What is the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 in Illinois?
This Act shall be known and may be cited as the Juvenile Court Act of 1987. 705 ILCS 405/1-2. Purpose and Policy. (1) The purpose of this Act is to secure for each minor subject hereto such care and guidance, preferably in his or her own home, as will serve the safety and moral, emotional, mental, and physical welfare of the minor
When was the first juvenile court in the US created?
The first specialized juvenile court in the United States was created on 1 July 1899 under an Illinois legislative act establishing the juvenile court division of the circuit court for Cook County.
Is there a juvenile court act in Illinois 2020?
ILLINOIS JUVENILE COURT ACT ILLINOIS JUVENILE COURT ACT 2020 EDITION This publication was made possible through a grant from the M. Denny Hassakis Fund of the Illinois Bar Foundation ii iii January, 2020 Dear Juvenile Justice Colleague: Thank you for your tireless efforts on behalf of our youth.
What happens to a juvenile in an Illinois juvenile detention center?
The juvenile can be released to their parent or legal guardian. Alternatively, they can be held in a secure facility to wait for the outcome of their court case. Illinois law states that there must be a "sight and sound barrier" between juveniles and adults in a detention center.
In what year did the Illinois juvenile court Act begin?
1899On July 3, 1899, the Illinois Juvenile Court Act took effect, marking the beginning of a separate court experience for children 16 and under.
On what year was the first juvenile court was established?
1899First established in 1899 in Cook County, Illinois and then rapidly spread across the country, the juvenile court became the unifying entity that led to a juvenile justice system.
When and in what state was the first juvenile court established quizlet?
-1st Juvenile court was established in 1899 in Cook County, Illinois. Minor, under a certain age (usually sixteen, seventeen, or eighteen), who has committed an act that would be a crime if done by an adult. a system of criminal justice based on the punishment of offenders rather than on rehabilitation.
When was the juvenile justice Welfare Act enacted?
20 May 2006Adopted on 20 May 2006 and amended in 2013, RA 9344 or the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act (JJWA) promotes the creation of a child-friendly justice system focused on rehabilitation and restoration rather than punishment.
Where was the first juvenile court set up?
ChicagoThe first juvenile court was established in 1899 in Chicago, and the movement spread rapidly throughout the world. Juvenile courts are now found in Europe, Latin America, Israel, Iraq, Japan, and other countries, although there is variation in structure and procedures.
Why was the juvenile court system created?
In response to a fear that juvenile crime would continue to rise at the rate seen between (roughly) 1987 and 1994, legislatures enacted measures designed to "get tough on crime." The 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act was amended to include provisions that would allow states to try juveniles as adults ...
Where was the first juvenile court created quizlet?
The first juvenile court was created in 1899 in Chicago.
When was the first juvenile court created in the United States quizlet?
In 1899, the first juvenile court in the United States opened in Chicago. adult penal system? juvenile offenders needed special protections and a system that was focused on rehabilitation.
What state was the first juvenile court established in the United States?
THE HISTORY OF JUVENILE COURTS IN THE UNITED STATES IS TRACED FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIRST COURT IN ILLINOIS IN 1898 THROUGH U.S. SUPREME COURT DECISIONS OF THE 1960'S AFFECTING THE JUVENILE COURTS.
What law created the juvenile justice system?
The first juvenile court in the United States, authorized by the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899, was founded in 1899 in Chicago. The act gave the court jurisdiction over neglected, dependent, and delinquent children under age 16.
What is the Juvenile Justice Welfare Act of 2006 give a short summary?
Section 1. – This Act shall be known as the “Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006.” It shall cover the different stages involving children at risk and children in conflict with the law from prevention to rehabilitation and reintegration.
Who is the author of the Juvenile Justice Welfare Act of 2006?
Mercedes C. Cagas stressed. Hon. Cagas is author of HB 5183 entitled "An Act amending certain provisions of Republic Act 9344, otherwise known as the 'Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006' and for other purposes."
When and where was juvenile court established in India first?
In 1920 madras high court enacted the Children Act. Later, other states also enacted the Children Act. According to this act, children were trialled by the juvenile court.
Who created the juvenile justice system?
While a wide variety of women from all backgrounds got involved, two reformers in particular are credited with spearheading the creation of the juvenile court: Julia Lathrop and Lucy Flower. Lathrop was a Hull House social worker who toured every jail in Illinois in the early 1890s, documenting the conditions there.
