Triticale
- I. History: Triticale (trit-ih-KAY-lee) is a crop species resulting from a plant breeder's cross between wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale).
- II. Uses: Plant breeders working with triticale hoped it would have higher yield than other cereal grains, especially under less than ideal growing conditions, and be used both as human ...
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What is triticale grain?
Triticale is a man-made cereal grain species derived from hybridization of wheat and rye. It was developed to combine favorable traits from both parents; growth vigor, cold tolerance and high protein from rye, and good baking characteristics of wheat gluten.
What is the origin of triticale?
The origin of triticale dates back to 1873 when the Scottish botanist A. S. Wilson made the first cross between wheat and rye. However, the resulting plants were sterile and no further multiplication was possible.
How do you make triticales?
Triticales are produced by crossing either tetraploid wheat (Triticum durum L.: genomes AABB) or hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.: genomes AABBDD) with diploid rye (Secale cereale L.: genomes RR) and doubling the resulting haploid by treatment with colchicine, which produces a fertile amphidiploid.
What are the advantages of triticale?
It has a few advantages over other grains, like wheat, rye, or barley: Triticale produces more biomass than other grains, which means there is more potential for adding nutrients to the soil when plowed under in the spring. In many areas, triticale can be planted earlier than other grains because it has a higher resistance to certain diseases.
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When was triticale developed?
1875The first triticale, which was infertile, was developed in 1875 in Scotland (Stace, 1987). Later, in 1888, Rimpau crossed hexaploid wheat and rye to develop the first viable hybrid through spontaneous chromosome doubling in Germany (Mergoum et al., 2009).
What is the origin of triticale?
Triticale (/trɪtɪˈkeɪliː/; × Triticosecale) is a hybrid of wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale) first bred in laboratories during the late 19th century in Scotland and Germany.
How was hexaploid triticale developed?
Hexaploid triticale is primarily derived from direct crosses of tetraploid wheat with rye. Secondary hexaploid triticale was also synthesized by hybridizing hexaploid triticale and/or hexaploid wheat with an octoploid triticale [25].
Is triticale genetically modified?
Triticale - non-GMO Across the U.S., triticale is principally used for forage and pasture.
Who developed triticale?
breeder W. RimpauThe first 'true' allopolyploid triticale according to today's definition was bred in 1888 by the famous German plant breeder W. Rimpau who managed to create a cross between wheat and rye that was partially fertile.
Why was triticale invented?
Triticale is a cereal grain created by plant breeders. In the 1950s, plant geneticists hoped that a cross fertilisation of wheat and rye would produce a cereal with superior yield. The hardiness and disease resistance of rye was combined with the milling and baking qualities of wheat.
Where was triticale invented?
ScotlandIntroduction. Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is a man-made species developed by crossing wheat (Triticum spp.) and rye (Secale cereale L.). The first triticale, which was infertile, was developed in 1875 in Scotland (Stace, 1987).
Is triticale good for cattle?
Triticale is a cross between wheat and rye. It is excellent forage for dairy cows at the boot-stage and for beef cows and dairy heifers at the soft dough stage. High protein, digestiblity, and significantly higher yields than other boot-stage cereal grains.
What is the difference between triticale and wheat?
There are many benefits to growing triticale. It is more durable than wheat when grazed; which means it will be healthier and stand up to weeds, diseases and cold weather better than wheat. On the High Plains, it is virtually disease free. Triticale will yield higher tonnage than wheat when taken for silage.
Will triticale reseed itself?
Triticale does not tend to reseed itself and become a “weed.”
What is triticale in genetics?
Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is a synthetic cereal crop that originated from a cross between Triticum species (AABB or AABBDD) and Secale cereale L. (RR). It combines grain quality and productivity typical for wheat with vigor, hardiness and high lysine content specific for rye (Myer and Barnett 2004).
What grains are not genetically modified?
No-Risk Grains If you want to be 100 percent certain you're consuming GMO-free grains, your options include amaranth, barley, buckwheat, bulgur, einkorn, farro, grano, kamut, millet, oats, quinoa, rye, sorghum, spelt, teff and triticale.
Where was triticale invented?
ScotlandIntroduction. Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is a man-made species developed by crossing wheat (Triticum spp.) and rye (Secale cereale L.). The first triticale, which was infertile, was developed in 1875 in Scotland (Stace, 1987).
What is triticale found in?
Triticale is commonly found in various health cereals, and can also be found in a number of different forms, either as the whole triticale berries, flour, cereal, bread, flakes, or crackers. For now, let's look at the nutritional content that makes triticale so valuable and healthy.
Where is triticale grown?
Despite the numerous benefits of triticale, its cultivation and consumption are limited. Production is concentrated in Europe and North America, where the grain is almost always used as animal feed.
What is triticale good for?
Triticale grain reduces oxidative stress, promotes Bone Health, has antioxidant Nature, rich in minerals, reduces neural problems, increases cell production, have high folate content, helps in weight control.
Where is triticale from?
ex A. Camus. Triticale ( / trɪtɪˈkeɪliː /; × Triticosecale) is a hybrid of wheat ( Triticum) and rye ( Secale) first bred in laboratories during the late 19th century in Scotland and Germany. Commercially available triticale is almost always a second-generation hybrid, i.e., a cross between two kinds of primary (first-cross) ...
