Which bacteria is indole positive?
Indole-Positive Bacteria Bacteria that test positive for cleaving indole from tryptophan include: Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas punctata, Bacillus alvei, Edwardsiella sp., Escherichia coli, Flavobacterium sp., Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus sp.
Does linezolid affect Klebsiella?
Linezolid is less active against Gram-negative than against Gram-positive aerobic bacteria. The drug lacks significant in vitro effects against most Gram-negative ... Klebsiella pneumoniae and ...
Is morazella catarrhalis indole negative?
Moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative diplococci, which is oxidase-positive and catalase-positive. It can lead to otitis media in children, along with sinusitis. It is the second most common bacterial cause of COPD exacerbation in adults, and can lead to bronchitis. This bacterium is also responsible for laryngitis in patients.
Is Micrococcus luteus indole positive?
They are catalase positive, oxidase positive, indole negative and citrate negative. Also, what diseases does Micrococcus luteus cause? luteus. Micrococci have occasionally been reported as the cause of pneumonia, meningitis associated with ventricular shunts, septic arthritis, bacteremia, peritonitis, endophthalmitis, CR-BSI and endocarditis.
Is Klebsiella an indole?
Klebsiella oxytoca is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is closely related to K. pneumoniae, from which it is distinguished by being indole-positive; it also has slightly different growth characteristics in that it is able to grow on melezitose, but not 3-hydroxybutyrate.
Is K. pneumoniae indole test?
Klebsiella pneumonia produces large dome shape, mucoid colony on BHI agar and Lactose fermenting pink colony on Mac conkey agar. It conform by biochemical test like indole negative, MR negative, VP positive, Citrate positive, Oxidase negative and catalase positive.
Which Klebsiella is indole negative?
Klebsiella pneumoniae1) Klebsiella species: Klebsiella oxytoca is indole positive whereas Klebsiella pneumoniae is indole negative.
Is Klebsiella pneumoniae citrate positive or negative?
Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis are examples of citrate positive organisms. Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae are citrate negative.
Which bacteria is indole positive?
Indole-Positive Bacteria Bacteria that test positive for cleaving indole from tryptophan include: Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas punctata, Bacillus alvei, Edwardsiella sp., Escherichia coli, Flavobacterium sp., Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus sp.
How do you test for Klebsiella pneumoniae?
Klebsiella infections are typically diagnosed with a lab test that examines a sample of the infected tissue, such as blood, urine, or sputum (a mixture of saliva and mucus). Imaging tests, such as ultrasounds, X-rays, and CT scans, may also help your doctor with the diagnosis.
What is the characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae?
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, lactose-fermenting, non-motile, aerobic rod-shaped bacterium. It has been a known human pathogen since it was first isolated in the late nineteenth century by Edwin Klebs. The microbiology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of infections due to K.
Is Klebsiella pneumoniae urease positive?
Klebsiella spp. are non-motile, ornithine decarboxylase, gelatinase and indole negative. They are capsulate, ferment glucose, lactose and inositol, and are citrate, urease, and Vokes-Proskaüer positive.
Does Klebsiella pneumoniae grow on MacConkey Agar?
⇒ Special requirements – Klebsiella pneumoniae has no complex nutritional requirements and readily grows in ordinary media like Nutrient Agar medium (NAM). Commonly the NAM & MacConkey Agar medium is used for the cultivation of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Laboratory.
Does Klebsiella use citrate?
Klebsiella pneumoniae has been known to be able to grow anaerobically with citrate as the sole carbon source.
Which bacteria is citrate positive?
Bacteria citrate positive A positive reaction is indicated by growth with an intense blue color in the slant : Klebsiella, Enterobacter , Citrobacter, Providencia, Proteus, Serratia, vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas, Salmonella enteritidis and members of the subgenera Salmonella II, III and IV.
Which stain would you use to identify Klebsiella pneumoniae?
Identification of K. pneumoniae from urine and wound swab samples in Khartoum hospitals is based on culture, colony morphology and Gram stain results. Blood and MacConkey agar is used for wound swab cultures, and blood and MacConkey agar or only CLED agar are used for urine samples.
