How is the ABO blood typing system set up?
ABO blood group system, the classification of human blood based on the inherited properties of red blood cells (erythrocytes) as determined by the presence or absence of the antigens A and B, which are carried on the surface of the red cells. Persons may thus have type A, type B, type O, or type AB blood.
What is ABO group in blood test?
For a blood transfusion, the ABO blood group system is used to match the blood type of the donor and the person receiving the transfusion. People with blood type O can donate blood to anyone and are called universal donors. People with blood type AB can accept blood from all donors and are called universal recipients.
How does ABO blood type inheritance work?
A mother who is blood type O can only pass an O allele to her son or daughter. A father who is blood type AB could pass either an A or a B allele to his son or daughter. This couple could have children of either blood type A (O from mother and A from father) or blood type B (O from mother and B from father).
How is ABO Rh test done?
In this test, a small sample of the RBC is mixed with a lab solution containing the antibodies to the RhD. If the blood reacts to the Rh test with agglutinating, it is called Rh positive and if it doesn't, it is Rh Negative.
What is the importance of ABO blood group?
The ABO blood group antigens remain of prime importance in transfusion medicine—they are the most immunogenic of all the blood group antigens. The most common cause of death from a blood transfusion is a clerical error in which an incompatible type of ABO blood is transfused.
What is the importance of knowing your ABO blood type?
The most important reason to know your blood type is in case of an emergency. If you are in a situation where you require a blood transfusion, you'll need compatible blood. An incompatible blood group can cause blood cells to clump—which can be fatal.
Can parents with A and B blood type have an O baby?
One parent with A and another with B can produce a child with A, B, AB or O blood types.
Can a child with AB blood type have a parent with O blood?
An AB and O couple producing an AB child cannot be explained in terms of the usual inheritance patterns. One would not expect the cord blood result to be AB when the mother is type O, however, in very rare instances, such as the cis-AB blood type, it is possible.
Can a child have different blood type than parents?
Blood Type Compatability Predictor FAQs Yes, a child is able to have a different blood type than both parents. Which parent decides the blood type of the child? The child's blood type is decided by both parents' blood type. Parents all pass along one of their 2 alleles to make up their child's blood type.
What does ABO Rh a positive mean?
Overview. Rh factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood has the protein, you're Rh positive. If your blood doesn't have the protein, you're Rh negative. The "+" or "–" you might see after your blood type refers to Rh positive or Rh negative.
What are the 3 rarest blood types?
The rarest blood types are: B negative(B -ve), which is found in 1.5 percent of the total population. AB negative(AB -ve), which is found in 0.6 percent of the total population. AB positive(AB +ve), which is found in 3.4 percent of the total population.
Which blood group is the most rarest?
AB negativeAB negative is the rarest of the eight main blood types - just 1% of our donors have it.
Which ABO blood type is most common?
O positiveThe ABO system is the best known way of classifying blood types. In this system, there are eight main types. O positive is the most common, and AB negative is the rarest. If a person needs a blood transfusion, their blood type must be compatible with that of the donor to avoid complications.
What is ABO blood type an example of?
The ABO Blood Group Is an Example of Multiple Alleles Multiple alleles occur when there are more than two possible alleles for a single chromosomal locus. The ABO blood group is a classic example of this. Every person has two number 9 chromosomes and, therefore, two alleles for ABO blood types.
What are the 4 types of blood groups?
There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O. Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents. Each group can be either RhD positive or RhD negative, which means in total there are 8 blood groups.
What blood type is most common?
O+The need for O+ is high because it is the most frequently occurring blood type (37% of the population). The universal red cell donor has Type O negative blood. The universal plasma donor has Type AB blood.
What is the ABO blood group?
The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes. In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 38 different blood type (or group) classification systems currently recognized.
Who discovered the ABO blood type?
The ABO blood types were discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901; he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for this discovery. ABO blood types are also present in other primates such as apes and Old World monkeys.
How many lines of ABO are there?
Some evolutionary biologists theorize that there are four main lineages of the ABO gene and that mutations creating type O have occurred at least three times in humans. From oldest to youngest, these lineages comprise the following alleles: A101/A201/O09, B101, O02 and O01. The continued presence of the O alleles is hypothesized to be the result of balancing selection. Both theories contradict the previously held theory that type O blood evolved first.
