Is decane flammable?
Decane. These isomers are flammable liquids. Decane is a component of gasoline (petrol) and kerosene. Like other alkanes, it is a nonpolar solvent, does not dissolve in water, and is readily combustible. Although it is a component of fuels, it is of little importance as a chemical feedstock, unlike a handful of other alkanes.
What is decane?
Decane is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C 10H 22. Although 75 structural isomers are possible for decane, the term usually refers to the normal-decane ("n-decane"), with the formula CH 3(CH 2) 8CH 3. All isomers, however, exhibit similar properties and little attention is paid to the composition.
Is decane a nonpolar solvent?
Decane is a component of gasoline (petrol) and kerosene. Like other alkanes, it is a nonpolar solvent, does not dissolve in water, and is readily combustible. Although it is a component of fuels, it is of little importance as a chemical feedstock, unlike a handful of other alkanes.
What is the role of decane in combustion?
Although it is a component of fuels, it is of little importance as a chemical feedstock, unlike a handful of other alkanes. Decane undergoes combustion, just like other alkanes. In the presence of sufficient oxygen, it burns to form water and carbon dioxide . With insufficient oxygen, carbon monoxide is also formed.
Is decane a VOC?
Air Pollution: Decane is an air pollutant and a component of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (EPA, 2001).
What are the properties of decane?
Decane is a colourless liquid with a strong odour. This organic molecule is a major component of diesel fuel and is also used in paint manufacturing as a hydrocarbon solvent....Properties.Chemical formulaC10H22Molar mass142.3 grams/moleEnergy density44.2 MJ/kgMelting Point-30oCBoiling Point174oC
Is decane flammable?
These isomers are flammable liquids. Decane is present in small quantities (less than 1%) in gasoline (petrol) and kerosene. Like other alkanes, it is a nonpolar solvent, and does not dissolve in water, and is readily combustible.
Is decane water soluble?
Decane has a molecular weight of 142.28 g mol−1. At 20 °C, n-decane has solubility in water of 0.009 mg l−1, a vapor pressure of 2.7 mm Hg, and a Henry's law constant of 5.15 atm-m3 mol−1.
Does decane float on water?
These water droplets could float on the oil, depending on how large they were and the type of oil that was used. Commercial vegetable oil has enough surface tension to support the droplets; in contrast, pure mineral oils such as hexane, octane and decane do not.
Is decane a solid liquid or gas?
N-decane appears as a colorless liquid. Flash point 115°F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water.
Is decane a gas at room temperature?
As the name implies hydrocarbons consist of only hydrogen and carbon atoms....Hydrocarbons (Alkanes)Formula (state at room temperature)NameC7H16 (liquid)heptanehept = 7C8H18 (liquid)octaneoct = 8C9H20 (liquid)nonanenon = 9C10H22 (liquid)decanedec = 107 more rows
Why is decane a liquid at room temperature?
We can see that decane has a significantly higher melting and boiling point than methane. Because the melting point is below room temperature and the boiling point is above room temperature, decane is a liquid at room temperature.
Which liquid is denser decane or water?
Which liquid is denser, decane or water? Why? Water is denser. The density of decane is 726.3kg/cubic m while the density of water is 1000kg/cubic m.
Is decane an alkane?
Decane, also known as n-Decane or CH3-[CH2]8-CH3, is a straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and consist entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms.
What is soluble in decane?
Solubility. Miscible with ethanol, halocarbons, hydrocarbons. Slightly soluble in CCl4. Solubility in salt water. 8.7·10-6 g/100 ml (20 °C)
Does dodecane burn ignited?
When heated sufficiently or when ignited in the presence of air, oxygen or strong oxidizing agents, they burn exothermically to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Is decane a solid at room temperature?