What are the biochemical test for Klebsiella?
Biochemical Test and Identification of Klebsiella pneumoniaeCharacteristicsKlebsiella pneumoniaeH2S-veIndole-veMotility-veMR (Methyl Red)-ve55 more rows•Aug 10, 2022
Which stain would you use to identify Klebsiella pneumoniae?
Identification of K. pneumoniae from urine and wound swab samples in Khartoum hospitals is based on culture, colony morphology and Gram stain results. Blood and MacConkey agar is used for wound swab cultures, and blood and MacConkey agar or only CLED agar are used for urine samples.
Is E coli indole positive or negative?
indole positiveIndole production is often used to differentiate E. coli from other indole-negative enteric bacteria because 96% of E coli are indole positive, whereas many enterobacterial species are negative in the indole reaction.
Does Klebsiella pneumoniae grow on MacConkey Agar?
⇒ Special requirements – Klebsiella pneumoniae has no complex nutritional requirements and readily grows in ordinary media like Nutrient Agar medium (NAM). Commonly the NAM & MacConkey Agar medium is used for the cultivation of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Laboratory.
What is the prognosis for Klebsiella pneumonia?
Klebsiella pneumonia usually signals a grim prognosis. Even with optimal therapy, this infection of the lung carries a mortality of 30 to 50%. The prognosis is usually worse in diabetics, the elderly, and those who are immunocompromised. Even those who survive often have residual impaired lung function, and recovery can take months. [13][14] [Level 5]
Who first described Klebsiella pneumoniae?
Introduction. In 1882, Carl Friedlander described Klebsiella pneumoniae for the first time. He described it as an encapsulated bacillus after isolating the bacterium from the lungs of those who had died from pneumonia. Originally named Friedlander's bacillus, it was not until 1886 when the bacterium garnered the name Klebsiella.
What is the bacterium that is encapsulated in the lungs?
In 1882, Carl Friedlander first described Klebsiella pneumoniae as an encapsulated bacillus after isolating the bacterium from the lungs of those who had died from pneumonia. Originally named Friedlander's bacillus, it was not until 1886 when the bacterium garnered the name Klebsiella. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, encapsulated, non-motile bacterium found in the environment and has been associated with pneumonia in patient populations with alcohol use disorder or diabetes mellitus. The bacterium typically colonizes human mucosal surfaces of the oropharynx and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Once the bacterium enters the body, it can display high degrees of virulence and antibiotic resistance. Today, K. pneumoniae pneumonia is considered the most common cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the United States, and the organism accounts for 3% to 8% of all nosocomial bacterial infections. This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of patients with Klebsiella pneumonia and the interprofessional team's role in managing patients with this condition.
What antibiotics are used for K pneumoniae?
Once infection with K. pneumoniaeis either suspected or confirmed, antibiotic treatment should be tailored to local antibiotic sensitivities. Current regimens for community-acquiredK. pneumoniaepneumonia include a 14-day treatment with either a third or fourth-generation cephalosporin as monotherapy or a respiratory quinolone as monotherapy or either of the previous regimes in conjunction with an aminoglycoside. If the patient is penicillin-allergic, then a course of aztreonam or a respiratory quinolone should be undertaken. For nosocomial infections, a carbapenem can be used as monotherapy until sensitivities are reported. [9][10][11]
What is the most common cause of hospital acquired pneumonia?
Once the bacterium enters the body, it can display high degrees of virulence and antibiotic resistance. Today, K. pneumoniaepneumonia is considered the most common cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the United States, and the organism accounts for 3% to 8% of all nosocomial bacterial infections. [1][2] Etiology.
What is the name of the bacteria that died from pneumonia?
He described it as an encapsulated bacillus after isolating the bacterium from the lungs of those who had died from pneumonia. Originally named Friedlander's bacillus, it was not until 1886 when the bacterium garnered the name Klebsiella.
How many infections were caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in 2013?
However, of the 9000 infections reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in 2013, approximately 80% were due to K. pneumoniae.
What test is used to determine if a person has Klebsiella pneumonia?