Why was the period 1899 to 1967 considered the era of socialized juvenile justice?
The period between 1899 and 1967 has been referred to as the era of socialized juvenile justice in the United States (Faust & Brantingham, 1974). During this era, children were considered not as miniature adults but rather as persons with less than fully developed moral- ity and cognition (Snyder & Sickmund, 1999).
What did Schall v Martin establish?
In Schall v. Martin,' the Supreme Court upheld a New York stat- ute that provided for the preventive detention ofjuveniles accused of a crime, who present a "serious risk" that they may commit an- other crime before trial.
Why does juvenile justice rationalize its invovlement with this type of offense?
The juvenile justice system rationalizes its invovlement with this type of offense because of the parens patriae ideology. The system believes they are doing what is in the best interest of the child.
What did the 'Relocated Needy Urban Children' do?
a. They relocated needy urban children to foster families in the Western United States.
What is the purpose of the 705 ILCS 405/1-1?
This Act shall be known and may be cited as the Juvenile Court Act of 1987. 705 ILCS 405/1-2. Purpose and Policy. (1) The purpose of this Act is to secure for each minor subject hereto such care and guidance, preferably in his or her own home, as will serve the safety and moral, emotional, mental, and physical welfare of the minor and the best interests of the community; to preserve and strengthen the minor’s family ties whenever possible, removing him or her from the custody of his or her parents only when his or her safety or welfare or the protection of the public cannot be adequat ely safe guarded without remo val; if the child is removed from the custody of his or her parent, the Department of Children and Family Services immediately shall consider concurrent planning, as described in Section 5 of the Children and Family Services Act so that permanency may occur at the earliest opportunity; consideration should be given so that if reunification fails or is delayed, the placement made is the best available placement to provide permanency for the child; and, when the minor is removed from his or her own family, to secure for him or her custody, care and discipline as nearly as possible equivalent to that which should be given by his or her parents, and in cases where it should and can properly be done to place the minor in a family home so that he or she may become a member of the family by legal adoption or otherwise. Provided that a ground for unfitness under the Adoption Act can be met, it may be appropriate to expedite termination of parental rights: (a) when reasonable efforts are inappropriate, or have been provided and were unsuccessful, and there are aggravating circumstances including, but not limited to, those cases in which (i) the child or another child of that child’s parent was (A) abandoned, (B) tortured, or (C) chronically abused or (ii) the parent is criminally convicted of (A) first degree murder or second degree murder of any child, (B) attempt or conspiracy to commit first degree murder or second degree murder of any child, (C) solicitation to commit murder, solicitation to commit murder for hire, solicitation to commit second degree murder of any child, or aggravated assault in violation of subdivision (a)(13) of Section 12-2 of the Criminal Code of 1961 or the Criminal Code of 2012, or (D) aggravated criminal sexual assault in violation of Section 11-1.40(a)(1) or 12-14.1(a)(1) of the Criminal Code of 1961 or the Criminal Code of 2012; or (b) when the parental rights of a parent with respect to another child of the parent have been involuntarily terminated; or (c) in those extreme cases in which the parent’s incapacity to care for the child, combined with an extremely poor prognosis for treatment or rehabilitation, justifies expedited termination of parental rights. (2) In all proceedings under this Act the court may direct the course thereof so as promptly to ascertain the jurisdictional facts and fully to gather information bearing upon the current condition and future welfare of persons subject to this Act. This Act shall be administered in a spirit of humane concern, not only for the rights of the parties, but also for the fears and the limits of understanding of all who appear before the court. (3) In all procedures under this Act, the following shall apply: (a) The procedural rights assured to the minor shall be the rights of adults unless specifically precluded by laws which enhance the protection of such minors. (b) Every child has a right to services necessary to his or her safety and proper development, including health, education and social services. (c) The parents’ right to the custody of their child shall not prevail when the court determines that it is contrary to the health, safety, and best interests of the child. (4) This Act shall be liberally construed to carry out the foregoing purpose and policy. 705 ILCS 405/1-3. Definitions. Terms used in this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, have the following meanings ascribed to them: (1) “Adjudicatory hearing” means a hearing to determine whether the allegations of a petition under Section 2-13, 3-15 or 4-12 that a minor under 18 years of age is abused, neglected or dependent, or requires authoritative intervention, or addicted, respectively, are supported by a preponderance of the evidence or whether the allegations of a petition under Section 5-520 that a minor is delinquent are proved beyond a reasonable doubt. (2) “Adult” means a person 21 years of age or older. (3) “Agency” means a public or private child care facility legally authorized or licensed by this State for placement or institutional care or for both placement and institutional care. (4) “Association” means any organization, public or private, engaged in welfare functions which include services to or on behalf of children but does not include “agency” as herein defined. (4.05) Whenever a “best interest” determination is required, the following factors shall be considered in the context of the child’s age and developmental needs: (a) the physical safety and welfare of the child, including food, shelter, health, and clothing; (b) the development of the child’s identity; (c) the child’s background and ties, including familial, cultural, and religious; (d) the child’s sense of attachments, including: (i) where the child actually feels love, attachment, and a sense of being valued (as opposed to where adults believe the child should feel such love, attachment, and a sense of being valued); (ii) the child’s sense of security; (iii) the child’s sense of familiarity; (iv) continuity of affection for the child; (v) the least disruptive placement alternative for the child; (e) the child’s wishes and long-term goals; (f) the child’s community ties, including church, school, and friends; (g) the child’s need for permanence which includes the child’s need for stability and continuity of relationships
How long is a minor on probation for a Class X felony?
