Is vitamin K given IV or IM?
According to the product's labeling, vitamin K solution for injection can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, and subcutaneously with higher preference for the subcutaneous route due to the risk of anaphylaxis with the intravenous route.
How is vitamin K shot administered?
The injection is given in your baby's thigh within 6 hours of birth. One shot is all it takes to protect your baby from getting vitamin K deficiency bleeding. This is why, as pediatricians, we have recommended since 1961 that all newborns get a vitamin K shot at birth.
What is the most effective way to give vitamin K?
Infants who receive the intramuscular shot of vitamin K do not require further supplementation. A one-time intramuscular shot of vitamin K at birth is the best way to prevent low amounts of vitamin K and VKDB in infants.
How is vitamin K administered newborn?
Since 1961, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has recommended that a single 0.5 mg to 1.0 mg dose of vitamin K be administered intramuscularly (IM) to all newborns shortly after birth to prevent VKDB.
Why does vitamin K have a black box warning?
Why is it there? It was found that people could have severe, life-threatening allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) if they got a large dose of vitamin K too rapidly through an IV.
What is in a vitamin K shot?
Vitamin K is the main ingredient in the shot. The other ingredients make the vitamin K safe to give as a shot. One ingredient keeps the vitamin K mixed in the liquid; another keeps the liquid from being too acidic. One of the ingredients is benzyl alcohol, a preservative.
What's the difference between vitamin K and vitamin K2?
Vitamin K is actually a group of compounds. The most important of these compounds appears to be vitamin K1 and vitamin K2. Vitamin K1 is obtained from leafy greens and some other vegetables. Vitamin K2 is a group of compounds largely obtained from meats, cheeses, and eggs, and synthesized by bacteria.
Can too much vitamin K cause blood clots?
A sudden change in the amount of vitamin K you get can cause dangerous bleeding (if you consume less) or blood clots (if you consume more).
What are the symptoms of low vitamin K?
The main symptom of vitamin K deficiency is bleeding (hemorrhage)—into the skin (causing bruises), from the nose, from a wound, in the stomach, or in the intestine. Sometimes bleeding in the stomach causes vomiting with blood. Blood may be seen in the urine or stool, or stools may be tarry black.
Can vitamin K be given IV in newborns?
Some centres administer intravenous (IV) vitamin K to preterm infants undergoing intensive care, to avoid the pain inflicted by injection.
When do you administer vitamin K to INR?
Vitamin K given orally is more effective than subcutaneous vitamin K injection, and as effective as intravenous administration when INR values are compared 24 hours after administration. A 1.0-mg vitamin K dose is likely most appropriate for patients with INR values between 4.5 and 10.
Which injection is given to baby just after birth?
All babies should get the first shot of hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours of birth. This shot reduces the risk of your baby getting the disease from you or family members who may not know they are infected with hepatitis B.
Is vitamin K injection painful?
Pain, swelling, or soreness at the injection site may occur. Temporary flushing, taste changes, dizziness, rapid heartbeat, sweating, shortness of breath, or bluish lips/skin/nails may also rarely occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
Why do parents decline vitamin K for their newborns?
The frequency of refusal of intramuscular vitamin K by parents ranged from 0% to 3.2% in US hospitals, up to 14.5% in home births, and up to 31.0% in birthing centers. Reported reasons for refusal were concern of harm from the injection, a desire to be natural, and a belief in alternative methods of prophylaxis.
How long does vitamin K injection takes to work?
Vitamin K (phytonadione) starts working in six to 10 hours and reaches maximum effect in 24 to 48 hours (one to two days).
Can vitamin K stop bleeding immediately?
Uses of Vitamin K It prevents bleeding in newborns. It can also prevent people from prothrombin, when given by mouth or injected in the vein. It can also reverse the effects of warfarin to prevent blood clotting.
Where is vitamin K absorbed?
Like dietary lipids and other fat-soluble vitamins, ingested vitamin K is incorporated into mixed micelles via the action of bile and pancreatic enzymes, and it is absorbed by enterocytes of the small intestine [ 10 ].
How much Vitamin K is excreted?
Vitamin K is rapidly metabolized and excreted. Based on phylloquinone measurements, the body retains only about 30% to 40% of an oral physiological dose, while about 20% is excreted in the urine and 40% to 50% in the feces via bile [ 2, 11 ].
Why did the FNB not establish ULs for vitamin K?
The FNB did not establish ULs for vitamin K because of its low potential for toxicity [ 3 ]. In its report, the FNB stated that “no adverse effects associated with vitamin K consumption from food or supplements have been reported in humans or animals.”
What is the risk of vitamin K deficiency in newborns?
Vitamin K transport across the placenta is poor, increasing the risk of vitamin K deficiency in newborn babies [ 3 ]. During the first few weeks of life, vitamin K deficiency can cause vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB), a condition formerly known as “classic hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.”.
What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?
Thus, bleeding and hemorrhage are the classic signs of vitamin K deficiency, although these effects occur only in severe cases.
What is vitamin K?