In terms of the diagnosis of Klebsiella pneumonia the following can be done to determine if the individual has this infection, including susceptibility testing for (ESBL) Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase, as well as:
How to prevent Klebsiella infection?
To prevent spreading Klebsiella infections between patients, healthcare personnel must follow specific infection-control precautions, which may include strict adherence to hand hygiene (preferably using an alcohol based hand rub (60-90%) or soap and water if hands are visibly soiled. Alcohol based hand rubs are effective against these Gram-negative bacilli) and wearing gowns and gloves when they enter rooms where patients with Klebsiella –related illnesses are housed. Healthcare facilities also must follow strict cleaning procedures to prevent the spread of Klebsiella.
Why is the CDC recommending the detection of carbapenem resistance or carbapenemase production only?
In the United States, the reasons the CDC is recommending the detection of carbapenem resistance or carbapenemase production only for Klebsiella spp. and E. coli are: this facilitates performing the test in the microbiology laboratory without the use of molecular methods, and these organisms represent the majority of CREs encountered in the United States. Effective sterilization and decontamination procedures are important to keep the infection rate of this antibiotic-resistant strain, CRKP, as low as possible.
What is the role of LBP in Klebsiella pneumonia?
pneumoniae. Oxidative inactivation of elastase is involved, while LBP helps transfer bacteria cell wall elements to the cells.
What is the most common infection caused by Klebsiella bacteria outside the hospital?
Klebsiella pneumonia. The most common condition caused by Klebsiella bacteria outside the hospital is pneumonia, typically in the form of bronchopneumonia and also bronchitis. These patients have an increased tendency to develop lung abscess, cavitation, empyema, and pleural adhesions.
How does K pneumoniae enter the body?
To get a K. pneumoniae infection, a person must be exposed to the bacteria. In other words, K. pneumoniae must enter the respiratory tract to cause pneumoniae, or the blood to cause a bloodstream infection. In healthcare settings, K. pneumoniae bacteria can be spread through person-to-person contact (for example, contaminated hands of healthcare personnel, or other people via patient to patient) or, less commonly, by contamination of the environment; the role of transmission directly from the environment to patients is controversial and requires further investigation. However, the bacteria are not spread through the air. Patients in healthcare settings also may be exposed to K. pneumoniae when they are on ventilators, or have intravenous catheters or wounds. These medical tools and conditions may allow K. pneumoniae to enter the body and cause infection.
How to kill K pneumoniae?
Multiple drug-resistant K. pneumoniae strains have been killed in vivo by intraperitoneal, intravenous, or intranasal administration of phages in laboratory tests . Resistance to phages is not likely to be as troublesome as to antibiotics as new infectious phages are likely to be available in environmental reservoirs. Phage therapy can be used in conjunction with antibiotics, to supplement their activity instead of replacing it altogether.
What is the name of the species of K. pneumoniae?from sciencedirect.com
The name K. pneumoniae is now used for the species as a whole, and the former K. aerogenes is referred to as K. pneumoniae subspecies aerogenes. The atypical respiratory strains are included in the subspecies ozaenae, pneumoniae and rhinoscleromatis ( Table 27.1 ).
When Klebsiella aerogenes was grown on a mixture of glucose and maltose,?from sciencedirect.com
Harte and Webb (1967) demonstrated that when Klebsiella aerogenes was grown on a mixture of glucose and maltose only the glucose was utilized in the first stage and maltose in the second.
What is the most common Enterobacter species?from sciencedirect.com
Many variants or newly discovered Enterobacter species have emerged with the advent of studies of DNA-relatedness in the 1970s. E. aerogenes and E. cloacae are by far the most common Enterobacter species encountered in clinical infections, food or the environment.
What is the name of the bacterium that is a type of Enterobacter?from sciencedirect.com
Enterobacter aerogenes represents the type species of Enterobacter. The currently used genus name, Enterobacter, was proposed in 1960 and accepted in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology in 1974. E. aerogenes and E. cloacae were the only species recognized.