The period of probation for a minor who is found to be guilty of any other Class X felony shall be at least 24 months. The period of probation for a Class 1 or Class 2 forcible felony shall be at least 18 months.
What is ILCS 405/1-12?
Neither the State, any unit of local government, probation department, public or community service program or site, nor any official, volunteer, or employee thereof acting in the course of their official duties shall be liable for any injury or loss a person might receive while performing public or community service as ordered either (1) by the court or (2) by any duly authorized station or probation adjustment, teen court, community mediation,
How often do you have to review a child's care plan?
have been achieved. Once the plan and goal have been achieved, if the minor remains in substitute care, the case shall be reviewed at least every 6 months thereafter , subject to the provisions of this Section, unless the minor is placed in the guardianship of a suitable relative or other person and the court determines that further monitoring by the court does not further the health, safety or best interest of the child and that this is a stable permanent placement. The permanency hearings must occur within the time frames set forth in this subsection and may not be delayed in anticipation of a report from any source or due to the agency’s failure to timely file its written report (this written report means the one required under the next paragraph and does not mean the service plan also referred to in that paragraph). The public agency that is the custodian or guardian of the minor, or another agency responsible for the minor’s care, shall ensure that all parties to the permanency hearings are provided a copy of the most recent service plan prepared within the prior 6 months at least 14 days in advance of the hearing. If not contained in the agency’s service plan, the agency shall also include a report setting forth (i) any special physical, psychological, educational, medical, emotional, or other needs of the minor or his or her family that are relevant to a permanency or placement determination and (ii) for any minor age 16 or over, a written description of the programs and services that will enable the minor to prepare for independent living. If not contained in the agency’s service plan, the agency’s report shall specify if a minor is placed in a licensed child care facility under a corrective plan by the Department due to concerns impacting the minor’s safety and well-being. The report shall explain the steps the Department is taking to ensure the safety and well-being of the minor and that the minor’s needs are met in the facility. The agency’s written report must detail what progress or lack of progress the parent has made in correcting the conditions requiring the child to be in care; whether the child can be returned home without jeopardizing the child’s health, safety, and welfare, and if not, what permanency goal is recommended to be in the best interests of the child, and why the other permanency goals are not appropriate. The caseworker must appear and testify at the permanency hearing. If a permanency hearing has not previously been scheduled by the court, the moving party shall move for the setting of a permanency hearing and the entry of an order within the time frames set forth in this subsection. At the permanency hearing, the court shall determine the future status of the child. The court shall set one of the following permanency goals: (A) The minor will be returned home by a specific date within 5 months. (B) The minor will be in short-term care with a continued goal to return home within a period not to exceed one year, where the progress of the parent or parents is substantial giving particular consideration to the age and individual needs of the minor. (B-1) The minor will be in short-term care with a continued goal to return home pending a status hearing. When the court finds that a parent has not made reasonable efforts or reasonable progress to date, the court shall identify what actions the parent and the Department must take in order to justify a finding of reasonable efforts or reasonable progress and shall set a status hearing to be held not earlier than 9 months from the date of adjudication nor later than 11 months from the date of adjudication during which the parent’s progress will again be reviewed. (C) The minor will be in substitute care pending court determination on termination of parental rights. (D) Adoption, provided that parental rights have been terminated or relinquished. (E) The guardianship of the minor will be transferred to an individual or couple on a permanent basis provided that goals (A) through (D) have been ruled out. (F) The minor over age 15 will be in substitute care pending independence. In selecting this permanency goal, the Department of Children and Family Services may provide services to enable reunification and to strengthen the minor’s connections with family, fictive kin, and other responsible adults, provided the services are in the minor’s best interest. The services