However, the simplest type are called "alkanes". Alkanes have the formula CnH2n+2, where n = 1,2,3 etc.....Hydrocarbons (Alkanes)Formula (state at room temperature)NameC9H20 (liquid)nonanenon = 9C10H22 (liquid)decanedec = 10C18H38 (solid)octadecaneoctadec = 188 more rows
What is the structure of decane?
C₁₀H₂₂Decane / Formula
Which liquid is denser decane or water?
Which liquid is denser, decane or water? Why? Water is denser. The density of decane is 726.3kg/cubic m while the density of water is 1000kg/cubic m.
Why is decane a liquid at room temperature?
We can see that decane has a significantly higher melting and boiling point than methane. Because the melting point is below room temperature and the boiling point is above room temperature, decane is a liquid at room temperature.
How long does n-decane last in water?
According to output using US Environmental Protection Agency’s (US EPA) EPI Suite computer program, n -decane would have a relatively short half-life in a river or open water body. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.2 h and 113 days, respectively; however, volatilization from water surfaces might be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids in the water column. Seawater from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, was spiked with n - (1-14C)decane. Mass balance was calculated after a 2.5-week experiment and showed that 71–82% of the radiolabeled n -decane had been mineralized to 14 CO 2. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur since n -decane lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions.
Where is azabicyclodecane found?
The azabicyclodecane 275A and congeners were discovered in skin extracts of Dendrobates lehmanni, a montane species of dendrobatid frog found initially near Cali, Colombia. As yet, it has only been detected in widely separated populations of D. lehmanni and as a trace alkaloid in one population each of Panamanian D. auratus, D. speciosus and D. pumilio and one population each of Costa Rican D. granuliferus and D. pumilio [1 and unpublished results]. Such disubstituted azabicyclodecanes are unknown elsewhere in Nature.
How is the bicyclodecane skeleton assembled?
Shea's group recognized that the bicyclo [4.3.1]decane skeleton can be assembled in a convergent manner through a type 2 intramolecular Diels‒Alder (IMDA) cyclization on a substrate in which the diene and dienophile fragments are tethered to the indole moiety (Scheme 2.53 ). 92,93
What is the conformation of a spiro 4.5 decane?
For spiro [4.5]decane, the conformation of the five-membered ring can in principle be in either the envelope or the half-chair conformation, whilst the six-membered ring would be in the chair conformation. Again, the conformational flexibility of such a spiro system is mainly determined by the six-membered ring. Owing to symmetry, the two low energy conformations of spiro [4.5]decane (15a) are equivalent in energy ( Table 1 ). However, the equilibrium between axial and equatorial conformers can be perturbed by changing the nature of X. In 1-oxaspiro [4.5]decane ( 15b ), the oxygen prefers to be in the axial position as shown both experimentally 57 and theoretically. 58 In keto compound 15c, the carbonyl slightly prefers to be in the equatorial position. In amine 15d, there is little preference for axial versus equatorial; however, the protonated form 15e shows a slight preference to adopt the axial position.
Does decane volatilize?
Based on n -decane’s vapor pressure, it may volatilize from dry soil surfaces. In biodegradation studies in soil, hydrocarbons with molecular weights equivalent to or lower than decane disappeared from the soil in both active and sterile treatments by the first sampling time (5 days), indicating that evaporation was a major removal process. Decane is expected to have low to no mobility in soil based on estimated organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) values in the range of 1700–43 000. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based on a Henry’s law constant of 5.2 atm m 3 mol −1, which is calculated from n -decane’s vapor pressure and water solubility. Adsorption to soil, however, would be expected to attenuate due to volatilization.
Is decane a toxic substance?
Decane is generally considered to be fairly nontoxic, relative to other aliphatic hydrocarbons. This is probably due to the fact that it is less volatile than octane or heptane and may not be as readily transferred across either the pulmonary alveoli or the blood–brain barrier. If it is aspirated into the lungs, however, decane will cause adverse effects similar to those seen with heptane or octane.
Is n-decane a vapor?
If released to air, n -decane will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n -decane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, the half-life for this reaction in air is approximately 11.5 h.
