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| Fluorine | |
|---|---|
| Allotropes | alpha, beta (see Allotropes of fluorine) |
| Appearance | gas: very pale yellow liquid: bright yellow solid: alpha is opaque, beta is transparent |
What is fluorine?
Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at standard conditions as a highly toxic, pale yellow diatomic gas. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive, as it reacts with all other elements, except for argon, neon, and helium .
What is allotrope?
The term allotrope refers to one or more forms of a chemical element that occur in the same physical state. The different forms arise from the different ways atoms may be bonded together. The concept of allotropes was proposed by Swedish scientist Jons Jakob Berzelius in 1841. The ability for elements to exist in this way is called allotropism.
Is fluorine stable or unstable?
stable. Category: Fluorine. view. talk. edit. | references. Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at standard conditions as a highly toxic, pale yellow diatomic gas.
What is the atomic number of fluorine?
Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at standard conditions as a highly toxic, pale yellow diatomic gas.
Is fluorine an allotrope of carbon?
As per the given options, we see that fluorine which is the only option which is not an allotrope of carbon rather it is another element present in the periodic table having atomic number nine and considered as a halogen.
What are examples of allotropes?
Allotropes may display very different chemical and physical properties. For example, graphite and diamond are both allotropes of carbon that occur in the solid state. Graphite is soft, while diamond is extremely hard. Allotropes of phosphorus display different colors, such as red, yellow, and white.
What are the 3 allotropes?
Diamond, graphite and fullerenes (substances that include nanotubes and 'buckyballs' , such as buckminsterfullerene) are three allotropes of pure carbon.
What is not an allotrope?
The correct option is B. Soot. The explanation for the correct option: Option (b): Soot is a black powder-like substance, which is not an allotrope of carbon.
What are the 4 allotropes of carbon?
Use the accompanying fact sheet and differentiated flash card activity to explore the different properties and uses of four allotropes of carbon – diamond, graphite, graphene and buckminsterfullerene.
Which element does not have an allotrope?
The element that does NOT exhibit allotropy is bismuth.
Which element has allotropes from 4 atoms?
Phosphorus has a few allotropes as well, one of the most famous (or infamous) being White Phosphorus P4 containing 4 phosphorus atoms bonded in a tetrahedral structure.
What allotropes are carbon?
When an element exists in more than one crystalline form, those forms are called allotropes; the two most common allotropes of carbon are diamond and graphite.
What is carbon and its allotropes?
What are Allotropes of Carbon? Carbon with atomic number 6 and represented by the symbol 'C' in the periodic table is one of the most influential elements we see around us. Carbon is one of the elements which shows allotropy. The allotropes of carbon can be either amorphous or crystalline (Diamond, Graphite).
Which material is not an allotrope of carbon?
Therefore, to answer the question, granite is not an allotrope of carbon.
Which of the following substances is not an allotrope of carbon?
Fullerene consists of a Buckyballs form. As carbon dioxide is not in the elemental state of carbon, it cannot form the allotrope of carbon. So, the correct answer is Option D . hybridization.
Is Glass an allotrope of carbon?
Carbon allotropes include diamond, lonsdaleite, buckminsterfullerenes, graphene, carbyne [5–11], graphite, carbon nanofoams, diamond-like carbon, amorphous carbon and those carbons derived from the pyrolysis of organic materials, better known as glass-like carbons.
How many allotropes are there?
Around 500 hypothetical 3‑periodic allotropes of carbon are known at the present time, according to the Samara Carbon Allotrope Database (SACADA).
Is water an allotrope?
We have been asked, if water is an allotrope or not. Since water is a compound containing two hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom, therefore it is a chemical compound. Allotropes cannot exist in any compound form, rather they are elemental forms. So, water cannot be termed as an allotrope.
Is oxygen an allotrope?
There are several known allotropes of oxygen. The most familiar is molecular oxygen (O2), present at significant levels in Earth's atmosphere and also known as dioxygen or triplet oxygen. Another is the highly reactive ozone (O3).
Is diamond an allotrope?
When an element exists in more than one crystalline form, those forms are called allotropes; the two most common allotropes of carbon are diamond and graphite.
Which mineral is the most fluorine?
Fluorapatite (Ca 5 (PO 4) 3 F), which contains most of the world's fluoride, is an inadvertent source of fluoride as a byproduct of fertilizer production. Cryolite ( Na. 3AlF. 6 ), used in the production of aluminium, is the most fluorine-rich mineral.
How many electrons does fluorine have?
Electron configuration. Fluorine atoms have nine electrons, one fewer than neon, and electron configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5: two electrons in a filled inner shell and seven in an outer shell requiring one more to be filled.
What is the most important source of fluorine?
Most fluorine exists as fluoride-containing minerals. Fluorite, fluorapatite and cryolite are the most industrially significant. Fluorite, also known as fluorspar, ( CaF. 2 ), abundant worldwide, is the main source of fluoride, and hence fluorine. China and Mexico are the major suppliers.
How is fluorine produced?
Elemental fluorine and virtually all fluorine compounds are produced from hydrogen fluoride or its aqueous solutions, hydrofluoric acid. Hydrogen fluoride is produced in kilns by the endothermic reaction of fluorite (CaF 2) with sulfuric acid:
What gases do noble metals require?
Alkali metals cause explosions and alkaline earth metals display vigorous activity in bulk; to prevent passivation from the formation of metal fluoride layers, most other metals such as aluminium and iron must be powdered, and noble metals require pure fluorine gas at 300–450 °C (575–850 °F).
How do hydrogen and fluorine form?