Where was triticale first bred?
Camus. Triticale ( / trɪtɪˈkeɪliː /; × Triticosecale) is a hybrid of wheat ( Triticum) and rye ( Secale) first bred in laboratories during the late 19th century in Scotland and Germany. Commercially available triticale is almost always a second-generation hybrid, i.e., a cross between two kinds of primary (first-cross) triticales.
What is the name of the grain in Star Trek?
An episode of the popular TV series Star Trek, " The Trouble with Tribbles ", revolved around the protection of a grain developed from triticale, which writer David Gerrold called "quadro-triticale" at producer Gene Coon 's suggestion, and to which he ascribed four distinct lobes per kernel. A later episode titled " More Tribbles, More Troubles ", in the animated series, also written by Gerrold, dealt with "quinto-triticale", an improvement on the original, having apparently five lobes per kernel.
How many wheat microsatellite primer pairs are available?
More than 750 wheat microsatellite primer pairs are available in public wheat breeding programmes, and could be exploited in the development of SSRs in triticale. Another type of molecular marker, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), is likely to have a significant impact on the future of triticale breeding.
What is the purpose of colchicine?
Colchicine was used as a chemical agent to double the chromosomes. After these developments, a new era of triticale breeding was introduced. Earlier triticale hybrids had four reproductive disorders—namely, meiotic instability, high aneuploid frequency, low fertility and shriveled seed (Muntzing 1939; Krolow 1966).
Which is larger, wheat or triticale?
The smaller grain of wheat on the left, larger kernels of rye next, and triticale on the right — triticale grain is significantly larger than wheat. In the 19th century, crossing cultivars or species became better understood, allowing the manual hybridization of more plants and animals.
Is triticale a commercial crop?
Only recently has it been developed into a commercially viable crop. Depending on the cultivar, triticale can more or less resemble either of its parents. It is grown mostly for forage or fodder, although some triticale-based foods can be purchased at health food stores and can be found in some breakfast cereals .
When was triticale first commercially available?
Modified from Semundo Limited (1994) Triticale The Hybrid Evolution. Cambridge: Semundo Limited. The first commercial triticale cultivars were released in 1969. Today triticale is becoming a crop in its own right and is grown on over 3 Mha worldwide and in at least 27 countries ( Table 3 ).
Where does triticale come from?
Its name comes from the Latin names of the wheat (Triticum) and rye ( Secale ). Triticale has some benefits of both cereals and is easier to grow. The main producers of triticale are Poland, Germany, France, China, and Belarus. It is not widely used in bread baking; however, it is useful as an animal feed.
What is triticale grain?
Abstract. Triticale is a man-made cereal grain species derived from hybridization of wheat and rye. It was developed to combine favorable traits from both parents; growth vigor, cold tolerance and high protein from rye, and good baking characteristics of wheat gluten.
What is the name of the wheat that crosses the tetraploid wheat?
Triticale. Triticales are produced by crossing either tetraploid wheat (Triticum durum L.: genomes AABB) or hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.: genomes AABBDD) with diploid rye (Secale cereale L.: genomes RR) and doubling the resulting haploid by treatment with colchicine, which produces a fertile amphidiploid.
What is winter triticale?
Winter triticale provides a high-yielding early maturing alternative to spring triticale for short-season areas. The University of Manitoba began the first intensive program in North America in 1953, working mostly with durum wheat–rye crosses.
What is the gluten content of triticale flour?
The gluten content in triticale flour is at least 20%–30% below that of wheat. The gelatinization temperature of the starch is similar to wheat starch. Triticale varieties with soft grain texture in principle are suitable for manufacturing wafers or waffles but not in commercial application.
What are the properties of triticale?
Triticale can combine the bread-making qualities of wheat with much of rye's adaptive properties such as disease resistances, drought tolerance, and adaptability to harsh soil conditions. As a result, varieties have been produced with a wide adaptive range as well as site-specific adaptation.
Where is Triticale available?
Starting in the 2018 crop year, the Triticale program will be available in select counties in California, Idaho, Kansas, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, and Washington. The program provides coverage for damage resulting from naturally occurring events.
What is triticale wheat?
Triticale is a cross between wheat and rye , and, when planted for harvest as grain, can be covered through this new program. Starting in the 2018 crop year, the Triticale program will be available in ...
Why is triticale planted earlier than other grains?
In many areas, triticale can be planted earlier than other grains because it has a higher resistance to certain diseases.
How to grow triticale from seed?
Sowing triticale is similar to growing grass from seed. Rake the soil, spread the seeds, and rake the soil again. You want the seeds lightly covered to prevent birds from eating them. The best part of growing cover crops is that they are low maintenance. Once they start growing, they won’t need much attention.
Why is triticale crossed with wheat?
The purpose of crossing these two grains was to get the productivity, quality of grain, and disease resistance from wheat and the hardiness of rye in one plant. Triticale was developed decades ago but never really took off as a grain for human consumption. It is most often grown as forage or feed for livestock.