What is n-decane?
n-Decane is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas (1). n-Decane composed 1.8% by volume of a crude oil sample (2). n-Decane was identified in the volcanic gases of the volcanoes of Kunashir Island (3). The compound also occurs naturally in plants such as catmint, safflower and oreganos (4).
Where is n-decane vapor emitted?
The combustion of agricultural plastic film emits n-decane (4). Building materials such as petroleum based solvents such as floor adhesives and waxes, wood stains, polyurethane finish and air fresheners emit n-decane to indoor air (5). Average n-decane emissions from 2 ferry boats in the Skagerak-Kattegatt-Oresund (Denmark) Region were 13 and <0.1 mg/cu nm (6). n-Decane was detected in vapor from the Fresh Kills municipal solid-waste landfill in New York City (7). The n-decane concentration was reported in combination with para-dichlorobenzene as 13.97 ppmv (7). n-Decane was identified in the emissions from carpet cushions made of bonded urethane and prime urethane (8). Vapors from 2 domestic waste disposal sites in Augsburg and Munich, Germany and 2 sewage treatment plants in Munich were sampled and n-decane concentrations were 18.0-25.7 and 21.7-27.9 mg/cu m for the wastes disposal sites and 4.6-5.4 and 3.3-3.5 mg/cu m for the sewage treatment plants (9).
How is decane used in research?
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Decane is a colorless liquid. It is used in organic synthesis, as a solvent, standardized hydrocarbon, and in jet-fuel research. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: In tests with human subjects, solutions as strong as 30% produced no irritation when applied to skin and left for 24 hr. Decane is a simple asphyxiant and causes CNS depression in high concentrations. ANIMAL STUDIES: Rats exposed to decane vapor have been examined for lens opacities, but no cataracts were found. Rats exposed to 0.2 mL of decane by inhalation died within 24 hr by pulmonary edema and hemorrhaging. Decane is highly lipid-soluble and causes pulmonary pneumonitis when aspired into lungs. Animals showed signs of dyspnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis. In rats exposed by inhalation decane caused some limited, but statistically significant neurobehavioral effects at 5 g/cu m, with no effects at 1.5 g/cu m. Exposure of rats to 540 ppm of decane 18 hr/day, 7 days/week for 57 days stimulated weight gains and decreased the total white blood count, but no bone marrow changes or other organ changes were noted. Dermal application of undiluted decane to mice (0.1-0.15 g per mouse, 3 times a week for 50 weeks) caused fibrosis of the dermis, pigmentation, and some ulceration. Some animals also showed kidney effects and lung hemorrhaging. Mice treated with decane developed tumors on the backs, after exposure to ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths longer than 350 nm, generally considered noncarcinogenic. In rats no statistically significant treatment-related effects were observed at any dose level in any of the reproductive or developmental parameters. The following genotoxicity studies were negative: Ames assay - with and without metabolic activation - on Salmonella typhimurium; forward mutation on Chinese hamster (V79) lung cells; chromosomal aberrations cytogenetics assay on Chinese hamster (V79) lung cells; cell transformation and cotransformation with benzo (a)pyrene on Syrian hamster embryo cells; and intercellular communication on Syrian hamster embryo cells.
What is decane in JP-8?
