What are the risk factors for periodontal disease?
These independent but modifiable, risk factors for periodontal disease include lifestyle factors, such as smoking and alcohol consumption. They also include diseases and unhealthy conditions such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, and low dietary calcium and vitamin D.
What is the relationship between obesity and periodontitis?
Several cohort and intervention studies related to obesity and periodontitis have been conducted. Recent cohort studies indicated that obesity is a risk factor for tooth loss [71] and that obesity is associated with worse mean probing pocket depth following periodontal therapy [72•].
Is there a relationship between lipid metabolism and periodontal disease?
Obesity is a trigger for multiple diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological studies have shown that obesity may be a risk factor for periodontal disease. Recently, there have been reports of presumed mechanisms of the associations between periodontitis and lipid metabolism or thermogenesis.
What are the risk factors for gum disease?
Combined with an existing gum disease problem, teeth grinding and clenching can cause the faster destruction of periodontal tissues. Obesity could be a potential risk factor for periodontal disease especially among younger individuals.
What is the biggest risk factor for periodontal disease?
Smoking/Tobacco Use Studies have shown that tobacco use may be one of the most significant risk factors in the development and progression of periodontal disease.
What are 3 causes of periodontal disease?
Factors that can increase your risk of periodontitis include: Gingivitis. Poor oral health habits. Smoking or chewing tobacco.
What diseases is obesity a risk factor for?
High blood pressure (hypertension). High LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, or high levels of triglycerides (dyslipidemia). Type 2 diabetes. Coronary heart disease.
What are 3 risk factors for obesity?
Overweight and obesity are caused by many factors including behaviors like eating patterns, lack of sleep or physical activity, and some medicines, as well as genetics and family history.
What are the 4 stages of periodontal disease?
Know The 4 Stages of Gum Disease1: Gingivitis.Stage 2: Initial Periodontitis.Stage 3: Mild Periodontitis.Stage 4: Progressive Periodontitis.
What kills periodontal disease?
Topical or oral antibiotics can help control bacterial infection. Topical antibiotics can include antibiotic mouth rinses or insertion of gels containing antibiotics in the space between your teeth and gums or into pockets after deep cleaning.
What is the most common disease caused by obesity?
People with obesity are more likely to develop a number of potentially serious health problems, including: Heart disease and strokes. Obesity makes you more likely to have high blood pressure and abnormal cholesterol levels, which are risk factors for heart disease and strokes. Type 2 diabetes.
Which are the two major conditions associated with obesity?
Obesity is also strongly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality as well as cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Despite the substantial effects of obesity, weight loss can result in a significant reduction in risk for the majority of these comorbid conditions.
Which disease is a major risk factor for patients with central obesity?
Central obesity is associated with a statistically higher risk of developing a wide range of diseases, including: cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases e.g. stroke, diabetes, hypertension, fatty liver, gallstones, gout, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, skin disorder e.g. fungal infection, varicose veins and ...
What is the greatest risk factor for obesity?
What raises the risk of overweight and obesity?Lack of physical activity. ... Unhealthy eating behaviors. ... Not getting enough good-quality sleep. ... High amounts of stress. ... Health conditions. ... Genetics. ... Medicines. ... Your environment.
What are 10 causes of obesity?
Calories. The energy value of food is measured in units called calories. ... Poor diet. Obesity does not happen overnight. ... Lack of physical activity. Lack of physical activity is another important factor related to obesity. ... Genetics. ... Medical reasons.
What is difference between overweight and obesity?
For adults, WHO defines overweight and obesity as follows: overweight is a BMI greater than or equal to 25; and. obesity is a BMI greater than or equal to 30.
How do you get periodontal disease?
Periodontal (gum) disease is an infection of the tissues that hold your teeth in place. It's typically caused by poor brushing and flossing habits that allow plaque—a sticky film of bacteria—to build up on the teeth and harden.
Does periodontal disease go away?
You should see a dentist or periodontist if you think you may have gum disease. It does not go away on its own and can get worse with time. Treating it in earlier stages can help you avoid discomfort from worsening symptoms or avoid a procedure.
