Basically, when the load factor increases to more than its pre-defined value (default value of load factor is 0.75), the complexity increases. So to overcome this, the size of the array is increased (doubled) and all the values are hashed again and stored in the new double sized array to maintain a low load factor and low complexity.
How do I calculate my load factor?
To calculate your load factor take the total electricity (KWh) used in the month and divide it by the peak demand (power) (KW), then divide by the number of days in the billing cycle, then divide by 24 hours in a day. The result is a ratio between zero and one. Power Load Factor = 2000/35/30*24 = 79.4% –> you are good!
What is load factor and why is it important?
The load factor is an indicator of how efficiently energy is being utilized. It’s the actual amount of energy (kilowatt-hours – kWh) delivered in a designated period of time, as opposed to the total possible energy (kWh) that could be delivered in that same designated period of time.
How does the load factor change during a coordinated turn?
Variation of the load factor n with the bank angle θ, during a coordinated turn. Pink force is the apparent weight on board. The load factor, and in particular its sign, depends not only on the forces acting on the aircraft, but also on the orientation of its vertical axis.
What happens when the load factor is very low?
A low load factor means high maximum demand and low utilization rate. If the Load factor is very low as high peak demand, the capacity of electrical energy remains inactive for a long time. And this will increase the per-unit cost of electrical energy to the consumer. To reduce the peak demand, shift some load from peak time to non-peak time.
Why does load factor change?
Load Factors in Steep Turns At a constant altitude, during a coordinated turn in any aircraft, the load factor is the result of two forces: centrifugal force and weight. [Figure 2] For any given bank angle, the ROT varies with the airspeed—the higher the speed, the slower the ROT.
How does load factor increase?
0:374:05Aviation Load Factors Explained - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipIf you increase the lift by say adjusting the angle of attack of the wings. And start to climbMoreIf you increase the lift by say adjusting the angle of attack of the wings. And start to climb clearly the lift is greater than the weight. So the load factor is greater than one.
What factors affect load factor?
In a constant altitude, coordinated turn in any airplane, the load factor is the result of two forces: centrifugal force and gravity. Figure 1: Two forces cause load factor during turns. For any given bank angle, the rate of turn varies with the airspeed; the higher the speed, the slower the rate of turn.
How does load factor change with bank?
3:247:13How Bank Angle Affects Stall Speed | Don't Get too Slow! | Load FactorYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipIf we raise our bank angle both our stall speed and load factor. Increase at 45 degrees of bank weMoreIf we raise our bank angle both our stall speed and load factor. Increase at 45 degrees of bank we find ourselves here on the chart. Around a 20 increase in our stall speed which has brought it from
Does load factor change with weight?
Load factors, as a ratio of lift to weight, can vary with weight, so an aircraft 200 pounds under gross can expect an added safety margin over the designed load factor limits, and many pilot operator handbooks list values for load factor limits at some standard gross weight and a higher set of limits at a "utility" ...
How does speed affect load factor?
A load factor greater than 1 will cause the stall speed to increase by a factor equal to the square root of the load factor. For example, if the load factor is 2, the stall speed will increase by about 40%.
How do you explain load factor?
Load factor is an expression of how much energy was used in a time period, versus how much energy would have been used, if the power had been left on during a period of peak demand. It is a useful indicator for describing the consumption characteristics of electricity over a period of time.
How does load factor work?
The load factor is the measure that decides when to increase the capacity of the Map. The default load factor is 75% of the capacity. The threshold of a HashMap is approximately the product of current capacity and load factor. Rehashing is the process of re-calculating the hash code of already stored entries.
Why should load factor be high?
The high value of Load Factor means the load is using electrical energy more efficiently. High Load Factor gives more saving of electrical energy. And low Load Factor means the electricity used insufficiently compared to your maximum demand. Improved load factor means to reduce the peak load demand.
Why does load factor increase in steep turn?
After the selected bank angle has been reached, the pilot will find that considerable force is required on the elevator control to hold the airplane in level flight—to maintain altitude. Because of this increase in the force applied to the elevators, the load factor increases rapidly as the bank is increased.
How many G's is a 60 degree turn?
