STV is the beat-to-beat variation in fetal heart rate. The CTG monitor calculates STV computerized by dividing every minute of the trace into 16 sections and the average pulse interval is calculated for every section.
How does the STV work?
Single transferable vote (STV) is a multi-winner electoral system in which voters cast a single vote in the form of a ranked-choice ballot.
How do STV elections work?
In an STV local government by-election the number of stages is related to the number of candidates who are on the ballot paper and will continue stage by stage until there are two candidates left and the one with the most votes transferred is elected.
What is the quota in STV?
In an STV election the quota is the minimum number of votes a candidate must receive in order to be elected. Any votes a candidate receives above the quota are transferred to another candidate.
How does STV work in Northern Ireland?
What is STV? In an election using STV, constituencies elect a set number of candidates. In Northern Ireland this set number is 5 per constituency (originally six). A party can put forward as many candidates as it likes per constituency.
How is single transferable vote calculated?
For each successful candidate that exceeds the quota threshold, calculate the ratio of that candidate's surplus votes (i.e., the excess over the quota) divided by the total number of votes for that candidate, including the value of previous transfers.
How does additional member system work?
In an election using the additional member system, each voter casts two votes: a vote for a candidate standing in their local constituency (with or without an affiliated party), and a vote for a party list standing in a wider region made up of multiple constituencies (or a single nationwide constituency).
How is a quota calculated?
The quota is determined by first dividing the aggregate number of first preferences by one more than the number of candidates to be elected. The quotient (disregarding the fraction) is increased by 1 to give the quota. After the count of first preferences is complete, each candidate who has reached quota is elected.
Which countries use STV?
The Australian Senate and the upper houses of New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia use STV to elect multiple members with the option of voting "above the line".
What are the 3 different types of voting systems?
Mixed member majoritarian. Single non-transferable vote.
How are votes counted in NI?
How are votes counted and preferences transferred? Voting papers are sorted into bundles according to first preferences and counted. Any candidate reaching or exceeding the quota is elected. If they are elected with more 1st preference votes than the quota, their extra votes are called a surplus.
Does STV work in Ireland?
In Ireland, as for Dáil elections, STV is used in constituencies returning three to five members. Ireland has 13 seats in the European Parliament.
How does voting work in Northern Ireland?
The system used in Northern Ireland is called the Single Transferable Vote (STV). It is a form of Proportional Representation (PR). Every voter has only one vote, but they can ask for it to be transferred from one candidate to another to make sure it is not wasted.
What kind of voting system is STV?
The Single Transferable Vote (STV) is a form of preferential voting in multi-member constituencies. Preferential voting means that instead of casting a single vote for a single candidate, a voter can express a list of preferences.
Where is STV electoral system used?
Scottish Local Government Elections are conducted under the Single Transferable Vote (STV) electoral system. This means you should rank the candidates in order of your preference.
Who uses STV voting?
STV is not used for elections to the UK Parliament at Westminster but is used for all Assembly, local government and previously European elections in Northern Ireland, and for local elections in Scotland, and will also be used for local elections in Wales starting in 2022.
How does the party list system work?
Definition of Terms. – (a) The party-list system is a mechanism of proportional representation in the election of representatives to the House of Representatives from national, regional and sectoral parties or organizations or coalitions thereof registered with the Commission on Elections (COMELEC).
What is the Single Transferable Vote?
The Single Transferable Vote (STV) is a form of proportional representation created in Britain. Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, Malta, Scotland and Australia use this system for some or all of their elections. In America, it is often referred to as ‘ranked-choice voting in multi-member seats’, in Australia they call it ‘Hare-Clark’.
What do you put numbers next to in an election?
Their favourite as number one, their second favourite number two, and so on. Voters can put numbers next to as many or as few candidates as they like. Parties will often stand more than one candidate in each area.
How to calculate surplus votes?
For each successful candidate that exceeds the quota threshold, calculate the ratio of that candidate's surplus votes (i.e. , the excess over the quota) divided by the total number of votes for that candidate, including the value of previous transfers. Transfer that candidate's votes to each voter's next preferred hopeful. Increase the recipient's vote tally by the product of the ratio and the ballot's value as the previous transfer (1 for the initial count.)
What is single transferable vote?
Under the single transferable vote system, votes are successively transferred to hopefuls from two sources:
How are surplus votes transferred?
