The Guardian Council has 12 members serving six-year terms. Six of the twelve are appointed by the Supreme Leader
Ali Khamenei
Sayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei is a Twelver Shia Marja' and the second and current Supreme Leader of Iran, in office since 1989. He was previously President of Iran from 1981 to 1989. Khamenei is the second-longest serving head of state in the Middle East, as well as the second-longest servin…
Parliament
In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries.
What are the powers of the Guardian Council?
The Guardian Council has three constitutional mandates: a) it has veto power over legislation passed by the parliament (Majles); b) it supervises elections; and c) it approves and disqualifies candidates seeking to run in local, parliamentary, presidential, and Assembly of Experts elections.
What is the Guardian Council in Iran?
The Guardian Council, also called Council of Guardians or Constitutional Council ( Persian: شورای نگهبان, romanized : Shūrā-ye Negahbān) is an appointed and constitutionally mandated 12-member council that wields considerable power and influence in the Islamic Republic of Iran .
How many candidates are rejected by the Guardian Council each election?
Taking advantage of this law, the Guardian Council has at each election denied the suitability of a large number of candidates. Out of 3,150 candidates at the general elections for the fourth parliament (1992-96), for example, 1,110 candidates were rejected.
What is another name for the Council of Guardians?
Alternative Titles: Guardian Council, Shūrā-ye Negahbān Council of Guardians, also called Guardian Council, Persian Shūrā-ye Negahbān, in Iranian government, a council empowered to vet legislation and oversee elections. The 12-member Council of Guardians is a body of jurists that acts in many ways as an upper legislative house.
Is the Guardian Council directly elected?
All candidates to the Assembly of Experts must be approved by the Guardian Council whose members are, in turn, appointed either directly or indirectly by the Supreme Leader. The Assembly consists of 88 Mujtahids that are elected from lists of thoroughly vetted candidates by direct public vote for eight-year terms.
How is the Supreme Leader elected in Iran?
Mandate and status. The Supreme Leader of Iran is elected by the Assembly of Experts (مجلس خبرگان, Majles-e Khobregan), which is also the only government body in charge of choosing and dismissing Supreme Leaders of Iran.
How many members does the Expediency Council have?
Expediency Discernment CouncilExpediency Discernment Council مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظامTypeStructureSeats39Political groupsConservatives (absolute majority) and Reformists (minority)6 more rows
How do elections work in Iran?
Iran elects on national level a head of state and the head of government (the president), a legislature (the Majlis), and an "Assembly of Experts" (which elects the Supreme Leader). City and Village Council elections are also held every four years throughout the entire country.
Who has the most power in Iran?
The Supreme Leader of Iran is the head of state and highest ranking political and religious authority (above the President).
What religion is in Iran?
MuslimsAccording to Iranian government estimates, Muslims constitute 99.4 percent of the population, of whom 90-95 percent are Shia, and 5-10 percent are Sunni, mostly Turkmen, Arabs, Baluchis, and Kurds, living in the northeast, southwest, southeast, and northwest provinces, respectively.
Who are considered as the Council of Guardians?
The Guardian Council, also called Council of Guardians or Constitutional Council (Persian: شورای نگهبان, romanized: Shūrā-ye Negahbān) is an appointed and constitutionally mandated 12-member council that wields considerable power and influence in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Who runs Iran's government?
President of IranPresident of the Islamic Republic of IranIncumbent Ebrahim Raisi since 3 August 2021StyleMr. President His ExcellencyStatusHead of governmentMember ofCabinet Expediency Discernment Council Supreme National Security Council Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution10 more rows
Who governs Iran?
The current President of Iran is Ebrahim Raisi, who assumed office on August, 2021, after the 2021 Iranian presidential election. He succeeded Hassan Rouhani, who served 8 years in office from 2013 to 2021.
Who is the head of judiciary in Iran?
The Supreme Leader (Ali Khamenei) appoints and can dismiss Chief Justice....Chief Justice of IranEmblem of IranIncumbent Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i since 1 July 2021AppointerSupreme Leader of IranTerm length5 years, renewable once2 more rows
How many districts are in Iran?
Iran's 207 electoral districts are distributed among 31 provinces and elect 290 Majlis representatives. Voters cast the same number of votes as there are seats allocated to the electoral district. The district with the largest number of seats is in Tehran province; it has 30 seats.
What are schools like in Iran?
There are both free public schools and private schools in Iran at all levels, from elementary school through university. Education in Iran is highly centralized. The Ministry of Education is in charge of educational planning, financing, administration, curriculum, and textbook development.