2 GsLoad factor and accelerated stalls: A constant-altitude turn with 45 degrees of bank imposes 1.4 Gs, and a turn with 60 degrees of bank imposes 2 Gs.
How load factor is related to bank angle?
When the bank angle is 90°, the load factor becomes infinite, which means that an aircraft cannot maintain a coordinated steady-state turn with a 90° bank angle and still hold a constant altitude.
How do airlines increase load factor?
How to Maximize Load Factor with Smarter MarketingYOUR AIRLINE'S MOST CRUCIAL KPI. Every flight your airline sends out costs money. ... BENEFIT NOW, PREPARE FOR THE FUTURE. ... OFFER THE JOURNEY YOUR CUSTOMERS REALLY WANT. ... THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENT TECHNOLOGY. ... FILL YOUR PLANES WITH HAPPY CUSTOMERS.
What does high load factor indicate?
A high load factor indicates that an airline has sold most of its available seats and is preferred over a low load factor. The higher the load factor, the more an airline can spread its fixed costs amongst passengers.
Why should load factor be high?
The high value of Load Factor means the load is using electrical energy more efficiently. High Load Factor gives more saving of electrical energy. And low Load Factor means the electricity used insufficiently compared to your maximum demand. Improved load factor means to reduce the peak load demand.
What does load factor tell you?
Load factor is an expression of how much energy was used in a time period, versus how much energy would have been used, if the power had been left on during a period of peak demand. It is a useful indicator for describing the consumption characteristics of electricity over a period of time.
What is Load Factor?
Load factor can be thought of as how much the aircraft’s weight increases. No, it’s not possible to gain weight in mid-air. But forces other than just gravity are acting on an aircraft in flight, and those forces increase sometimes. When this happens, the result is a load put on the aircraft that is greater than just the weight of the plane and its contents.
Why is it important to know the load factor of a plane?
Understanding what can cause load factor to change is vitally important for a few reasons. For one, a pilot must know that as the load factor increases, the plane must make more lift to remain aloft. Therefore, that pilot needs to act correctly to ensure the desired flight path.
What happens when an aircraft enters a turn?
When an aircraft enters a turn, the aerodynamic forces on the aircraft change in ways that every pilot must understand. Load factor is one of the most relevant results–the idea that as the bank angle increases, so too does the load imposed on the aircraft.
How much lift does a plane need to pull to make it 2 Gs?
A plane that is pulling 2 Gs will need to make twice as much lift as an airplane that is only pulling 1 G . If the load factor is 1 G, then no extra load is being imposed, and the amount of lift equals the calculated weight of the aircraft. The most common way to increase the load factor on a plane is to put it into a bank.
What happens when you suddenly push the stick forward?
Everyone feels pressed down in their seats as the load factor increases. Similarly, if you suddenly push the stick forward, the load is suddenly and dramatically reduced.
Why does weight increase VA?
As weight increases, Va increases because it will cause the wing to reach the critical angle of attack sooner. Load factor is covered in depth in the FAA’s Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, Chapter 5.
Does stall speed increase in a turn?
Secondly, it demonstrates that the stall speed will always increase in a turn. The steeper the bank angle, the more the stall speed increases.
How to Improve Load Factor?
The load factor is a ratio of average load to the maximum demand. Hence, it depends on the value of the average load and maximum demand. The consumer tries to keep the load factor as high as possible. Load Factor cannot be more than one as the average load is always less than the maximum demand.
How to Calculate Load Factor?
The Load Factor is calculated by dividing the total consumption of electrical energy (kWh) for a given specific time of period to the product of maximum demand (kW) and the number of hours in that period.
What does low load factor mean?
A low load factor means high maximum demand and low utilization rate. If the Load factor is very low as high peak demand, the capacity of electrical energy remains inactive for a long time. And this will increase the per-unit cost of electrical energy to the consumer. To reduce the peak demand, shift some load from peak time to non-peak time.
Why is the load factor higher than the maximum demand?
Because the average load will always less than the maximum demand. The high value of Load Factor means the load is using electrical energy more efficiently. High Load Factor gives more saving of electrical energy. And low Load Factor means the electricity used insufficiently compared to your maximum demand.
How to reduce peak demand?
