What is radial tilt and volar tilt?
The radial tilt represents the angle between a line along the distal radial articular surface and the line perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the radius at the joint margin. The normal volar tilt averages 11 degrees and has a range of 2-20 degrees .
What is the normal range of volar tilt?
Volar tilt is a measurement made on the lateral projection of the wrist as an angle of the distal radial surface with respect to a line perpendicular to the shaft. A normal range is considered at around 10-25° 1. An angle >25° can lead to dorsal intercalated segment instability 2. An angle of zero or less is indicative of dorsal angulation.
What is the volar tilt of the wrist?
The volar tilt is assessed on the lateral radiograph of the wrist, it corresponds to the angle formed by a line drawn perpendicular to the axis of the radial shaft, and a line that passes through the tips of the dorsal and volar rims (i.e. along the radius articular surface) 1,2,5-8.
How do you measure radial tilt on a radiograph?
Radial tilt is measured on a lateral radiograph. The radial tilt represents the angle between a line along the distal radial articular surface and the line perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the radius at the joint margin. The normal volar tilt averages 11 degrees and has a range of 2-20 degrees.
What is normal volar tilt?
- measured on lateral, from angle created between articular surface of distal radius & line perpendicular to long axis of radius; - normal volar tilt measures between 0 to 22 degrees (mean 11 to 14.5 deg); - rare individuals may even have a dorsal tilt (which for them is normal);
How is radial inclination measured?
Radial inclination is measured on PA view as the angle between a line drawn perpendicular to the long axis of the radius along the articular surface of the distal radius and a line drawn down from the tip of the radial styloid. A normal adult radial inclination is 15-25 degrees6,7.
How is dorsal angulation measured?
Dorsal angulation of the articular surface of the radius was measured on the lateral view as the angle between a line connecting the dorsal and palmar lips of the radius and a line perpendicular to the central axis of the radius12.
What is the normal degree of palmar tilt of the distal radius?
around 10-25° 1Volar tilt is a measurement made on the lateral projection of the wrist as an angle of the distal radial surface with respect to a line perpendicular to the shaft. A normal range is considered at around 10-25° 1.
How do you measure radial length?
Radial length (or radial height)On AP view.Two lines perpendicular to the radial shaft are drawn: One is drawn along the articular surface and the second is drawn along the syloid tip.Normal (9.9mm - 17.3mm)
What is radial inclination?
Radial inclination is the angle between one line drawn perpendicular to the long axis of the radius and a second line from the tip of the radial styloid to the central reference point (CRP).
What is apex volar angulation?
7,10 Fractures with apex-volar angulation are the result of an axial force applied with the forearm in supination; fractures with the less common apex-dorsal angulation are the result of an axial force applied in pronation.
What is a dorsal tilt?
Dorsal tilt of a distal radius fracture. This angle is shown in red and goes between: A line drawn between the distal ends of the articular surface of the radius. A line that is perpendicular to the diaphysis of the radius.
What does dorsal angulation mean?
a Dorsal angulation was measured on the lateral view as the angle between a line connecting the anterior and posterior edge of the distal joint line of radius and a line perpendicular to the long axis of radius.
What is Lafontaine criteria?
Accordingly, Lafontaine considered a distal radius fracture unstable if three or more of the following factors were present: dorsal angulation exceeding 20°; dorsal comminution; intra-articular radiocarpal fracture; associated ulnar fracture; and age over 60 years.
How do you measure articular step off?
(1) Step-off at the articular surface of the distal radius was measured parallel to the central long axis of the radius by drawing perpendicular lines from the most distal margin of each side of the articular incongruence. (2) Gap deformity was measured along a perpendicular line to the central long axis of the radius.
What is loss of radial inclination?
Loss of radial inclination causes radial deviation of the wrist, whereas radial shortening leads to incongruity of the DRUJ and positive ulnar variance. Excessive dorsal tilt results in carpal malalignment, leading to carpal instability and arthritis.
How is volar tilt distal radius measured?
The volar tilt, or volar inclination, is measured on the lateral view. A line perpendicular to the long axis of the radius is drawn, and a tangent line is drawn along the slope of the dorsal-to-volar surface of the radius. The normal angle is 10-25º.
What is loss of radial inclination?
Loss of radial inclination causes radial deviation of the wrist, whereas radial shortening leads to incongruity of the DRUJ and positive ulnar variance. Excessive dorsal tilt results in carpal malalignment, leading to carpal instability and arthritis.
What is Lafontaine criteria?
Accordingly, Lafontaine considered a distal radius fracture unstable if three or more of the following factors were present: dorsal angulation exceeding 20°; dorsal comminution; intra-articular radiocarpal fracture; associated ulnar fracture; and age over 60 years.
What is normal ulnar variance?
- mean ulnar variance is 0.9 mm (range: 4.2 to 2.3 mm); - functional anatomy: - w/ neutral variance, 80% of load is born by radius and 20% by ulna; - 2.5 mm increase in ulnar varience will increase load borne by ulno-carpal joint from 18% to 42%;
What is radial tilt?
Loss of radial inclination will increase the load across the lunate. Radial tilt. Radial tilt is measured on a lateral radiograph. The radial tilt represents the angle between a line along the distal radial articular surface and the line perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the radius at the joint margin.
What is a lateral view?
A true lateral view is defined by the relationship between the pisiforme, capitate and scaphoid bones. On a standard lateral view, the palmar cortex of the pisiform bone should overlie the central third of the interval between the palmar cortices of the distal scaphoid pole and the capitate head.
What is the radial length on a PA radiograph?
Radial length or height#N#Radial length is measured on the PA radiograph as the distance between one line perpendicular to the long axis of the radius passing through the distal tip of the radial styloid.#N#A second line intersects distal articular surface of ulnar head.#N#This measurement averages 10-13 mm.
How to measure radius on lateral view?
Measured on Lateral view by drawing a line perpindicular to the long axis of the radius and a tangential line along the slope of the dorsal to volar surface of the radius
What is variable gross wrist deformity?
Variable gross wrist deformity with displacement of the hand in dorsal or volar relation to the wrist, dependent on the fracture pattern.
