Who discovered phosphorus?
Brandt’s name wasn’t prominent in the earliest accounts of the discovery, but Macquer gave him formal credit in his textbook, writing that “the phosphorus here described was first discovered by a citizen of Hamburgh named Brandt, who worked upon urine in search of the Philosopher’s stone.”
What is 32P phosphorus?
Phosphorus-32 ( 32 P) is a radioactive isotope of phosphorus. The nucleus of phosphorus-32 contains 15 protons and 17 neutrons, one more neutron than the most common isotope of phosphorus, phosphorus-31. Phosphorus-32 only exists in small quantities on Earth as it has a short half-life of 14 days and so decays rapidly.
How do you detect phosphorus-32?
Levinthal developed a method for detecting the distribution of phosphorus-32 in nucleic acid-by exposing individual labeled phage particles to photographic emulsion to produce tracks on an autoradiograph (Levinthal & Thomas, 1957a).
How did Hershey use phosphorus 32 in his experiment?
4.1. From transfer experiments to radiation survival curves In the mid-1950s, Hershey continued to pursue the question of material transfer from parent to progeny through use of phosphorus-32 as a tracer (Hershey, 1954; Hershey & Burgi, 1956).
What is the history of phosphorus-32?
In 1940, Ruben and Kamen discovered long-lived (14) C, which later proved to be a very powerful tool for analysis of complex biochemical processes, such as the path of carbon in photosynthesis. Between 1946 and 1950, (32) P was used in studies of bacteriophage replication and photosynthetic metabolism.
How is phosphorus-32 created?
As basic substance we use chemically pure uncleaned sulfur. In the reactor sulfur-32 cores under neutron influence cause a reaction and as a result we obtain phosphorus-32 isotope.
Who discovered phosphorus 33?
3History. The name derives from the Greek phosphoros for "bringing light" because it has the property of glowing in the dark. This was also the ancient name for the planet Venus, when it appears before sunrise. Phosphorus was discovered by the German merchant Hennig Brand in 1669.
Is phosphorus-32 physically possible?
Phosphorus-32 only exists in small quantities on Earth as it has a short half-life of 14 days and so decays rapidly.
Where was phosphorus discovered?
HamburgPhosphorus was first made by Hennig Brandt in Hamburg in Germany in 1669. When he evaporated urine and heated the residue until it was red hot. Glowing phosphorus vapour came off and he condensed it under water. And for more than 100 years most phosphorus was made this way.
Who discovered natural radioactivity?
Henri BecquerelWhen Henri Becquerel investigated the newly discovered X-rays in 1896, it led to studies of how uranium salts are affected by light. By accident, he discovered that uranium salts spontaneously emit a penetrating radiation that can be registered on a photographic plate.
How did Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus?
Phosphorus appears to have been discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand, a German merchant whose hobby was alchemy. Brand allowed 50 buckets of urine to stand until they putrified and “bred worms.” He then boiled the urine down to a paste and heated it with sand, thereby distilling elemental phosphorus from the mixture.
How was white phosphorus discovered?
White phosphorus was discovered 300 years ago when the Hamburg-based alchemist Henig Brandt boiled urine and continued to burn the residue that formed.
How is phosphorus extracted?
Phosphorus is not found as a pure substance but rather in the mineral called phosphate rock. Phosphate rock can either be sedimentary, which is the most common one being mined today, or igneous. To use phosphorus for commercial use, it must be either treated with sulfuric acid or put in high heat conditions.
What is P 32 used for?
It is used in the laboratory to label DNA and proteins. It has also been used to treat a blood disorder called polycythemia vera and certain types of leukemia, but it is not commonly used anymore. Phosphorus P 32 gives off radiation that damages the DNA in a cell, which can cause the cell to die.
Why is 32p important in medicine?
Chromic phosphate P 32 is used to treat cancer or related problems. It is put by catheter into the pleura (sac that contains the lungs) or into the peritoneum (sac that contains the liver, stomach, and intestines) to treat the leaking of fluid inside these areas that is caused by cancer.
Is white phosphorus radioactive?
Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth....PhosphorusStandard atomic weight Ar°(P)30.973761998±0.000000005 30.974±0.001 (abridged)Abundancein the Earth's crust5.2 (silicon = 100)46 more rows
What is phosphorus 32?
Phosphorus-32. Phosphorus-32 is one of the earliest known bone-seeking radioisotopes. It has been used in intraperitoneal infusion for treatment of tumors such as ovarian cancer and in the treatment of polycythemia vera. It is available for intravenous administration for bone pain palliation.
What is a 32 P probe?
32 P-Labeled antisense CRH and VP cRNA probes are made as described above for nonradioactive sense-strand cRNA standards except for the following modifications ( 13). Nonradioactive UTP is substituted with [α-32P]UTP (Amersham, 800 Ci/mmol) to give a final concentration of 10 μM. One hour after the addition of RNA polymerase, 1 μg DNase I (RNase-free) and a second aliquot of RNase inhibitor are added, and the reaction is incubated for an additional 15 min at 37°C. Radiolabeled cRNA is separated from unincorporated nucleotides by affinity chromatography on an Elutip column (Schleicher and Schuell, Keene, NH). Typically, 1.2 × 108 cpm of cRNA probe is generated from 1 μg of DNA template.
What is 32 P?
32 P is a radioisotope that emits high-energy β-particles during decay. It has a half-life of 14.28 days and a maximum tissue penetration of 8 mm, with an average of 3.2 mm ( Wong et al, 1999). It is administered as an integral constituent of nonbiodegradable glass microspheres.
What is 32P labeling?
32 P labeling allows direct quantification of the DNA at the surface, and provides a 1:1 ratio of signal to DNA. 32P is easily appended to the 5′ end of DNA using commercially available T4 polynucleotide kinase and γ-32P ATP, and monolayers can be formed according to standard procedures. However, the safety concerns, limited half-life of the probe (14 days), and difficulty in measuring radioactivity on an electrode make this technique less appealing.
Who created the philosopher's stone?
Science History Institute. One night in 1669 German physician Hennig Brandt attempted to create the philosophers’ stone. This elusive goal had been pursued by alchemists for centuries for good reason: it could transform base metals into gold. Brandt had spent most of that day in his laboratory, heating a mixture of sand ...
Who was the scientist who re-created Brandt's discovery?
Science History Institute. At about this time Wright was part of an intellectually engaged circle of physicians, scientists, and industrialists in the English Midlands. Their conversations and chemical experiments prompted Wright to re-create Brandt’s historic moment of scientific discovery.
Who engraved the Alchymist?
The Alchymist (1775) by engraver William Pether, after the 1771 painting by Joseph Wright of Derby. One night in 1669 German physician Hennig Brandt attempted to create the philosophers’ stone.
What was the name of the engraving technique that was used in the 1660s?
Prints were most people’s only access to art, and printmakers had just recently perfected an entirely new engraving technique called mezzotint.
What is phosphorus 32?
Phosphorus-32. Phosphorus-32 is one of the earliest known bone-seeking radioisotopes. It has been used in intraperitoneal infusion for treatment of tumors such as ovarian cancer and in the treatment of polycythemia vera. It is available for intravenous administration for bone pain palliation. A range of skeletal absorbed doses have been calculated ...
What is 32 P?
32 P is a radioisotope that emits high-energy β-particles during decay. It has a half-life of 14.28 days and a maximum tissue penetration of 8 mm, with an average of 3.2 mm ( Wong et al, 1999 ). It is administered as an integral constituent of nonbiodegradable glass microspheres.
What is 32 P in ovarian cancer?
The role of 32 P as consolidative treatment after surgery and chemotherapy in advanced-stage ovarian cancer has been evaluated in several studies (see Table 61-3 ). The largest retrospective study from the University of North Carolina evaluated 32 P in 51 women with stages I to III disease. 172 They treated patients with no evidence of disease on second-look laparotomy with 15 mCi of 32 P. These patients were compared with 18 patients who had a negative second-look laparotomy but did not receive 32 P because of peritoneal adhesions, other protocols, or physicians' preference; with 15 who did not receive any additional treatment; and with 3 who received additional chemotherapy. After a median follow-up of 58 months, both an improved 5-year PFS (86% versus 67%, p = 0.05) and a 5-year OS (90% versus 78%) were noted in the 32 P group.