“Vitamin K,” the generic name for a family of compounds with a common chemical structure of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in some foods and is available as a dietary supplement [ 1 ]. These compounds include phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and a series of menaquinones (vitamin K2) [ 2 ]. Menaquinones have unsaturated isoprenyl side chains and are designated as MK-4 through MK-13, based on the length of their side chain [ 1, 2 ]. MK-4, MK-7, and MK-9 are the most well-studied menaquinones.
Why is it important to take calcium and vitamin D?
Consuming adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D, especially throughout childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood, is important to maximize bone mass and reduce the risk of osteoporosis [ 27 ]. The effect of vitamin K intakes and status on bone health and osteoporosis has been a focus of scientific research.
How much vitamin K should I take?
The preferred choice for oral vitamin K supplementation is vitamin K1. The suggested dose is 1 to 2 mg. In cases of severe coagulopathy (i.e., high INR), an oral dose of 5 to 10 mg can be administered. The maximum oral dose is 25 mg. Alternatively, vitamin K1 can be given intravenously. The dose for intravenous administration is 10 to 20 mg. It should be given slowly (no less than 30 min). The effect usually occurs within 2 to 4 hours after administering an intravenous dose. The maximum effect for intravenous administration is 6 to 12 hours, while oral supplementation will take about 24 hours. [13]
What is vitamin K?
Vitamin K is a medication used in the management and treatment of bleeding due to the coagulation disorder caused by warfarin and vitamin K deficiency. It is in the fat-soluble vitamin class of drugs.
How does vitamin K hydroquinone work?
Vitamin K becomes reduced in the cell to a metabolic form called vitamin K hydroquinone. The catalyst for this process is the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR). Subsequently, vitamin K hydroquinone gets oxidized by gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (also known as vitamin K-dependent carboxylase). This enzyme carboxylates Glu to Gla, eventually creating vitamin K epoxide. The carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are supposed coupled (occurring simultaneously). Next, vitamin K epoxide is reconverted to vitamin K by VKOR. This entire process has the name of the vitamin K cycle. Vitamin K1 deficiency is not common in humans because it constantly recycles within cells. [1][10][11]
Why is vitamin K1 important?
Vitamin K1 is active in animals and is responsible for the production of coagulation factors. It also can be converted into vitamin K2 in animals. [2][3][4][5] Vitamin K2 is created in the gut by bacteria.
What is the best vitamin for bleeding?
Outline interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication for improving outcomes with bleeding using vitamin K.
How to monitor vitamin K levels?
The monitoring of vitamin K administration or levels is usually through prothrombin time (PT) and INR. These values measure the presence of vitamin K-dependent factors, which is especially important to utilize in patients who have warfarin toxicity or vitamin K-related coagulopathies.
Why is K3 banned?
The synthetic vitamin K3 is very toxic, and as a result, has been banned from over-the-counter sales in the United States because ingestion could result in allergic reactions, hemolytic anemia, and cytotoxicity in liver cells. [2]
Why is vitamin K important for babies?
Vitamin K is needed to form blood clots and to stop bleeding. Babies are born with very small amounts of vitamin K stored in their bodies, which can lead to serious bleeding problems like vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB). VKDB can lead to brain damage and death.
What is the best shot for low VKDB?
A vitamin K shot given at birth is the best way to prevent low amounts of vitamin K and VKDB in infants.
Is breast milk low in vitamin K?
No. Breast milk is low in vitamin K. Breast milk from mothers who are taking vitamin K supplements is also low in vitamin K.
Does vitamin K go through the stomach?
Oral vitamin K is not consistently absorbed through the stomach and intestines, and it does not provide adequate amounts for the breastfed infant. Infants who receive the vitamin K shot do not require further supplementation.
Where can I find vitamin K?
Vitamin K is a vitamin found in leafy green vegetables, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts. The name vitamin K comes from the German word "Koagulationsvitamin.". Several forms of vitamin K are used around the world as medicine. Vitamin K1 ( phytonadione) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone) are available in North America.
What is vitamin K1?
Vitamin K1 ( phytonadione ) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone) are available in North America. Other forms of vitamin K, including vitamin K3 and K4, are not available in North America. Vitamin K is most commonly used for blood clotting problems or for reversing the blood thinning effects of warfarin.
How does it work ?
Vitamin K is an essential vitamin that is needed by the body for blood clotting and other important processes.
What is the best way to treat low prothrombin levels?
Low levels of the blood clotting protein prothrombin (hypoprothrombinemia). Taking vitamin K1 by mouth or as an injection into the vein can prevent and treat bleeding problems in people with low levels of prothrombin due to using certain medications.
How to prevent bleeding in VKCFD?
Taking vitamin K by mouth or as an injection into the vein can help prevent bleeding in people with VKCFD. Reversing the blood thinning effects of warfarin. Taking vitamin K1 by mouth or as in injection into the vein can reverse too much blood thinning caused by warfarin.
Does vitamin K1 reduce the risk of heart disease?
Heart disease. Higher dietary intake of vitamin K1 and K2 is not linked with a reduced risk of dying from heart disease. It also doesn't seem to reduce the risk for stroke or heart attack. But vitamin K may reduce the narrowing of blood vessels around the heart.