Decane, a 10-carbon n-alkane and one of the highest vapor phase constituents of jet propellent-8 ( JP-8 ), was selected to represent the semivolatile fraction for the initial development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for JP-8. Rats were exposed to decane vapors at time-weighted average concentrations of 1200, 781, or 273 ppm in a 32-L Leach chamber for 4 hr. Time-course samples for 1200 ppm and end-of-exposure samples for 781 and 273 ppm decane exposures were collected from blood, brain, liver, fat, bone marrow, lung, skin, and spleen. The pharmacokinetics of decane could not be described by flow-limited assumptions and measured in vitro tissue/air partition coefficients. A refined PBPK model for decane was then developed using flow-limited (liver and lung) and diffusion-limited (brain, bone marrow, fat, skin, and spleen) equations to describe the uptake and clearance of decane in the blood and tissues. Partition coefficient values for blood/air and tissue/blood were estimated by fitting end-of-exposure pharmacokinetic data and assumed to reflect the available decane for rapid exchange with blood. A portion of decane is speculated to be sequestered in "deep" pools in the body, unavailable for rapid exchange with blood. PBPK model predictions were adequate in describing the tissues and blood kinetics. For model validation, the refined PBPK model for decane had mixed successes at predicting tissue and blood concentrations for lower concentrations of decane vapor, suggesting that further improvements in the model may be necessary to extrapolate to lower concentrations.
How is n-decane released?
n-Decane may be released to the environment via the manufacture, use, and disposal of many products associated with the petroleum, gasoline, and plastics industries. n-Decane is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas. It has been identified in the emissions from volcanoes. The compound also occurs naturally in plants such as catmint, safflower and oreganos. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.43 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-decane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-decane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 35 hours. n-Decane has been detected in rain and snow samples suggesting that n-decane may be removed from the air by wet deposition. n-Decane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, n-decane is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1500. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.15 atm-cu m/mole. n-Decane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation studies in soil have observed volatilization to be a more important removal process than biodegradation. Utilizing the OECD 301F test, 77-85.5% of Theoretical BOD was reached in 28-38 days indicating that n-decane is readily biodegradable and that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, n-decane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Die-away tests using sea- water from the Narragansett Bay and radio-labeled decane showed that 71-82% of the radio-labeled n-decane was mineralized to 14CO2 after 2.5 weeks. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.7 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 40 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to n-decane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-decane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-decane via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing n-decane. (SRC)
How long does it take for a rat to die from decane?
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Rats exposed to 0.2 mL of decane by inhalation died within 24 hr by pulmonary edema and hemorrhaging. Decane is highly lipid-soluble and causes pulmonary pneumonitis when aspired /SRP: into lungs/. Animals showed signs of dyspnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis ...
How many workers are exposed to n-decane?
According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 1 reporting facility estimates the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of n-decane is 500-999 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values (1).
How to perform decane hydroisomerization?
Decane hydroisomerization experiments were performed using a high-throughput reactor with 16 parallel reactor tubes [12]. Samples were impregnated with an aqueous [Pt (NH 3) 4 ]Cl 2 solution to obtain a 0.5 wt.% nobel metal loading and then palletized in size between 125 and 250 µm. 50mg of catalyst was loaded in the reactors and activated in-situ at 400°C for 1h in O 2, N 2 and H 2. A fixed contact time of 1656 kg s/mol was used along with a temperature step of 10°C. The reaction was performed at a total pressure of 0. 45MPa and a hydrogen to hydrocarbon molar ratio of 375.
What is the conformation of a spiro 4.5 decane?
For spiro [4.5]decane, the conformation of the five-membered ring can in principle be in either the envelope or the half-chair conformation, whilst the six-membered ring would be in the chair conformation. Again, the conformational flexibility of such a spiro system is mainly determined by the six-membered ring. Owing to symmetry, the two low energy conformations of spiro [4.5]decane (15a) are equivalent in energy ( Table 1 ). However, the equilibrium between axial and equatorial conformers can be perturbed by changing the nature of X. In 1-oxaspiro [4.5]decane ( 15b ), the oxygen prefers to be in the axial position as shown both experimentally 57 and theoretically. 58 In keto compound 15c, the carbonyl slightly prefers to be in the equatorial position. In amine 15d, there is little preference for axial versus equatorial; however, the protonated form 15e shows a slight preference to adopt the axial position.
What is the effect of hydrocarbons on NO reduction?