What is triticale cover?
Home gardeners can also use this winter cover to improve soil nutrients, prevent weeds, and stop erosion. Legumes and grains are popular cover crops, and triticale as a cover crop is great alone or as a mix of grasses and cereals.
Is winter triticale easier to control?
As compared to winter rye, winter triticale produces fewer volunteer plants and is easier to control.
Is triticale good for winter?
It is most often grown as forage or feed for livestock. Farmers and gardeners alike are beginning to see triticale as a good choice for a winter cover crop. It has a few advantages over other grains, like wheat, rye, or barley: Triticale produces more biomass than other grains, which means there is more potential for adding nutrients to ...
What is Triticale?
Triticale is an interesting member of the cereal grain family. Frequently misspelled as triticale, it is a cross between wheat (Latin triticum) and rye (Latin secale ). Put them together and you get triti +cale = triticale!
What is the oldest staple in the world?
Organic Triticale Berries. Milling and Baking. Wheat. One of the world’s oldest and most grown and consumed staple until recently. Not only does wheat come in many shapes and sizes, including older relatives like spelt, einkorn, and Kamut, it also comes in many modern cultivars and crosses – hard red, soft white, ...
Can you substitute triticale for wheat?
Milling and Baking. If you are undeterred by the dubious history of triticale and wish to eat it in your home, you can substitute triticale for wheat and many other common bread grains. Just be ready to adjust your recipe, as grain swapping typically requires altering the proportions.
Is triticale better than wheat?
Triticale appears to have some of the benefits of both wheat and rye blended together. It has far more protein than rye flour, far more folate than rye or wheat, and significantly more manganese than either. ( 1)
Is triticale gluten free?
Triticale has significantly less gluten than wheat. This includes heirloom wheat and the completely unhybridized einkorn. In addition, it contains more of the essential amino acid lysine. Since it is primarily grown as animal fodder, the higher lysine content is especially beneficial.
Is triticale hexaploid or spelt?
The result? Most commercial triticale is hexaploids, similar to spelt. But, and this point is key – the use of colchicine to create fertile triticale seeds means that the process never would have happened naturally.
Is triticale sterile?
It seems that the wheat family easily and naturally picks up and trades genetic info with other related plants and species. However, this isn’t how we got triticale. The early attempts in the late 1800s at crossing wheat and rye had a BIG problem – all the seeds were sterile. (3)
Overview
Triticale is a hybrid of wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale) first bred in laboratories during the late 19th century in Scotland and Germany. Commercially available triticale is almost always a second-generation hybrid, i.e., a cross between two kinds of primary (first-cross) triticales. As a rule, triticale combines the yield potential and grain quality of wheat with the disease and environmental toleran…
History
In the 19th century, crossing cultivars or species became better understood, allowing the controlled hybridization of more plants and animals. Semen could be taken from a male of one animal species to fertilize a female from another species that wouldn't mate with the male directly, and crops plants such as wheat or rye could more systematically be hybridized with each other.
Species
Triticale hybrids are currently classified by ploidy into three nothospecies:
• × Triticosecale semisecale (Mackey) K.Hammer & Filat. – tetraploid triticale. Unstable, but used in breeding bridging. Includes the following crosses:
• × Triticosecale neoblaringhemii A.Camus – hexaploid triticale. Stable, currently very successful in argiculture. May be produced by Secale cereale × Triticum turgidum, genome AABBRR.
Biology and genetics
Earlier work with wheat-rye crosses was difficult due to low survival of the resulting hybrid embryo and spontaneous chromosome doubling. These two factors were difficult to predict and control. To improve the viability of the embryo and thus avoid its abortion, in vitro culture techniques were developed (Laibach, 1925). Colchicine was used as a chemical agent to double the chromosomes. After these developments, a new era of triticale breeding was introduced. Earlier triticale hybrids …
Conventional breeding approaches
The aim of a triticale breeding programme is mainly focused on the improvement of quantitative traits, such as grain yield, nutritional quality and plant height, as well as traits which are more difficult to improve, such as earlier maturity and improved test weight (a measure of bulk density). These traits are controlled by more than one gene. Problems arise, however, because such polygenic traits involve the integration of several physiological processes in their expression. Th…
Application of newer techniques
Abundant information exists concerning disease resistance (R) genes for wheat, and a continuously updated on-line catalogue, the Catalogue of Gene Symbols, of these genes can be found at [1] Archived 2006-09-23 at the Wayback Machine. Another online database of cereal rust resistance genes is available at [2]. Unfortunately, less is known about rye and particularly triticale R-genes. Many R-genes have been transferred to wheat from its wild relatives, and appear in the …
Conclusion
Triticale holds much promise as a commercial crop, as it has the potential to address specific problems within the cereal industry. Research is currently being conducted worldwide in places like Stellenbosch University in South Africa.
Conventional plant breeding has helped establish triticale as a valuable crop, especially where conditions are less favourable for wheat cultivation. Triticale being a synthesized grain notwithst…
Health concerns
Like both its hybrid parents – wheat and rye – triticale contains gluten and is therefore unsuitable for people with gluten-related disorders, such as celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy sufferers, among others.