shall be documented in the service plan. (G) The minor will be in substitute care because he or she cannot be provided for in a home environment due to developmental disabilities or mental illness or because he or she is a danger to self or others, provided that goals (A) through (D) have been ruled out. In selecting any permanency goal, the court shall indicate in writing the reasons the goal was selected and why the preceding goals were ruled out. Where the court has selected a permanency goal other than (A), (B), or (B-1), the Department of Children and Family Services shall not provide further reunification services, except as provided in paragraph (F) of this subsection (2), but shall provide services consistent with the goal selected. (H) Notwithstanding any other provision in this Section, the court may select the goal of continuing foster care as a permanency goal if: (1) The Department of Children and Family Services has custody and guardianship of the minor; (2) The court has ruled out all other permanency goals based on the child’s best interest; (3) The court has found compelling reasons, based on written documentation reviewed by the court, to place the minor in continuing foster care. Compelling reasons include: (a) the child does not wish to be adopted or to be placed in the guardianship of his or her relative or foster care placement; (b) the child exhibits an extreme level of need such that the removal of the child from his or her placement would be detrimental to the child; or (c) the child who is the subject of the permanency hearing has existing close and strong bonds with a sibling, and achievement of another permanency goal would substantially interfere with the subject child’s sibling relationship, taking into consideration the nature and extent of the relationship, and whether ongoing contact is in the subject child’s best interest, including long- term emotional interest, as compared with the legal and emotional benefit of permanence; (4) The child has lived with the relative or foster parent for at least one year; and (5) The relative or foster parent currently caring for the child is willing and capable of providing the child with a stable and permanent environment. The court shall set a permanency goal that is in the best interest of the child. In determining that goal, the court shall consult with the minor in an age-appropriate
How long does a court have to hear an adjudicatory hearing?
The court may not proceed with the adjudicatory hearing until 10 days after service by publication on any parent, guardian or legal custodian in the case of a minor described in Section 2-3 or 2-4.
Can a court grant credit for time spent in detention?
The court may grant credit on a sentencing order of detention entered under a violation of probation or violation of conditional discharge under Section 5-720 of this Article for time spent in detention before the filing of the petition alleging the violation .
Can a minor be in jail?
Except for minors accused of violation of an order of the court, any minor accused of any act under federal or State law, or a municipal ordinance that would not be illegal if committed by an adult, cannot be placed in a jail, municipal lockup, de tention center or secure correctional facility .
When did Illinois change the juvenile court age?
Legislation signed in 2009 (Public Act 095-1031) provided that 17-year-olds charged with misdemeanors would move from adult to juvenile court jurisdiction effective January 1, 2010. The legislation also mandated the state study the impact of the new law and make recommendations concerning raising the juvenile court age to 17 for felony charges. Subsequent legislation (Public Act 096-1199) directed the Illinois Juvenile Justice Commission to study and present findings to the legislature.
Why should Illinois transfer youth to adult court?
Evaluating the transfer statutes under which youth are transferred into adult court for consistency with public safety, youth rehabilitation, and fairness. These statutes will not be affected by raising the age of jurisdiction, but the effects of sending minors to the adult system, particularly higher recidivism rates, indicate that Illinois should ensure that its transfer laws are adequately tailored to reduce violence.
What is the minimum age for juvenile detention?
Assisting detention centers with providing safe, developmentally appropriate care and supervision to adolescents and facilitating compliance with PREA, by raising the minimum age of juvenile detention from 10 to 13 (to match the juvenile incarceration age) and developing appropriate placement alternatives for children under 13.
What is juvenile justice aggregation?
Aggregating information from screening and assessment tools, analyzing system performance and youth outcomes to inform local and state juvenile justice planning and resource allocation.
When did the age change for misdemeanors take effect?
Since the misdemeanor age change took effect on January 1, 2010, none of the predicted negative consequences on the juvenile court system have occurred:
Can a 17 year old vote in Illinois?