What is a Supreme Leader in Iran?
Ali KhameneiIran / Supreme leaderSayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei is a Twelver Shia marja' and the second and current supreme leader of Iran, in office since 1989. He was previously the third president of Iran from 1981 to 1989. Wikipedia
What is the meaning of Supreme Leader?
A Supreme leader or supreme ruler typically refers to the person among a number of leaders of a state, organization or other such group who has been given or is able to exercise the most – or complete – authority over it.
What happens if the council does not find a piece of legislation in compliance with the constitution?
If a majority of the council does not find a piece of legislation in compliance with the constitution or if a majority of the council’s Islamic canon lawyers find the document to be contrary to the standards of Islamic law, then the council may strike it down or return it with revisions to the Majles for reconsideration.
What is an encyclopedia editor?
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. ...
What is the Guardian Council?
The Guardian Council has three constitutional mandates: a) it has veto power over legislation passed by the parliament (Majles); b) it supervises elections; and c) it approves and disqualifies candidates seeking to run in local, parliamentary, presidential, and Assembly of Experts elections.
How many members are on the Guardian Council?
The council consists of twelve members: six constitutional law experts and six experts of Islamic law. This section features the decisions and opinions of the Guardian Council on legislation passed by the parliament from the first parliament to the seventh (1980-2008); opinions on constitutional questions (1980-2010);
What is the Guardian Council?
The Guardian Council also exercises its right of opposition to statutory instruments approved by the cabinet and other executive organs, decrees of the Cabinet, treaties and statutes, by referring to Article 4 of the Constitution.
How long is the term of the Guardian Council?
The duration of their term in office is six years (Art. 92 of the Constitution). The scope of the Guardian Council’s various powers, as set out in the Constitution, will be discussed in four sections: legislative jurisdiction, the interpretation of the constitution, supervision of elections, and other prerogatives.
How many people applied for the leadership council in 1998?
The number of candidates is thus low in comparison with parliamentary elections. In 1998, 396 people applied. Among them, 214 failed in the examination for the candidature of the third period of the Leadership Council. In 1990, 178 people had applied for the candidature of the second period of the Leadership Council.
How many decisions did the Guardian Council reject in 2000?
From the beginning of the sixth parliament on 28 June 2000 until December of the same year, the Guardian Council rejected 17 out of 44 decisions (Mir Moḥammadi, Iran, 13 Āḏar 1379 Š./4 December 2000).
What is the Guardian Council's right of opposition?
The Guardian Council’s right of opposition is not restricted to the bills approved by the Majles, but also applies to statutes approved by boards of organizations and societies belonging to, or affiliated with, the state (art. 85). The Guardian Council also exercises its right of opposition to statutory instruments approved by ...
Why did the Guardian Council reject the Islamic Republic's decisions?
These decisions were rejected by some of the higher clergy and later by the Guardian Council due to their inconsistency with the šariʿa. Yet the leaders of the Islamic Republic considered them to be indispensable, so in October 1981, Khomeini authorized parliament to pass them.
Who decides on the compatibility of the Majles with the precepts of Islam?
Article 96 states that its theologians alone may decide on the compatibility of the decisions of the Majles with the precepts of Islam, while all twelve members of the Guardian Council participate in the decision when the compatibility between parliamentary resolutions and the Constitution is at stake.
What is the Guardian Council?
According to article 99 of the constitution, the Guardian Council is authorized to monitor the elections of the Assembly of Experts, president, and parliament. In addition, it is given the authority to refer referenda to the public. The scope of its monitoring is defined in the electoral laws. Currently, there are four separate laws covering:
How many members does the Guardian Council have?
What it shows is an expansion of power by the Guardian Council and Iran’s Supreme Leader. The Guardian Council is not merely an institution with twelve members, it has offices all over the nation. Since 2001, it has been expanding its influence on elections through surveillance and demands for ideological conformity from candidates. In fact, in the 2020 elections, it prevented the candidacy of nearly every single reform-minded or independent potential candidate. This includes rejecting the candidacy of 90 sitting members of parliament, many of whom are affiliated with the reformists or independent.
What is the role of monitoring boards in the election?
The monitoring boards in each of the constituencies assign observers according to the proportion of the members of the executive boards for each polling station. These observers are present in the polling stations prior to opening until the end of the counting process.
What is a presidential election monitoring board?
In the case of presidential elections, the monitoring boards coordinate the process of holding presidential elections, as well as monitor the campaigns, the voting, and the counting of votes. Moreover, the monitoring boards review and verify the qualifications of the election implementing boards.