After candidates have been either elected ( winners) by reaching quota or eliminated ( losers ), surplus votes are transferred from winners to remaining candidates ( hopefuls) according to the surplus ballots' ordered preferences.
Who originally conceived his version of single transferable vote?
When Thomas Hare originally conceived his version of single transferable vote, he envisioned using the quota:
How does STV work?
Under STV, each elector (voter) casts a single vote in a district election that elects multiple winners. Each elector marks their ballot for the most preferred candidate and also marks back-up preferences. A vote goes to the voter's first preference if possible, but if the first preference is eliminated, instead of being thrown away, the vote is transferred to a back-up preference, with the vote being assigned to the voter's second, third, or lower choice if possible (or under some systems being apportioned fractionally to different candidates). As long as there are more candidates than seats, the least popular is eliminated and their votes transferred based on voters' marked back-up preferences. A quota (the minimum number of votes that guarantees election) is calculated and candidates who accumulate that number of votes are declared elected.
What is STV election?
Terminology. When STV is used for single-winner elections, it is equivalent to the instant-runoff voting method. STV used for multi-winner elections is sometimes called "proportional representation through the single transferable vote", or PR-STV. "STV" usually refers to the multi-winner version, as it does in this article.
How many programs are there for calculating the single transferable vote?
Accurate Democracy lists a dozen programs for computing the single transferable vote.
What is the outcome of voting under STV?
The outcome of voting under STV is proportional within a single election to the collective preference of voters, assuming voters have ranked their real preferences and vote along strict party lines (assuming parties and no individual independents participate in the election).
When was the transferable vote system first used?
The system remained unused in public elections until 1855, when Carl Andræ proposed a transferable vote system for elections in Denmark, and his system was used in 1856 to elect the Rigsraad and from 1866 it was also adapted for indirect elections to the second chamber, the Landsting, until 1915. Thomas Hare.
Is STV proportional?
The outcome of voting under STV is proportional within a single election to the collective preference of voters , assuming voters have ranked their real preferences and vote along strict party lines (assuming parties and no individual independents participate in the election). However, due to other voting mechanisms usually used in conjunction with STV, such as a district or constituency system, an election using STV may not guarantee proportionality across all districts put together.
Who proposed the transferable vote?
Although he was not the first to propose transferable votes, the English barrister Thomas Hare is generally credited with the conception of STV, and he may have independently developed the idea in 1857. Hare's view was that STV should be a means of "making the exercise of the suffrage a step in the elevation of the individual character, whether it be found in the majority or the minority." In Hare's original system, he further proposed that electors should have the opportunity of discovering which candidate their vote had ultimately counted for, to improve their personal connection with voting. At the time of Hare's original proposal, the UK did not use the secret ballot, so not only could the voter determine the ultimate role of their vote in the election, the elected MPs would have been able to determine who had voted for them. As Hare envisaged that the whole House of Commons be elected "at large" this would have replaced geographical constituencies with what Hare called "constituencies of interest" – those people who had actually voted for each MP. In modern elections, held by secret ballot, a voter can discover how their vote was distributed by viewing detailed election results. This is particularly easy to do using Meek's method, where only the final weightings of each candidate need to be published. The elected member is, however, unable to verify whom their supporters were.
What is the advantage of STV?
The key advantage of STV is that districts do not need to be drawn around political minority groups in order to give them representation. Just look at how in a complex opinion-space, there is an evenly distributed selection of winning candidates:
Why is STV important?
STV allows multiple factions within a party to be represented, so these factions don’t have to feel threatened by each other, which would allow them to work better together. Small groups can form to support an idea, and supporters don’t have to face a dilemma of whether they’re going to support an idea that they like best or support an idea that is more likely to be accepted by many other people. This is easier for the voters because the voters can use the voting method to find common ground rather than trying to use polls to figure out which candidate to unite behind. The voters can be more honest, and the campaigns can be more honest.
How many representatives are there in STV?
With five representatives, STV can spread them out to be closer to the voters. (Dots are used for voters and circles show candidate totals, including transferred votes from eliminated candidates.)
What is a single transferable vote?
The Single Transferable Vote 1 every voter can have an equitable share of power, 2 candidates are responsive to the voters that put them in power, and 3 candidates can work together on campaigns,
When should SPV be used?
SPV should be used for estimation purposes only.
What is SPV in Texas?