What is the name of the bacterium that is found in human faeces?from sciencedirect.com
Classification. The name Klebsiella aerogenes was originally used for the non-motile, capsulate, gas-producing strains commonly found in human faeces and in water; certain biochemically atypical Klebsiella strains isolated from the respiratory tract of man and animals were designated K. pneumoniae.
What is the name of the Enterobacter aerogenes?from sciencedirect.com
Enterobacter aerogenes represents the type species of Enterobacter. The currently used genus name, Enterobacter, was proposed in 1960 and accepted in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology in 1974. E. aerogenes and E. cloacae were the only species recognized. Many variants or newly discovered Enterobacter species have emerged with the advent of studies of DNA-relatedness in the 1970s. E. aerogenes and E. cloacae are by far the most common Enterobacter species encountered in clinical infections, food or the environment. Pantoea agglomerans, previously Enterobacter agglomerans, is frequently isolated from fresh fruits and vegetables and will be covered in the Pantoea chapter of this work. Enterobacter sakazakii has been found to contaminate infant formula and cause neonatal meningitis. E. cancerogenus has been placed in synonymy with E. taylorae, formerly CDC Enteric group 19. E. amnigenus 1 and 2 and E. hormaechei, E. intermedium and E. gergoviae have been only rarely reported as agents of human infection and their occurrence in nature or in foods has not been fully delineated. E. dissolvens and E. nimipressuralis have been shown to be distinct species that are less frequently isolated and their ecologic niche is unknown.
Which clavams are found in different species of Streptomyces?from sciencedirect.com
There are other clavams which have been found in different Streptomyces species ( Table 4 ). Interestingly, in addition to cephamycins, S. clavuligerus was found to have the capability to synthesize several clavams, most notably clavulanic acid ( Table 4 ). 5,6 The clavams valclavam 150,151 and 2-hydroxyethylclavam 152 were isolated from S. antibioticus, which does not produce clavulanic acid. 147 For instance, 2-hydroxymethylclavam, 2-formyloxymethylclavam, and clavam 2-carboxylate 153 have antifungal activities, and alanylclavam has both antifungal and antibacterial properties ( Table 4 ). 154
1. Colony characteristics
Klebsiella pneumoniae produces mucoid, non-hemolytic colonies on blood agar. On MacConkey agar, pink-colored, lactose-fermenting mucoid colonies are produced.
2. Gram staining
The morphology of Klebsiella is short, plump, Gram-negative, capsulated, non-motile rods. They are about 1-2 µm × 0.5-0.8 µm in size. Rods may appear singly, in pairs, or in short chains.
1. Catalase test
Klebsiella gives a positive catalase test. A 50ml beaker containing 10ml of 3% hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )is taken. A positive test is indicated by the rapid evolution of oxygen by bubbling due to the rapid breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water.
2. Oxidase test
Oxidase tests check the ability of the bacteria to produce cytochrome c oxidase enzyme. It plays an important role in the electron transport chain portion of aerobic respiration in bacteria. When a bacterium produces cytochrome c oxidase, it is said to be oxidase positive.
4. Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S production)
This test determines whether the bacterium reduces sulfur-containing compounds to sulfides during the process of metabolism. If sulfide is produced, it will combine with the iron compound to produce a black precipitate of iron sulfide (FeS). Klebsiella gives a negative H 2 S production.
5. Triple Sugar Iron agar (TSI) test
It is a microbiological test done to test a bacterium’s ability to ferment sugar and produce hydrogen. An agar slant is prepared consisting of multiple sugars along with 1% lactose, 1% sucrose, 0.1% glucose, pH-sensitive dye (phenol red), sodium thiosulfate, and ferrous ammonium sulfate and ferrous sulfate.
6. ONPG test
It is significant in grouping the Enterobacteriaceae family members according to their lactose fermenting ability. ONPG test is useful for the rapid identification of cryptic lactose fermenters (late fermenters). Cryptic lactose fermenters lack the permease enzyme but do possess the beta-galactosidase enzyme and thus, give a positive ONPG test.
How to identify a Klebsiella infection?
The only way to identify a Klebsiella infection is to collect and test appropriate specimens in the laboratory. For example, a doctor might collect a urine sample for testing if he or she thinks a person has a urinary tract infection. The laboratory can also test to determine which antibiotic will be the most effective to treat the illness.