How many alleles are there in the ABO gene?
There are six common alleles in white individuals of the ABO gene that produce one's blood type:
How many subgroups are there in the blood type A1?
The A blood type contains about 20 subgroups, of which A1 and A2 are the most common (over 99%). A1 makes up about 80% of all A-type blood, with A2 making up almost all of the rest. These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned, as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against the A1 antigen. Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood.
When did blood groups become popular?
During the 1930s, connecting blood groups to personality types became popular in Japan and other areas of the world. Studies of this association have yet to confirm its existence definitively.
When was blood typing first used?
The first practical use of blood typing in transfusion was by an American physician Reuben Ottenberg in 1907. And the large-scale application started during the First World War (1914-1915) when citric acid was developed as blood clot prevention.
What is ABO blood grouping?
It is the popular method for blood group identification to determine the presence and absence of cellular antigens and their relative antibodies in the blood. In blood typing, the detection of antigen in the donor’s RBCs is called forward typing.
What type of antigen is ABO?
The antigens of the ABO blood group system are glycolipid in nature, and the antibodies are predominantly of IgM type. In this context, we will study the principle, method and result interpretation of the ABO blood typing. Besides, we will also discuss some of the discoveries, facts and the overview of the ABO blood group system.
What is the surface protein that is found on the red blood cell surface?
In the ABO blood grouping system, agglutination reaction takes place between the surface proteins that are found on the red blood cell surface. This surface protein called antigen or agglutinogen. The antigens are mainly glycolipids which are of two types, namely self-antigens and foreign-antigens.
What happens if agglutination occurs in the RBCs?
If agglutination occurs in the RBCs, then the corresponding antibody must be absent in the blood plasma. The antigens if absent on the RBCs membrane, then the corresponding antibodies must be present in the blood plasma.
What is the ABO compatibility of blood type?
Theory of blood transfusion states that before transfusion, the ABO compatibility of blood type must be checked, as any carelessness can affect the immune system. A person with blood group A can receive blood from the person with blood types A and O.
How many blood groups are there in the ABO system?
According to the ABO blood group system, there are four blood groups, namely A, B, AB and O.
How to mix blood with antisera?
Mix the blood with the antisera separately by using a sterilized toothpick.
What Does Blood Type ABO Mean?
Blood type ABO is the named used for human blood type testing. The body's red blood cells carry antigens that are used for classification of blood type. The blood type ABO test identifies which if any of these antigens is present in a person's blood. If a person has the A antigen, he or she is classified as having type A blood. Individuals with the B antigen are identified as type B, while having both antigens results in a classification of type AB. Individuals with type O blood do not have either the A or B antigen. A separate test, blood type Rh is used to identify the presence or absence of a separate antibody not used for classification.
When is ABO testing done?
In addition to transfusions, blood type ABO testing may be done before a person undergoes surgery, donates blood, or to identify an individual's relationship to another person. Also, the ABO test may be used to rule out potential organ donors. Blood type identification may be used in forensic investigations to rule out potential suspects.
What is the difference between type B and type AB?
Individuals with the B antigen are identified as type B, while having both antigens results in a classification of type AB. Individuals with type O blood do not have either the A or B antigen. A separate test, blood type Rh is used to identify the presence or absence of a separate antibody not used for classification.
Why are blood groups important?
Blood groups are an inherited trait. This fact allows researchers to use blood types to track populations and identify genetically related groups. People from different geographic regions and from different ethnic groups have different predominant blood types.
Can type O be transfused?
But, because type O doesn't have either A or B antigens, type A, type B, and type AB individuals can accept type O transfusions. Thus, before an individual may receive a blood transfusion, his or her blood type must be identified through blood type ABO testing. The blood type ABO test may also be called an ABO test.
Is a blood type compatible with a blood type?
The four blood types are not all compatible. The antibodies of one blood type will attack antigens of another type. For example, type A antibodies will attack type B antigens and type O antibodies will attack both A and B if these antigens are introduced into the blood stream. But, because type O doesn't have either A or B antigens, type A, type B, ...
What are the four blood groups?
There are four main blood groups: A, B, AB and O. All normal individuals have antibodies to the A or B antigens that are not present on their own red cells (Table 2.1). The frequency of ABO groups varies in different ethnic populations and this must be taken into account when recruiting representative blood donor panels.
