Is Yersinia pestis considered armed and dangerous?
Transcript of Yersinia Pestis.This is considered armed and dangerous, since it can lead to death.Plague is an infection of rodents caused by Yersinia pestis and accidentially transmitted to humans by the bite of infected fleas. Gram-negative bacilli , single or short chained. Sometimes bipolar staining (“closed safety pin”).
Who or what does the Yersinia pestis usually infect?
Y. enterolitica are the most common species causing human enteric (intestinal) yersiniosis. Pigs are the major animal reservoir for the few strains of Y. enterocolitica that cause human illness, but rodents, rabbits, sheep, cattle, horses, dogs, and cats also can carry strains that cause human illness.
How many people died from Yersinia pestis?
It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the death of 75–200 million people in Eurasia and North Africa, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, but it may also cause septicaemic or pneumonic plagues. The Black Death was the beginning of the second plague pandemic.
What is the way to prevent Yersinia pestis?
What is the way to prevent Yersinia pestis? Yersinia pestis prevention Reduce rodent habitat around your home, work place, and recreational areas. Wear gloves if you are handling or skinning potentially infected animals to prevent contact between your skin and the plague bacteria.
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Does Yersinia pestis have a flagella?
Yersinia pestis is nonmotile. Other species are nonmotile at 98.6°F (37°C) but motile at temperatures less than 86°F (30°C) by means of peritrichous flagella. They are aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. They are nonlactose fermenters.
How did the plague spread?
Plague bacteria are most often transmitted by the bite of an infected flea. During plague epizootics, many rodents die, causing hungry fleas to seek other sources of blood. People and animals that visit places where rodents have recently died from plague are at risk of being infected from flea bites.
How did the Yersinia pestis travel quizlet?
the virus was passed by fleas with the "Yersinia pestis".
Is Yersinia pestis motile?
Motility: Non-motile (37 C and room temperature). Note:Y. pestis is the only species of Yersinia which is non-motile at room temperature).
Which is responsible for the transmission of Yersinia pestis?
Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. It is transmitted between animals through fleas. Humans can be infected through: the bite of infected vector fleas.
How was the bubonic plague spread quizlet?
How was the Plague spread? Through the rodents who lived in the moist, grassy areas. They got fleas who carried the disease. The people who killed the rats infected with the fleas and were exposed to the furs.
Where did the bubonic plague begin and how did it spread quizlet?
It is believed the plague originated from Asia and moved West. It was brought to Italy via rat fleas on board of Italian merchant ships returning from the Black Sea. WHY WAS IT CALLED THE BLACK DEATH? It was called the Black Death because of the black spots it produced on the skin.
Where and when does the bubonic plague first enter Europe quizlet?
When did Black Death reach Europe? The plague reached Europe in October 1347 when Genoese merchants brought it from Caffa to the island of Sicily off the coast of Italy.
How does Y pestis spread?
In addition, Y. pestis can spread from the urban environment and back. Transmission to humans is usually through the bite of infected fleas. If the disease has progressed to the pneumonic form, humans can spread the bacterium to others by coughing, vomiting, and possibly sneezing.
How do fleas transmit Y pestis?
The transmission of Y. pestis by fleas is well characterized. Initial acquisition of Y. pestis by the vector occurs during feeding on an infected animal. Several proteins then contribute to the maintenance of the bacteria in the flea digestive tract, among them the hemin storage system and Yersinia murine toxin (Ymt). Although Ymt is highly toxic to rodents and was once thought to be produced to ensure reinfection of new hosts, it is important for the survival of Y. pestis in fleas.
What is the role of bacterial small noncoding RNA?
Numerous bacterial small noncoding RNAs have been identified to play regulatory functions. Some can regulate the virulence genes. Some 63 novel putative sRNAs were identified through deep sequencing of the Y. pestis sRNA-ome. Among them was Yersinia -specific (also present in Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica) Ysr141 ( Yersinia small RNA 141). Ysr141 sRNA was shown to regulate the synthesis of the type III secretion system (T3SS) effector protein YopJ. The Yop-Ysc T3SS is a critical component of virulence for Yersinia species. Many novel sRNAs were identified from Y. pestis grown in vitro and in the infected lungs of mice suggesting they play role in bacterial physiology or pathogenesis. Among them sR035 predicted to pair with SD region and transcription initiation site of a thermo-sensitive regulator ymoA, and sR084 predicted to pair with fur, ferric uptake regulator.
What is the genomic sequence of Y. pestis?