Can periodontal disease be cured?
Is There a Cure for Periodontal Disease? Yes. The only real cure for periodontal disease is to have all of the teeth removed and replaced with a full set of implant-supported teeth. When periodontal disease is diagnosed, it cannot be reversed by medications or nonsurgical treatments.
Can periodontitis be stopped?
Periodontitis can be stopped if caught and treated early enough. Treatment is typically very successful. If you have periodontitis, regular follow-ups with a dentist are essential to ensure that the disease doesn't continue.
What are the causes of periodontitis?
While poor oral hygiene is the leading cause of periodontitis, other factors can contribute to this disease. These conditions include: 1 Age: 70% of people over the age of 65 have periodontitis 2 Using tobacco or tobacco products 3 Genetics, stress, and certain medications 4 Poor nutrition and obesity
How can genetics help with periodontitis?
The first step to prevent periodontitis and obesity is changing to a lifestyle that promotes nutritious dietary choices and exercise, creating environments in which the healthiest choices are the easiest choices.
What causes gum disease?
The infection is primarily caused by bacteria in dental plaque, building up and infecting the gum tissue.
What does it mean when your gums are red?
Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease that can be reversed. However, periodontal disease cannot be reversed. Signs of gum disease can look like: Swollen, puffy, or sensitive gums. Bright red or purple gums. Bleeding gums. Receding gums. Pain when chewing. Changes to your bite or teeth spacing.
How to prevent gum disease?
Beyond a nutrient-rich diet, maintaining excellent oral health every day plays a crucial role in preventing gum disease. Brush your teeth twice daily with fluoride toothpaste and soft-bristle toothbrush, and clean between your teeth daily with floss, water flossers, or another interdental device.
Why is obesity a problem?
The primary cause of obesity is an imbalance between calories consumed and calories burned. These imbalances are both due to the individual’s choices as well as the circumstances around them. That means societal conditions in health, agriculture, transport, urban planning, environment, food processing, distribution, marketing, and education can all contribute to obesity. Your genetics may also play a role in developing obesity.
How many people have periodontitis at 65?
Age: 70% of people over the age of 65 have periodontitis. Using tobacco or tobacco products. Genetics, stress, and certain medications. Poor nutrition and obesity. Next, we’ll look at the direct link between obesity and periodontal disease.
What are the inflammatory factors in periodontal disease?
In periodontal disease, fimbriae, endotoxin, and proteases, which are the main virulence factors of periodontal pathogens, act on monocytes, macrophages, and gingival fibroblasts in the periodontal tissue. These cells induce an inflammatory response in the periodontal tissue via inflammatory mediators, such as IL1β, TNFα, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue destruction progresses. This chronic periodontal inflammatory reaction leads to leakage of host- and microbial-derived factors into the bloodstream. Once in the systemic circulation, these factors could contribute to the pathophysiology of systemic diseases, either directly or indirectly [52]. Multiple studies have shown the presence of periodontal bacteria in atherosclerotic coronary arteries [53–55]. Non-hematogenous dissemination of periodontal bacteria has also been suggested. Swallowed periodontal bacteria may translocate via the oro-digestive route and colonize ectopically in the gut. Periodontal bacteria have been detected in the gut of patients with inflammatory bowel disease [56, 57]. Although the presence of periodontal bacteria in extra-oral tissues may be transient, the release of virulence factors like endotoxin and toxic proteases [58, 59], or inflammatory mediators, can be important, given the chronicity of periodontitis and the frequency of bacteremia. In fact, serum levels of TNFα are elevated in patients with periodontitis [60, 61].
What are the roles of adipocytes in obesity?