Does vitamin K help with bleeding?
Bleeding into or around the fluid-filled areas (ventricles) of the brain (intraventricular hemorrhage). Giving vitamin K to women at risk for very preterm births does not seem to prevent bleeding in the brain of preterm infants. It also doesn't seem to reduce the risk of nerve injury caused by these bleeds.
Is there a multivitamin that contains vitamin K?
maternal vitamin K supplements of 5mg/day (800% RDA) has been shown in one study to raise infant serum levels to near formula-fed levels, but there is no FDA approved multi-vitamin that contains this amount of vitamin K.
Is vitamin K a risk factor for ALL?
Many studies since then in Europe and in US have refuted this claim and found no association between the two. Only one other study (aside from 1992 paper from the same author) suggested a possible association between vitamin K and the risk of ALL.
Does vitamin K1 cause hyperbilirubinemia?
Vitamin K1 has been associated with hyperbilirubinemia only in extremely high doses (25 – 30mg). The effect was particularly seen in premies, though it was also present - albeit to a lesser degree - in term infants. This has not been a problem when vitamin K1 is given in normal therapeutic doses (0.5 - 1mg).
Is vitamin K deficient bleeding a prophylaxis?
Guidelines for Vitamin K Prophylaxis. The success of vitamin K prophylaxis has been so dramatic that many practi tioners have never seen an infant af flicted with "Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn," now known as "Vitamin K Deficient Bleeding.". It is a popular trend in some areas to refuse prophylaxis in an effort to keep things "natural" for ...
Does vitamin K cause jaundice?
There were reports of hemolytic anemia and hyperbilirubinemia severe enough to cause kernicterus in the mid 1950s with high doses (50mg) of vitamin K2 (menadione). As a result, use of this form of vitamin K was abandoned. We now give infants vitamin K1 (phytonadione). Vitamin K1 has been associated with hyperbilirubinemia only in extremely high doses (25 – 30mg). The effect was particularly seen in premies, though it was also present - albeit to a lesser degree - in term infants. This has not been a problem when vitamin K1 is given in normal therapeutic doses (0.5 - 1mg).
What is vitamin K?
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin of which there are two types; one we find in green vegetables (and lots of other foods) and the other is synthesized by intestinal bacteria. The vitamin K that we give for therapeutic use is the former, phytonadione.1.
How long does it take for phytonadione to be absorbed?
In someone who lacks bile, hypoprothrombinemia develops slowly over several weeks.1 When warfarin is held and oral phytonadione is given, it takes approximately 1.4 days for an INR of 6 to 10 to decline to <4. At 24 hours, the effects of 5 mg of oral vitamin K on INR is roughly equal to 1 mg of intravenous vitamin K.2 Generally use doses of 2.5 to 5 mg.
How long does it take for a syringe to work?
When given at high doses (5-10 mg), intravenous works more quickly than oral (within 2 hours) and the INR should correct to close to normal in 24 hours. The intravenous route may cause anaphylactoid reactions (3/10,000 doses) so should be diluted and administered over at least 20 minutes.
What is the VKDB?
Vitamin K deficiency can account for vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) which occurs in 3 forms--early, classic and late. Vitamin K should be administered to all neonates at birth or immediately afterwards.
Is vitamin K in neonates?
Vitamin K in neonates: how to administer, when and to whom. Vitamin K-dependent factors are lower in neonates than in adults, and these anomalies are more prevalent in preterm neonates and in breast-fed infants. Vitamin K deficiency can account for vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) which occurs in 3 forms--early, classic and late.
Can vitamin K cause bleeding?
Vitamin K deficiency can account for vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) which occurs in 3 forms--early, classic and late. Vitamin K should be admi …. Vitamin K-dependent factors are lower in neonates than in adults, and these anomalies are more prevalent in preterm neonates and in breast-fed infants. Vitamin K deficiency can account ...
What to do before taking vitamin K?
Precautions. Before using vitamin K, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
What is vitamin K used for?
Vitamin K is used to treat and prevent low levels of certain substances ( blood clotting factors) that your body naturally produces. These substances help your blood to thicken and stop bleeding normally (e.g., after an accidental cut or injury). Low levels of blood clotting factors increase the risk for unusual bleeding. Low levels may be caused by certain medications (e.g., warfarin) or medical conditions (e.g., obstructive jaundice ). Vitamin K helps to treat and prevent unusual bleeding by increasing the body's production of blood clotting factors.
How long does vitamin K last?
If you are using a certain " blood thinner " drug ( warfarin ), vitamin K can decrease the effects of warfarin for up to 2 weeks. Therefore, be sure to take your vitamin K and warfarin exactly as directed by your doctor or pharmacist.
Can vitamin K be given in a vein?
Therefore, vitamin K should be injected into a muscle or vein only when it cannot be given by injection ...
Does vitamin K help with bleeding?
Low levels may be caused by certain medications (e.g., warfarin) or medical conditions (e.g., obstructive jaundice ). Vitamin K helps to treat and prevent unusual bleeding by increasing the body's production of blood clotting factors.