In Illinois, 17-year-olds cannot vote or play the lottery; they need permission to join the military or pierce their ears; they are unable to obtain a full driver’s license or credit card. Abusing a 17-year-old is child abuse; failing to provide adequate food to a 17-year-old is child neglect; teachers and other professionals who work with 17-year- olds must report such incidents or face criminal charges themselves. When 17-year-olds damage someone’s property, their parents can be sued. A 17-year-old arrested for shoplifting an iPod Touch is subject to the juvenile justice system. In all of these respects, the law treats 17-year-olds as it does 16-year-olds: as minors.
Is Illinois a reasonable compromise?
Illinois’ seemingly reasonable compromise did not, in the end, draw a wise, safe, or clear distinction between minor and serious offenses. In fact, years after the change, jurisdictional questions still regularly arise when 17-year-olds are arrested; some are being unnecessarily housed in adult jails and others are receiving adult convictions for misdemeanor offenses; decisions with lifelong collateral consequences for youth are being made without judicial oversight or a clear, uniform statewide process.
What is the law on expungement of juvenile court records?
(1) Expungement of law enforcement and juvenile court delinquency records shall be governed by Part 9 of Article V of this Act. (2) This subsection (2) applies to expungement of law enforcement and juvenile court records other than delinquency proceedings.
When does a minor appear in court?
minor appears at the first or any subsequent hearing of the case;
What is the 120 day period for a hearing?
The 120 day period in which an adjudicatory hearing shall be held is tolled by: (A) delay occasioned by the minor; (B) a continuance allowed pursuant to Section 114-4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 after a court's determination of the minor's physical incapacity for trial; or (C) an interlocutory appeal.
What is the purpose of probation officer?
When a minor is delivered to the court, or to the place designated by the court under Section 4-6 of this Act, a probation officer or such other public officer designated by the court shall immediately investigate the circumstances of the minor and the facts surrounding his or her being taken into custody.
What is the definition of a minor?
minor commits or allows to be committed the offense of involuntary servitude, involuntary sexual servitude of a minor, or trafficking in persons as defined in Section 10-9 of the Criminal Code of 1961 or the Criminal Code of 2012, upon such minor, constitutes prima facie evidence of abuse and neglect.
How long does it take to investigate a child abuse report?
The Child Protective Service Unit of the Department of Children and Family Services shall begin an investigation of the report within 24 hours after receiving the report and shall determine whether to file a petition alleging that the minor is neglected or abused as described in Section 2-3 of this Act.
Can a minor be in jail?
Except for minors accused of violation of an order of the court, any minor accused of any act under federal or State law, or a municipal ordinance that would not be illegal if committed by an adult, cannot be placed in a jail, municipal lockup, detention center or secure correctional facility.
Who is considered a juvenile in the criminal legal system?
Someone is a juvenile if they violated or attempted to violate any law before they turned 18 years old. In most cases when a juvenile is charged with a crime, their trial will take place in the juvenile court system.
What happens to a juvenile once they are charged?
Once a juvenile is charged, two things can happen. The juvenile can be released to their parent or legal guardian. Or, they can be held in a secure facility to wait for the outcome of their court case.
How long can a juvenile be held?
The juvenile's age determines how long police can hold them under arrest. If the juvenile is under 12 years old, police can only hold them for 6 hours. If the juvenile is between 12-16 years old, they can be held for: 1 12 hours for a non-violent crime, or 2 Up to 24 hours for a violent crime.
Can juvenile detention facilities see records?
Juvenile detention facilities can sometimes see records. This happens when the juvenile was first in custody of the Department of Juvenile Justice and is then held in a county juvenile detention facility.
Can a juvenile be released from a detention center?
The juvenile can be released to their parent or legal guardian. Alternatively, they can be held in a secure facility to wait for the outcome of their court case. Illinois law states that there must be a "sight and sound barrier" between juveniles and adults in a detention center.
Do juveniles have to be in jail in Illinois?
Some counties in Illinois have a separate juvenile detention center for children 17 years and younger. In other counties, juveniles are held at the county jail. Facilities that provide long-term care for juveniles must comply with additional requirements.
Do juveniles have special rights?
Juveniles have special rights when they are being questioned in custody. An officer cannot use deceptive practices to get a juvenile to confess to certain illegal activities. An officer uses deceptive practices when they:
When was the first juvenile court established?