How to prevent Klebsiella?
This includes washing hands with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand rub. Health care workers should follow specific infection control precautions. These might include wearing gowns and gloves when entering a room of patients with Klebsiella-related illness.
How is Klebsiella spread?
Klebsiella bacteria are mostly spread through person-to-person contact. Less commonly, they are spread by contamination in the environment. As with other healthcare-associated infections, the bacteria can be spread in a health care setting via the contaminated hands of health care workers. The bacteria are not spread through the air.
Where is Klebsiella found?
Klebsiella is a type of Gram-negative bacteria. Klebsiella bacteria are normally found in the human intestines and in human stool. When these bacteria get into other areas of the body, they can cause infection. These infections could include:
Can you get Klebsiella outside of the hospital?
Klebsiella infections can occur outside of the health care setting, but this is rare in healthy people. In hospitals and other health care locations, certain patients are at higher risk of developing Klebsiella infection. These include patients with devices such as ventilators (breathing machines) or intravenous (IV) catheters and patients who are taking certain antibiotics for a long time.
Can you take antibiotics for Klebsiella?
In such cases, the antibiotic used to treat illness may need to be changed or a patient may need to take antibiotics for a longer period.
Overview
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It appears as a mucoid lactose fermenter on MacConkey agar.
Although found in the normal flora of the mouth, skin, and intestines, it can cause destructive changes to human and animal lungs if aspirated, specificall…
History
The genus Klebsiella was named after the German microbiologist Edwin Klebs (1834–1913). It is also known as Friedlander's bacillum in honor of Carl Friedländer, a German pathologist, who proposed that this bacterium was the etiological factor for the pneumonia seen especially in immunocompromised individuals such as people with chronic diseases or alcoholics.
Community-acquired pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae may be called Friedländer's b…
Epidemiology
Illness most commonly affects middle-aged and older men more often than women with debilitating diseases. This patient population is believed to have impaired respiratory host defenses, including persons with diabetes, alcoholism, malignancy, liver disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, glucocorticoid therapy, kidney failure, and certain occupational exposures (su…
Transmission
To get a K. pneumoniae infection, a person must be exposed to the bacteria. In other words, K. pneumoniae must enter the respiratory tract to cause pneumoniae, or the blood to cause a bloodstream infection. In healthcare settings, K. pneumoniae bacteria can be spread through person-to-person contact (for example, contaminated hands of healthcare personnel, or other people via patient to patient) or, less commonly, by contamination of the environment; the role o…
Resistant strains
Klebsiella organisms are often resistant to multiple antibiotics. Current evidence implicates plasmids as the primary source of the resistance genes. Klebsiella species with the ability to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) are resistant to virtually all beta-lactam antibiotics, except carbapenems. Other frequent resistance targets include aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyc…
Prevent from spreading
To prevent spreading Klebsiella infections between patients, healthcare personnel must follow specific infection-control precautions, which may include strict adherence to hand hygiene (preferably using an alcohol based hand rub (60-90%) or soap and water if hands are visibly soiled. Alcohol based hand rubs are effective against these Gram-negative bacilli) and wearing gowns and gloves when they enter rooms where patients with Klebsiella–related illnesses are h…
Treatment
K. pneumoniae can be treated with antibiotics if the infections are not drug-resistant. Infections by K. pneumoniae can be difficult to treat because fewer antibiotics are effective against them. In such cases, a microbiology laboratory must run tests to determine which antibiotics will treat the infection. More specific treatments of Klebsiella pneumonia are given in its section above. For urinary tract infections with multidrug-resistant Klebsiella species, a combination therapy with a…
Research
Multiple drug-resistant K. pneumoniae strains have been killed in vivo by intraperitoneal, intravenous, or intranasal administration of phages in laboratory tests. Resistance to phages is not likely to be as troublesome as to antibiotics as new infectious phages are likely to be available in environmental reservoirs. Phage therapy can be used in conjunction with antibiotics, to supplement their activity instead of replacing it altogether.