How sensitive is 32 P post labeling?
The 32 P-postlabeling method is extremely sensitive for detecting chemical adducts and is theoretically sensitive to any DNA-damaging agent. Isolated DNA is first broken down into normal and damaged 3' monophosphate deoxynucleosides. A 5' radioactive phosphate residue is then added by the enzyme T4 polynucleotide kinase to allow detection of the deoxynucleosides. The radioactive products are separated by multidirectional anion exchange thin-layer chromatography and the presence of adducts detected and quantitated.
How to detect adducts in DNA?
If the chemical is available as a radioisotope, the presence of adducts may be detected as radioactivity copurifying with DNA from treated cells. The adducts may then be isolated and characterized using the radioactive signal as a tracer.
What is the atomic mass of P-32?
More... Phosphorus-32 atom is the radioactive isotope of phosphorus with relative atomic mass 31.973907 and half-life of 14.26 days. Phosphorus P-32 is a radioactive isotope of phosphorus with beta particle-emitting radiocytotoxic activity.
Is phosphorus P 32 safe for breast feeding?
Information in this record refers to the use of phosphorus P 32 as a therapeutic agent. No information is available on the use of phosphorus P 32 during breastfeeding. Use of phosphate P 32 as a skin patch to treat skin cancers poses no risk to breastfed infants after removal of the patch from the mother's skin. PubMed.
Who was the first scientist to use 32 P?
Hevesy was the first investigator to use 32 P in biological research. His first publication using 32 P, in 1935, was entitled “Radioactive indicators in the study of phosphorus metabolism in rats” [ 3 ].
What was the death of phages due to 32 P-decay?
The mortality of phage due to 32 P-decay was totally unanticipated and involved several aspects of serendipity, not least in the fact that three of the four investigators (Kamen, Kennedy, and Gest) had extensive theoretical and experimental knowledge of nuclear chemistry and the decay of radioactive isotopes.
How many articles did Hevesy write?
Between 1935 and 1939, Hevesy published 25 research articles on biological topics and 12 general essays on the tracer method and its applications. His life and outstanding career are detailed in a biography by Hilde Levi, one of his co-workers [ 4 ], and in a biography of Bohr by Abraham Pais [ 1 ].
What is the name of the chemical that was discovered in 1940?
In 1940, Ruben and Kamen discovered long-lived 14 C, which later proved to be a very powerful tool for analysis of complex biochemical processes, such as the path of carbon in photosynthesis. Between 1946 and 1950, 32 P was used in studies of bacteriophage replication and photosynthetic metabolism.
When did Kamen write about 32 P?
On April 27, 1950 , Kamen wrote me that our research on 32 P “suicide” would be presented at a symposium on radiobiology at Oberlin College, June 14–18, 1950, but that Hershey “did not want to give it himself.” In the event, Kamen presented the main results in an article entitled “On the localization of radiation effects in molecules of biological importance.” In our deliberations on the cause of 32 P “suicide” of phage, there was much discussion of S, the product of 32 P decay and in the Oberlin article [ 21 ]. Kamen gave a sophisticated account of the chemical effects that could accompany radioactive decay. Because it reflects background discussions that led to interpretations given in HKKG in 1951, I include the following excerpt:
When did Hevesy join Bohr?
In 1920, Bohr invited Hevesy to join him in the newly constructed Niels Bohr Institute of Theoretical Physics (NBI) in Copenhagen. Hevesy spent two periods at the NBI: 1920–26, when he discovered the “missing” element 72 (hafnium), and 1935–43, devoted to development of the “tracer method.”.
When was the Hershey Chase experiment?
THE HERSHEY-CHASE EXPERIMENT. In 1952, 2 years after Hershey left St. Louis ( i.e. 1 year after publication of HKKG), the famous “Hershey-Chase experiment” using phage labeled with 32 P in DNA and 35 S in protein was reported in the Journal of General Physiology [ 18 ], the same journal in which HKKG appeared.