JUVENILE COURTS. The first specialized juvenile court in the United States was created on 1 July 1899 under an Illinois legislative act establishing the juvenile court division of the circuit court for Cook County. The civic leaders who propelled this reform sought to separate children and youth from the ugly conditions in prisons and to improve their opportunities for constructive citizenship. Conceptual forerunners of the juvenile court were the equity jurisdiction of the English Court of Chancery, common-law traditions limiting or prohibiting the criminal liability of juveniles below certain ages, and the doctrine of the inherent power of a state to protect the welfare of children. Influenced by these precedents, various American institutions in the nineteenth century developed privately operated houses of refuge, where juveniles toiled long hours in manufacturing tasks within an overall repressive environment, first in New York and then in other eastern cities in the 1820s and 1830s; developed probation, first in Massachusetts in 1868; and began holding separate hearings for juveniles accused of criminal violations, first in Massachusetts in 1879.
When did Colorado start a juvenile court?
Colorado passed a similar statute in 1903, formalizing and extending a Denver juvenile court that, under Judge Ben Lindsey, had been hearing juvenile cases separately prior to 1899, under a preexisting juvenile disorderly persons act. Specialized juvenile courts were quickly created in the larger cities of the East and Midwest, and by 1925 a juvenile court in some form existed in all but two states.
What did juvenile courts do in the 1970s?
In the 1970s juvenile courts in all states had jurisdiction over dependent and neglected children as well as juvenile law violators (delinquents) and youths who commit noncriminal offenses (status offenders). Nearly a quarter of those courts also had jurisdiction over the voluntary relinquishment of children and their adoption and over the determination of paternity and support proceedings. The 1970s saw increased popularity of community-based programs and deinstitutionalization for juveniles in the justice system, and the passage of the 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act required states to keep juvenile offenders separate from adult offenders and to follow several other custody requirements in order to qualify for grants.
How did the 1990s change the juvenile justice system?
The 1990s brought further changes. Forty-five states made it easier to transfer juvenile offenders from the juvenile to the criminal justice system. Thirty-one states expanded the sentencing options in both juvenile and criminal court. Forty-seven states removed or modified the juvenile courts' confidentiality provisions, making proceedings and records less private. In twenty-two states laws increased the role for victims of juvenile crime in the juvenile justice system, and, finally, correctional administrators in both juvenile and adult facilities developed new correctional programs. Recently, states have also added language to their juvenile codes. The language addresses holding juveniles accountable for their criminal behavior, providing effective deterrents, protecting the public from criminal activity, balancing attention to offenders, victims, and the community, and imposing punishment suitable to the crime. Seventeen states increased the age to which juvenile courts had jurisdiction over juvenile offenders, but no states mandate a minimum age limit for transfering juveniles to criminal court. Twenty states incorporate "blended sentencing," which allows courts to combine juvenile and adult correctional sanctions on juvenile offenders. During the last few decades, states have shifted the purpose of juvenile courts from rehabilitation toward "punishment, accountability and public safety" and from considering an offender's individual situation toward basing the punishment on the offense.
What did the Supreme Court rulings in the juvenile court do?
These Supreme Court rulings stimulated an ongoing legal challenge of juvenile court practices and procedures and signaled the beginning of a conspicuous role for lawyers in juvenile courts. Lawyers began to replace judges and probation officers as children's advocates. Benevolent intentions and broad juvenile court jurisdiction still applied, however. Noncriminal juvenile offenses—running away, habitual truancy, and incorrigibility—remained subject to sanction in all the states.
What is the maximum age for juvenile court?
Although the customary maximum age limit for juvenile court jurisdiction is eighteen, public concerns regarding the extent and seriousness of juvenile law violations stimulated efforts in the 1970s to lower the age, to make more serious offenses subject exclusively to criminal rather than juvenile court sanctions, and to encourage the application of the juvenile code provision of many states for the discretionary transfer of juveniles from juvenile to criminal court jurisdiction. An opposition movement sought to narrow juvenile court jurisdiction by transferring primary responsibility for minor offenses to social service agencies and by extending the array of available community service alternatives for juvenile rehabilitation to avoid the necessity for state institutional commitment.
What was the impact of the Supreme Court in the 1980s?
The Supreme Court also had a significant effect on juvenile justice in the 1980s. Eddings v. Oklahoma (1982) called for considering a defendant's age in deciding whether to apply the death penalty and Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988) and Stanford v. Kentucky (1989) set the minimum age for the death penalty at sixteen.