To reduce the peak demand, shift some load from peak time to non-peak time. For generators or power plants, the Load Factor is an important factor to find the efficiency of the power plant. For power plants, the Load Factor is defined as a ratio of energy generated in a given time of period to the product of maximum load and number of hours ...
When is load demand high?
From the above figure, we can conclude that the load demand is very high during the period 8-16. If we shift some load during below average load period like 4-8 or 20-24. Then the maximum demand will be reduced and it helps to improve the Load Factor. And this will helps to reduce the amount to pay for per unit charge of electricity to consumers.
Can load factor be more than one?
Load Factor cannot be more than one as the average load is always less than the maximum demand. The meaning of improving Load Factor means to increase the value of Load Factor. If the consumer tries to keep average load near the maximum demand, then the Load Factor will increase. But instead of varying the average load, ...
What is the Load Factor?
The load factor is an indicator of how efficiently energy is being utilized. It’s the actual amount of energy (kilowatt-hours – kWh) delivered in a designated period of time, as opposed to the total possible energy (kWh) that could be delivered in that same designated period of time. A high load factor indicates that the load (energy being used) is using the electric system more efficiently, whereas consumers that underutilize the electric power distribution system will have a low load factor. Electric utilities must provide power to everyone within their service area and they have to be prepared to supply it even if everyone used the maximum amount needed (peak demand) at any given time. In other words, the utility might not have to actually supply that maximum power amount, but they have to have the capacity to do so. If they do have to provide electricity at those peak times, it can be expensive. It’s simple supply and demand.
How to calculate load factor?
To calculate your load factor take the total electricity (KWh) used in the month and divide it by the peak demand (power) (KW), then divide by the number of days in the billing cycle, then divide by 24 hours in a day. The result is a ratio between zero and one.
How to reduce electricity usage during peak times?
One way you can do this is by shifting some of your energy usages away from peak times. For example, you may want to shift your washing and drying of clothing to the late evening. A programable thermostat could also help by increasing your thermostat setting throughout the day when peak demand is high and then reducing it in the early evening. You’ll be relieving the electric grid and your wallet at the same time.
What is Load Factor?
The term “Load Factor” defines that, it is the fraction of the average load and peak load. Here average load occurs in a given time whereas the peak load occurs during the particular time. The load factor can be calculated by using the following Load Factor formula.
How is LF calculated?
LF is usually computed based on a daily, monthly, and annual basis. Whenever a user creates the highest usage demand on the electric power system, then he will not maintain the electricity in equal level for the entire month, although he will utilize it on various levels during the month. The amount of his electricity usage for ...
What is LF in electricity distribution?
The interest rate structure consequently compensates clients for enhancing their load factor. Because LF (load factor ) is a statement of how much electricity was really utilized contrasted with the pinnacle demand, clients can utilize a similar measure of power from one month to then onto the next and still reason their normal expense per kWh to fall as much as 40% basically by decreasing the pinnacle demand.
What is LF in electricity?
LF is the calculation of electric energy used in a given period to the highest energy utilization of electric energy during a given period to the maximum energy which has been used throughout that period. It plays an essential task in the charge of generation for every unit.
Why does load factor matter?
Increasing your load factor will reduce the average unit cost of the kWh. In many situations, improving load factor could help companies save a considerable amount of money.
What is load factor?
Load factor is the actual amount of kilowatt-hours (kWh) delivered on a system in a designated period oftime, as opposed to the total possible kWh that could be delivered on a system in a designated period of time.
Why do capacitors switch on?
Switching a capacitor on can produce a very brief “over-voltage” condition. If problems occur with variable speed drives turning themselves off due to “over-voltage” at approximately the same time every day, an issue may exist with the switching control sequence. If fuses blow on some, but not all capacitors, harmonic currents may be the cause.
What is the power factor of a motor?
Under ideal conditions, current and voltage are “in phase” and the power factor is 100 percent. If inductive loads such as motors are present, power factors less than 100 percent, typically 80-90 percent, can occur. Low power factor causes heavier current to flow through power distribution lines to deliver the required kW to an electrical load.
How does increasing load factor affect kWh?
Increasing your load factor will reduce the average unit cost of the kWh. In many situations, improving load factor could help companies save a considerable amount of money.