SPV applies wherever you buy the vehicle, in Texas or out of state. A vehicle's SPV is its worth based on similar sales in the Texas region. The Texas Legislature passed the law in 2009 to raise additional revenue to fund Texas schools.
What is an even trade vehicle?
Even-trade vehicles, when vehicles of equal value are swapped by the owners. For more information about SPV, you may contact the Comptroller of Public Accounts at (800) 252-1382 or you can visit the Comptroller's Web site.
Overview
Surplus vote transfers
To minimize wasted votes, surplus votes are transferred to other candidates if possible. The number of surplus votes is known; but none of the various allocation methods is universally preferred. Alternatives exist for deciding which votes to transfer, how to weight the transfers, who receives the votes and the order in which surpluses from two or more winners are transferred. Transfers are attempted when a candidate receives more votes than the quota. Excess votes ar…
Quota
The quota (sometimes called the threshold) is the number of votes that ensure the election of a candidate. Some may be elected without quota but any candidate who receives quota is elected.
The quota must be set high enough that the number of elected candidates cannot exceed the number of seats, but the lower it is, the more fair to parties - large and small - the election result will be.
Counting rules
Under the single transferable vote system, until all seats are filled, votes are successively transferred to one or more "hopeful" candidates - those who are not yet elected or eliminated - from two sources:
• Surplus votes (i.e., those in excess of the quota) of elected candidates.
• All votes of eliminated candidates.
Transfers of votes of eliminated candidates
Transfers of votes of eliminated candidates is done simply, without the use of complex mathematics. The next usable back-up preference on the vote gives the destination for the transfer of the vote. If there is no usable preference on the ballot, the vote goes to the "exhausted" or non-transferable pile.
Secondary preferences for prior winners
Suppose a ballot is to be transferred and its next preference is for a winner in a prior round. Hare and Gregory ignore such preferences and transfer the ballot to the next usable marked preference if any.
In other systems, the vote could be transferred to that winner and the process continued. For example, a prior winner X could receive 20 transfers from second round winner Y. Then select 2…
Distribution of excluded candidate preferences
The method used in determining the order of exclusion and distribution of a candidates' votes can affect the outcome. Multiple methods are in common use for determining the order polyexclusion and distribution of ballots from a loser. Most systems (with the exception of an iterative count) were designed for manual counting processes and can produce different outcomes.
The general principle that applies to each method is to exclude the candidate that has the lowes…
See also
• Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
• Imperiali quota
• IRV implementations in United States#Independence Party of Minnesota (2004 Presidential poll)
• Voting matters, journal comparing and critiquing actual and theoretical varieties of STV and related voting systems.
Overview
Single transferable vote (STV) is a multi-winner electoral system in which voters cast a single vote in the form of a ranked-choice ballot. Voters have the option to rank candidates, and their vote may be transferred according to their preferences if their preferred candidate is eliminated, so that their vote still counts.
How STV works
On their ballot, the voter ranks candidates in order of preference. A vote is initially allocated to the voter's first preference. If seats remain open after this first count, votes are transferred as per following steps.
If that candidate is eliminated, the vote is transferred to the next-preferred candidate rather than being discarded; if the second choice is eliminated, the procedure is iterated to lower-ranked can…
Related voting systems
Instant-runoff voting (IRV) is the single-winner analogue of STV. It is also called "single-winner ranked-choice voting". Its goal is representation of a majority of the voters in a district by a single official, as opposed to STV's goals of not only the representation of a majority of voters through the election of multiple officials but also of proportional representation of all the substantial voting blocks in the district.
Terminology
When single transferable voting is used for single-winner elections, it produces a system that is formally called instant-runoff voting.
STV uses preferential votes cast in multi-seat districts, but some use the term "preferential voting" when they are talking only about instant-runoff voting. "Preferential voting" can also refer to a broader category, ranked voting systems. In the United States, STV is sometimes also called pref…
Balloting
In STV, each voter casts just one vote although multiple seats are to be filled in the district. Voters mark first preference and can provide alternate preferences to be used if needed. In practice, the candidates' names are usually organized in columns so that voters are informed of the candidates' party affiliations or whether they are standing as independents.
Filling seats under STV
In most STV elections, a quota is established to ensure that all elected candidates are elected with approximately equal numbers of votes. In some STV varieties, votes are totalled, and a quota (the minimum number of votes that guarantees election) is derived.
In some implementations, a quota is simply set by law – any candidate receivi…