Hydrogen and fluorine combine to yield hydrogen fluoride, in which discrete molecules form clusters by hydrogen bonding, resembling water more than hydrogen chloride. It boils at a much higher temperature than heavier hydrogen halides and unlike them is miscible with water. Hydrogen fluoride readily hydrates on contact with water to form aqueous hydrogen fluoride, also known as hydrofluoric acid. Unlike the other hydrohalic acids, which are strong, hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid at low concentrations. However, it can attack glass, something the other acids cannot do.
What are the uses of carbon-fluorine bonds?
Molecules containing a carbon–fluorine bond often have very high chemical and thermal stability; their major uses are as refrigerants, electrical insulation and cookware, the last as PTFE (Teflon). Pharmaceuticals such as atorvastatin and fluoxetine contain C−F bonds.
What is an allotrope?
Updated August 11, 2019. The term allotrope refers to one or more forms of a chemical element that occur in the same physical state. The different forms arise from the different ways atoms may be bonded together. The concept of allotropes was proposed by Swedish scientist Jons Jakob Berzelius in 1841.
What is the term for the phenomenon in which compounds display different crystalline forms?
The phenomenon in which compounds display different crystalline forms is called polymorphism.
Is ozone an allotrope of oxygen?
O 2 and ozone, O 3, are allotropes of oxygen. These allotropes persist in different phases, including the gas, liquid, and solid states. Phosphorus has several solid allotropes. Unlike the oxygen allotropes, all phosphorus allotropes form the same liquid state.
Which allotrope of oxygen exists in the atmosphere?
Let's now look at another allotrope of oxygen that exists in the atmosphere, which is ozone.
Why is the Lewis structure of ozone important?
Lewis structure of ozone. The absorption of ultraviolet light causes this atmospheric layer to have a high temperature, which is a factor in Earth's overall temperature. The ozone layer is also beneficial in that it shields us from the harmful effects of excessive ultraviolet light.
How is ozone created?
It is created when ultraviolet light breaks apart dioxygen molecules and the oxygen atoms bond with other dioxygen molecules. Ozone has one double bond and one single bond. Ground level ozone is generated in the troposphere from the reaction of ultraviolet light with VOCs, which are byproducts of burning fossil fuels.
How are VOCs produced?
VOCs are produced by burning fossil fuels and include various nitrogen oxides. It is common during the summer months when sunlight strikes Earth more directly. This especially occurs near roads where plenty of VOCs are emitted by cars. We have one more allotrope of oxygen to discuss, which is tetraoxygen.
What is the name of the gas that makes up 20% of the atmosphere?
Dioxygen (O 2) is a clear gas that comprises just over 20% of Earth's atmosphere. It consists of a double bond between the two oxygen atoms.
Where does ozone come from?
It is generated by the reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with sunlight.
Is oxygen a singular atom?
Oxygen is a very reactive element and it doesn't exist in singular atom form. Oxygen will bond to almost any other element, and if there aren't any other elements around, it will bond to another oxygen atom. This gives us the allotrope of oxygen we breathe, which is O 2.
Overview
Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at standard conditions as a highly toxic, pale yellow diatomic gas. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive, as it reacts with all other elements except for argon, neon, and helium.
Among the elements, fluorine ranks 24th in universal abundance and 13th in te…
Characteristics
Fluorine atoms have nine electrons, one fewer than neon, and electron configuration 1s 2s 2p : two electrons in a filled inner shell and seven in an outer shell requiring one more to be filled. The outer electrons are ineffective at nuclear shielding, and experience a high effective nuclear charge of 9 − 2 = 7; this affects the atom's physical properties.
Occurrence
Among the lighter elements, fluorine's abundance value of 400 ppb (parts per billion) – 24th among elements in the universe – is exceptionally low: other elements from carbon to magnesium are twenty or more times as common. This is because stellar nucleosynthesis processes bypass fluorine, and any fluorine atoms otherwise created have high nuclear cross sections, allowing collisions …
History
In 1529, Georgius Agricola described fluorite as an additive used to lower the melting point of metals during smelting. He penned the Latin word fluorēs (fluor, flow) for fluorite rocks. The name later evolved into fluorspar (still commonly used) and then fluorite. The composition of fluorite was later determined to be calcium difluoride.
Compounds
Fluorine has a rich chemistry, encompassing organic and inorganic domains. It combines with metals, nonmetals, metalloids, and most noble gases, and almost exclusively assumes an oxidation state of −1. Fluorine's high electron affinity results in a preference for ionic bonding; when it forms covalent bonds, these are polar, and almost always single.
Production
Elemental fluorine and virtually all fluorine compounds are produced from hydrogen fluoride or its aqueous solutions, hydrofluoric acid. Hydrogen fluoride is produced in kilns by the endothermic reaction of fluorite (CaF2) with sulfuric acid:
CaF2 + H2SO4 → 2 HF(g) + CaSO4
The gaseous HF can then be absorbed in water or liquefied.
Industrial applications
Fluorite mining, which supplies most global fluorine, peaked in 1989 when 5.6 million metric tons of ore were extracted. Chlorofluorocarbon restrictions lowered this to 3.6 million tons in 1994; production has since been increasing. Around 4.5 million tons of ore and revenue of US$550 million were generated in 2003; later reports estimated 2011 global fluorochemical sales at $15 billion and pred…
Medicinal applications
Population studies from the mid-20th century onwards show topical fluoride reduces dental caries. This was first attributed to the conversion of tooth enamel hydroxyapatite into the more durable fluorapatite, but studies on pre-fluoridated teeth refuted this hypothesis, and current theories involve fluoride aiding enamel growth in small caries. After studies of children in areas where fluoride was nat…