Is blood group O a universal donor?
Individuals of blood group O are sometimes known as universal donors as their red cells have no A or B antigens. However, their plasma does contain anti-A and anti-B that, if present in high titre, has the potential to haemolyse the red cells of certain non-group O recipients (see below).
Is ABO blood transfusion fatal?
ABO-incompatible red cell transfusion is often fatal and its prevention is the most important step in clinical transfusion practice (Chapter 5). Anti-A and/or anti-B in the recipient’s plasma binds to the transfused cells and activates the complement pathway, leading to destruction of the transfused red cells (intravascular haemolysis) and the release of inflammatory cytokines that can cause shock, renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The accidental transfusion of ABO-incompatible blood is now classified as a ‘never event’ by the UK Departments of Health.
Is ABO incompatible with red cell transfusion?
ABO-incompatible red cell transfusion is often fatal and its prevention is the most important step in clinical transfusion practice (Chapter 5). Anti-A and/or anti-B in the recipient’s plasma binds to the transfused cells and activates the complement pathway, leading to destruction of the transfused red cells (intravascular haemolysis) and the release of inflammatory cytokines that can cause shock, renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The accidental transfusion of ABO-incompatible blood is now classified as a ‘never event’ by the UK Departments of Health.
Is ABO blood a never event?
The accidental transfusion of ABO-incompatible blood is now classified as a ‘never event’ by the UK Departments of Health . Transfusion of ABO-incompatible plasma containing anti-A or anti-B, usually from a group O donor, can cause haemolysis of the recipient’s red cells, especially in neonates and small infants.
Can ABO plasma cause haemolysis?
Transfusion of ABO-incompatible plasma containing anti-A or anti-B, usually from a group O donor, can cause haemolysis of the recipient’s red cells, especially in neonates and small infants. Red cells stored in saline, adenine, glucose and mannitol (SAG-M) additive solution ( see Chapter 3) contain less than 20 mL of residual plasma so the risk of haemolytic reactions is very low. Group O red cell components for intrauterine transfusion, neonatal exchange transfusion or large-volume transfusion of infants are screened to exclude those with high-titre anti-A or anti-B. Group O plasma-rich blood components such as fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or platelet concentrates should not be given to patients of group A, B or AB if ABO-compatible components are readily available (Table 2.2). Cryoprecipitate contains very little immunoglobulin and has never been reported to cause significant haemolysis . In view of the importance of making AB plasma readily available, AB cryoprecipitate manufacture and availability is a low priority for the UK Blood Services.
Overview
The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes. For human blood transfusions, it is the most important of the 43 different blood type (or group) classification systems currently recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusions (ISBT) as of June 2021. A mismatch (very rare in modern medicine) in this, or …
History
Genetics
Clinical relevance
The carbohydrate molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells have roles in cell membrane integrity, cell adhesion, membrane transportation of molecules, and acting as receptors for extracellular ligands, and enzymes. ABO antigens are found having similar roles on epithelial cells as well as red blood cells.
The ABO antigen is also expressed on the von Willebrand factor (vWF) glycoprotein, which partici…
Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion
In April 2007, an international team of researchers announced in the journal Nature Biotechnology an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A, B, and AB blood into type O. This is done by using glycosidase enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from red blood cells. The removal of A and B antigens still does not address the problem of the Rh blood group antigen on the blood cells of Rh positive individuals, and so blood from Rh negative donors mus…
Pseudoscience
During the 1930s, connecting blood groups to personality types became popular in Japan and other areas of the world. Studies of this association have yet to confirm its existence definitively.
Other popular but unsupported ideas include the use of a blood type diet, claims that group A causes severe hangovers, group O is associated with perfect teeth, and those with blood group A2 have the highest IQs. Scientific evidence in support of these concepts is limited at best.
See also
• Secretor status – secretion of ABO antigens in body fluids
Further reading
• Dean L (2005). "Chapter 5: The ABO blood group". Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
• Farr A (1 April 1979). "Blood group serology--the first four decades (1900–1939)". Med Hist. 23 (2): 215–26. doi:10.1017/s0025727300051383. PMC 1082436. PMID 381816.