was good agreement between calculated and measured plant height during the whole growing season, with R2 = 0.90 for nadir photography(Fig. 2A) and R2 = 0.91 for oblique photography (Fig. 2B). The slope of the linear regression between plant heights from the two methods was 0.97, and the value of R2 was 0.98 (Fig. 2C). Calculated plant heights of different …
Discussion
- Advantages and disadvantages of UAVs
With the rapid development of sequencing technology, genomic research has been greatly increased. However, phenotyping is still the bottleneck in genetic research and breeding. The traditional field phenotype acquisition is destructive, labour-intensive, time-consuming and expe… - Oblique photography vs. nadir photography
Nadir UAV flights have been widely used in plant height and ground cover investigation (Guo et al., 2015; Jin et al., 2017; Li et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019). The estimated accuracy of plant heights using nadir photography was high (Hu et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019). However, nadir p…
Acknowledgements
- We thank Weibo Zhang, Min Wang and Shilin Li for valuable help in image acquisition and processing. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding
- This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (31000671), and Science and Technology projects from Yunnan(2017YN07) and Inner Mongolia.