Strongly adsorbed hydrocarbons induce an inhibiting effect on NO reduction and on HC oxidation. Their covering of metal surface is high so that the reaction of NO reduction, HC oxidation and NO oxidation are shifted to higher temperatures ( Fig. 4, Table 2 ).
Is decane a toxic substance?
Decane is generally considered to be fairly nontoxic, relative to other aliphatic hydrocarbons. This is probably due to the fact that it is less volatile than octane or heptane and may not be as readily transferred across either the pulmonary alveoli or the blood–brain barrier. If it is aspirated into the lungs, however, decane will cause adverse effects similar to those seen with heptane or octane.
Which is more active, NO reduction or hydrocarbon oxidation?
Hydrocarbon oxidation is more actived than NO reduction. This explains that whatever the reductant, NO reduction rate increases more slowly with temperature than HC oxidation rate.
Does bis-nitrile cyclize?
201 However, more recently it has been found that the bis-nitrile ( 401) does cyclize, as do the homologous complexes ( 403) and (404 ), reflecting the importance of selecting highly acidic active methylene groups for successful reaction. 203
Is decane biodegradable?
Using in vitro and/or microbial systems, decane has been shown to be metabolized to decanol and is thus thought to be readily biodegradable in the natural environment.
Where is azabicyclodecane found?
The azabicyclodecane 275A and congeners were discovered in skin extracts of Dendrobates lehmanni, a montane species of dendrobatid frog found initially near Cali, Colombia. As yet, it has only been detected in widely separated populations of D. lehmanni and as a trace alkaloid in one population each of Panamanian D. auratus, D. speciosus and D. pumilio and one population each of Costa Rican D. granuliferus and D. pumilio [1 and unpublished results]. Such disubstituted azabicyclodecanes are unknown elsewhere in Nature.
What is the conformation of a spiro 4.5 decane?
For spiro [4.5]decane, the conformation of the five-membered ring can in principle be in either the envelope or the half-chair conformation, whilst the six-membered ring would be in the chair conformation. Again, the conformational flexibility of such a spiro system is mainly determined by the six-membered ring. Owing to symmetry, the two low energy conformations of spiro [4.5]decane (15a) are equivalent in energy ( Table 1 ). However, the equilibrium between axial and equatorial conformers can be perturbed by changing the nature of X. In 1-oxaspiro [4.5]decane ( 15b ), the oxygen prefers to be in the axial position as shown both experimentally 57 and theoretically. 58 In keto compound 15c, the carbonyl slightly prefers to be in the equatorial position. In amine 15d, there is little preference for axial versus equatorial; however, the protonated form 15e shows a slight preference to adopt the axial position.
How is the bicyclodecane skeleton assembled?
Shea's group recognized that the bicyclo [4.3.1]decane skeleton can be assembled in a convergent manner through a type 2 intramolecular Diels‒Alder (IMDA) cyclization on a substrate in which the diene and dienophile fragments are tethered to the indole moiety (Scheme 2.53 ). 92,93
Is 275A a non-competitive blocker?
The biological activity of 275A is unknown, but presumably will include activity as a noncompetitive blocker of nicotinic receptor-channels.
Is decane a solvent?
Decane (CAS 124-18-5) is principally derived from crude oil and classified as an aliphatic hydrocarbon. It is used as a solvent in organic syntheses and in the rubber and paper industries. It is a colorless, volatile petroleum distillate that is relatively insoluble in water and is present as a minor component of gasoline.
What are VOC exempt solvents?
VOC exempt solvents are organic compounds that are exempt from restrictions placed on most volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the United States. This class currently includes acetone, dimethyl carbonate, methyl acetate, parachlorobenzotrifluoride (Oxsol 100), tert-Butyl acetate, and propylene carbonate. The definition is often that they do not ...
Is dimethyl carbonate a VOC?
In the US, dimethyl carbonate was exempted under the definition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by the U.S. EPA in 2009. Due to its classification as VOC exempt, dimethyl carbonate has grown in popularity and applications as a replacement for methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and other solvents.