What is the difference between a high power factor and a low power factor?
A high power factor benefits both the member and Dakota Electric, while a low power factor indicates poor utilization of electrical power. Dakota Electric must supply the total kVA needs of all members, meaning the higher the power factor is, the more efficient our distribution system operates.
What is the power factor of Dakota Electric?
Dakota Electric monitors members with loads greater than 100 kW in order to ensure their power factor is above 90 percent. Members with a power factor less than 90 percent may pay an additional fee, usually in the form of demand charges assessed each month.
What happens if the load factor is greater than 1?
A load factor greater than 1 will cause the stall speed to increase by a factor equal to the square root of the load factor. For example, if the load factor is 2, the stall speed will increase by about 40%.
How to get load factors higher than +1?
Another way to achieve load factors significantly higher than +1 is to pull on the elevator control at the bottom of a dive, whereas strongly pushing the stick forward during straight and level flight is likely to produce negative load factors, by causing the lift to act in the opposite direction to normal, i.e. downwards.
Why is load factor dimensionless?
Since the load factor is the ratio of two forces, it is dimensionless. However, its units are traditionally referred to as g, because of the relation between load factor and apparent acceleration of gravity felt on board the aircraft. A load factor of one, or 1 g, represents conditions in straight and level flight, ...
What does it mean when a load factor is negative?
When the load factor is zero, or very small, all occupants feel weightless. When the load factor is negative, all occupants feel that they are upside down. Humans have limited ability to withstand a load factor significantly greater than 1, both positive and negative.
What is the load factor of an aircraft?
Not to be confused with Passenger load factor. In aeronautics, the load factor is the ratio of the lift of an aircraft to its weight and represents a global measure of the stress ("load") to which the structure of the aircraft is subjected: is the weight.
What is lift in load factor?
The lift in the load factor is also intended as having a sign, which is positive if the lift vector points in, or near the same direction as the aircraft's vertical axis, or negative if it points in, or near the opposite direction.
What is the load factor of a helicopter?
For helicopters, from −1 to +3.5. However, many aircraft types, in particular aerobatic airplanes, are designed so that they can tolerate load factors much higher than the minimum required. For example, the Sukhoi Su-26 family has load factor limits of −10 to +12.
What is the load factor of a 45 degree bank turn?
If you want a few reference points, you should remember the load factor or G-forces in a 45-degree bank turn are 1.4 G’s , and the load factor in a 60-degree bank turn is 2 G’s.
How does the wing tilt affect the lift required to keep an airplane level?
Ultimately, the more the wing tilts (banks), the more lift it must generate to keep the airplane in level flight. Obviously once the airplane banks to 90 degrees the amount of lift required becomes infinite, since the lift is only being directed sideways and no amount of lift from the wing (or pulling back on the controls by the pilot) could keep the airplane level.
What makes an airplane turn?
The horizontal component of lift is what makes the aircraft turn.
3 Answers
The reason itself is a bit technical and you will only fully understand it once you get the aerodynamics and physics behind it. Basically, you start by looking at the definition of the load factor (n = L/W) in a banking turn.
Answer Question
Our sincere thanks to all who contribute constructively to this forum in answering flight training questions.
What Is Load Factor?
How to Calculate Load Factor?
- The Load Factor is calculated by dividing the total consumption of electrical energy (kWh) for a given specific time of period to the product of maximum demand (kW) and the number of hours in that period. The Load Factor can be calculated over any time of period. Generally, it is calculated based on a daily, weekly, monthly, or annual basis. The be...
Load Factor Example Question
- Let’s calculate the Load Factor for the below condition. The above equations are multiplied by 100 to calculate the Load Factor in terms of percentage. Monthly energy consumption is 36000 kWh and maximum demand of 100 kW. Let’s take the same example but the maximum demand is reduced from 100 kW to 70 kW. So, the Load Factor is improved by reducing the maximum dem…
How to Improve Load Factor?
- The load factor is a ratio of average load to the maximum demand. Hence, it depends on the value of the average load and maximum demand. The consumer tries to keep the load factor as high as possible. Load Factor cannot be more than one as the average load is always less than the maximum demand. The meaning of improving Load Factor means to increase the value of L…