A complete genomic sequence is available for two of the three subspecies of Y. pestis: strain KIM (of biovar Y. p. medievalis ), and strain CO92 (of biovar Y. p. orientalis, obtained from a clinical isolate in the United States). As of 2006, the genomic sequence of a strain of biovar Antiqua has been recently completed. Similar to the other pathogenic strains, signs exist of loss of function mutations. The chromosome of strain KIM is 4,600,755 base pairs long; the chromosome of strain CO92 is 4,653,728 base pairs long. Like Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica, Y. pestis is host to the plasmid pCD1. It also hosts two other plasmids, pPCP1 (also called pPla or pPst) and pMT1 (also called pFra) that are not carried by the other Yersinia species. pFra codes for a phospholipase D that is important for the ability of Y. pestis to be transmitted by fleas. pPla codes for a protease, Pla, that activates plasmin in human hosts and is a very important virulence factor for pneumonic plague. Together, these plasmids, and a pathogenicity island called HPI, encode several proteins that cause the pathogenesis for which Y. pestis is famous. Among other things, these virulence factors are required for bacterial adhesion and injection of proteins into the host cell, invasion of bacteria in the host cell (via a type-III secretion system ), and acquisition and binding of iron harvested from red blood cells (by siderophores ). Y. pestis is thought to be descended from Y. pseudotuberculosis, differing only in the presence of specific virulence plasmids.
What was the name of the organism that was renamed Yersinia Pestis?
Formerly named Pasteurella pestis , the organism was renamed Yersinia pestis in 1944. Every year, thousands of cases of the plague are still reported to the World Health Organization, although with proper antibiotic treatment, the prognosis for victims is now much better.
What is the role of hemin storage system in Y pestis?
The hemin storage system plays an important role in the transmission of Y. pestis back to a mammalian host. While in the insect vector, proteins encoded by hemin storage system genetic loci induce biofilm formation in the proventriculus, a valve connecting the midgut to the esophagus.
What is the name of the bacterium that causes Oriental rats to flea?
Oriental rat flea ( Xenopsylla cheopis) infected with the Y. pestis bacterium, which appears as a dark mass in the gut: The foregut ( proventriculus) of this flea is blocked by a Y. pestis biofilm; when the flea attempts to feed on an uninfected host, Y. pestis is regurgitated into the wound, causing infection.
Why did researchers find Yersinia pestis?
They performed this research because the lack of suitable infected material has prevented direct discovery of the plague, thus making the idea of a black plague hypothetical.
What is the temperature of Yersinia pestis?
Yersinia pestis are not rich in nuterients and can grow at temperatures ranging from about 26 Celcius to 37 Celcius.
How many chromosomes are in Yersinia pestis?
Yersinia pestis has three subspecies and two have been sequenced, strain KIM and strain CO92. Each strain consists of one chromosome. Strain KIM consists of 4,600,755 base pairs and has a circular chromosome. "This strain is also related with the black plague. Strain CO92 has 4,653,728 base pairs and contains three plasmids (pMT1, pCD1 and pPCP1) of 96.2 kilobases (kb), 70.3 kb and 9.6 kb" (3). Strain KIM also carries these plasmids. These plasmids along with a pathogenicity island called HPI, create a protein that causes the pathogenicity of the organism. These factors are important for adhesion and injection of proteins into the host cell, invasion of the bacteria and binding of iron from red blood cells. The genome has many insertion sequences and many G-C base pair differences, which means frequent recombination. Many of the genes have been acquired from other bacteria and viruses. Strain CO92 also consists of 4,012 protein-coding genes and 150 pseudogenes (4) .
What is the symptons of Y pestis?
The insects attempt to feed more often but end up giving back infected blood into the wound of the bite. Symptons include: Sudden onset of high fever.
Is Yersinia pestis gram negative?
Yersinia pestis is a rod shaped gram-negative bacteria that can also have a spherical shape. It is also covered by a slime envelope that is heat labile. When the bacteria is in a host, it is nonmotile (incapable of self-propelled movement), but when isolated it is motile (1) .
What Is It?
Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. It can be a life-threatening infection if not treated promptly. Plague has caused several major epidemics in Europe and Asia over the last 2,000 years. Plague has most famously been called "the Black Death" because it can cause skin sores that form black scabs.
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How do people get the Pneumonic Plague?
If these bacteria-containing droplets are breathed in by another person they can cause pneumonic plague. Typically this requires direct and close contact with the person with pneumonic plague. Transmission of these droplets is the only way that plague can spread between people. This type of spread has not been documented in the United States since 1924, but still occurs with some frequency in developing countries. Cats are particularly susceptible to plague, and can be infected by eating infected rodents. Sick cats pose a risk of transmitting infectious plague droplets to their owners or to veterinarians. Several cases of human plague have occurred in the United States in recent decades as a result of contact with infected cats.
How do you get the plague?
Transmission. The plague bacteria can be transmitted to humans in the following ways: Flea bites. Plague bacteria are most often transmitted by the bite of an infected flea. During plague epizootics, many rodents die, causing hungry fleas to seek other sources of blood.
What is the term for the long term reservoir of bacteria?
These infected animals and their fleas serve as long-term reservoirs for the bacteria. This is called the enzootic cycle. Occasionally, other species become infected, causing an outbreak among animals, called an epizootic. Humans are usually more at risk during, or shortly after, a plague epizootic.
What animals are affected by the plague?
Many types of animals, such as rock squirrels, wood rats, ground squirrels, prairie dogs, chipmunks, mice, voles, and rabbits can be affected by plague. Wild carnivores can become infected by eating other infected animals.
Can plague spread between people?
Transmission of these droplets is the only way that plague can spread between people. This type of spread has not been documented in the United States since 1924, but still occurs with some frequency in developing countries. Cats are particularly susceptible to plague, and can be infected by eating infected rodents.
Can humans get infected by the plague?
Humans can become infected when handling tissue or body fluids of a plague-infected animal. For example, a hunter skinning a rabbit or other infected animal without using proper precautions could become infected with plague bacteria. This form of exposure most commonly results in bubonic plague or septicemic plague.
Can cats get plague?
Cats are particularly susceptible to plague, and can be infected by eating infected rodents. Sick cats pose a risk of transmitting infectious plague droplets to their owners or to veterinarians. Several cases of human plague have occurred in the United States in recent decades as a result of contact with infected cats.
Overview
Pathogenesis and immunity
In the urban and sylvatic (forest) cycles of Y. pestis, most of the spreading occurs between rodents and fleas. In the sylvatic cycle, the rodent is wild, but in the urban cycle, the rodent is primarily the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). In addition, Y. pestis can spread from the urban environment and back. Transmission to humans is usually through the bite of infected fleas. If the dis…
General features
Y. pestis is a non-motile coccobacillus, a facultative anaerobic bacterium with bipolar staining (giving it a safety pin appearance) that produces an antiphagocytic slime layer. Similar to other Yersinia species, it tests negative for urease, lactose fermentation, and indole. Its closest relatives are the gastrointestinal pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and, more distantly, Yersinia enterocolitica.
Genome and proteome
Several complete genome sequences are available for various strains and subspecies of Y. pestis: strain KIM (of biovar Y. p. medievalis), and strain CO92 (of biovar Y. p. orientalis, obtained from a clinical isolate in the United States). In 2006 the genome sequence of a strain of biovar Antiqua was completed. Some strains are non-pathogenic, such as that of strain 91001, whose sequence was published in 2004.
Isolation and identification
In 1894, two bacteriologists, Alexandre Yersin of Switzerland and Kitasato Shibasaburō of Japan, independently isolated in Hong Kong the bacterium responsible for the 1894 Hong Kong plague. Though both investigators reported their findings, a series of confusing and contradictory statements by Kitasato eventually led to the acceptance of Yersin as the primary discoverer of the organism. Yersin named it Pasteurella pestis in honor of the Pasteur Institute, where he worked. I…
21st century
On January 15, 2018, researchers at the University of Oslo and the University of Ferrara suggested that humans and their parasites (most likely fleas and lice at the time) were the biggest carriers of the plague.
In 2010, researchers in Germany definitively established, using PCR evidence from samples obtained from Black Death victims, that Y. pestis was the cause of the medieval Black Death.
External links
• Yersinia pestis. Virtual Museum of Bacteria.
• A list of variant strains and information on synonyms (and much more) is available through the NCBI taxonomy browser.
• CDC's Home page for Plague
Classification
Description and Significance
Genome Structure
Cell Structure and Metabolism
- Yersinia pestis is a rod shaped gram-negative bacteria that can also have a spherical shape. It is also covered by a slime envelope that is heat labile. When the bacteria is in a host, it is nonmotile (incapable of self-propelled movement), but when isolated it is motile (1). Y. pestisuses aerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation to produce a...
Ecology
Pathology
Current Research
References
What Is It?
- Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. It can be a life-threatening infection if not treated promptly. Plague has caused several major epidemics in Europe and Asia over the last 2,000 years. Plague has most famously been called "the Black Death" because it can cause skin sores that form black scabs. A plague epidemic in the 14th century kill...
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Expected Duration
Prevention
Treatment
When to Call A Professional
Prognosis
Additional Info