Normal adipocytes secrete anti-inflammatory adipokines to attenuate inflammation and play essential roles in the control of whole-body metabolism [24, 25]. The pathophysiological features of obesity include adipose tissue inflammation and infiltration of activated immune cells, such as macrophages [24]. Abnormal adipokine secretion is observed in hypertrophied adipocytes [24, 25]. Infiltration of immune cells such as macrophages is enhanced in obese adipose tissue, and the interaction with adipocytes promotes abnormal secretion of adipokines [24]. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has provided an opportunity for widespread public awareness that infectious diseases are more likely to become severe in metabolic disorders such as obesity. In obesity, the lack of adipose tissue homeostasis increases and activates immune cells in adipose tissue and promotes the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [26–29]. It has also been suggested that such changes in immune cell response impair cell-mediated immune function, leading to enhanced activation of the NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and increased susceptibility to infection [30].
What is PISA in periodontal disease?
PISA is a quantified value of the surface area of the bleeding pocket epithelium [75, 76]. As the correlation between PISA and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been reported [76–78], it can be said to be an index for understanding the degree of systemic influence due to local periodontal inflammation. Recently, it has been reported that BMI is positively associated with PISA [79]. On the other hand, Takeda et al. reported that PISA in T2DM patients was not related to obesity parameters [77]. However, it is necessary to establish a larger control group to evaluate the relationship between PISA and obesity. Other researchers also reported that although obesity is not an independent risk factor for the progression of periodontitis, obesity and periodontitis have many common risk factors for each progression [80]. At present, there is limited clinical evidence on the association between periodontal disease and overweight/obesity. Further studies are required to clarify this association.
Is obesity a risk factor for periodontal disease?
Obesity is a trigger for multiple diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological studies have shown that obesity may be a risk factor for periodontal disease. Recently, there have been reports of presumed mechanisms of the associations between periodontitis and lipid metabolism or thermogenesis. This review aims to discuss the link between periodontal disease and energy regulatory function based on recent findings.
Does obesity cause periodontitis?
In obese rats, it has been shown that protein kinase C (PKC) activation and oxidative stress may induce insulin resistance in gingiva leading to periodontal disease progression [64]. Furthermore, caloric restriction has been reported to prevent alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis in obese rats [65]. Sato et al. reported that HFD-induced changes in the gut microbiota exacerbated alveolar bone resorption via uric acid elevation [66]. Other researchers have reported that Porphyromonas gingivalis(P. gingivalis) administration induced further weight gain and increased adipose tissue in diet-induced obese mice [68]. Furthermore, it is also indicated the possibility that P. gingivalis–induced endotoxemia potentially affects obesity by altering endocrine functions in BAT [6•]. These results suggest that not only exacerbation of inflammation due to obesity but also activation of inflammatory signaling may affect energy regulation. It should be noted that administration of a single periodontal pathogen or endotoxin to animals, as in these animal studies, does not exactly reproduce human periodontitis associated with multiple pathogens [62, 63]. In addition, care must be taken in interpreting the results depending on the method and period of administration, strains, and bacterial species [6•, 66, 69]. Considering that the microbiota changes with oral and intravenous administration of P. gingivalis[66, 70, 67•], the indirect effect of P. gingivaliscan also be said to be large. Further clarifying the mechanism of the relation between periodontal disease and obesity may reveal new and effective treatment strategies that will contribute to the improvement of periodontitis and obesity-related diseases in the future.
Does obesity affect immune function?
Loss of adipose tissue homeostasis induces increase and activation of immune cells in adipose tissue, leading to impairment of immune function in obesity. Various cytokines and chemokines are secreted from obese adipose tissue, promoting inflammatory signaling. Some of these signaling pathways may affect energy regulation. The combination of obesity and periodontitis amplifies inflammation to levels that affect the whole body through the adipose tissue. Obesity, in turn, accelerates the exacerbation of periodontitis.
Is periodontal disease a chronic disease?
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that is accompanied by periodontal tissue destruction. Low-grade inflammation, such as periodontal disease, affects glucose metabolism [1]. In a new classification of periodontal disease published by the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) and the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) in 2018, diabetes mellitus (DM) was added as a risk factor for the progression of periodontal disease [2, 3]. Obesity is an important risk factor for type 2 (T2) DM, which accounts for 90% of DM cases, and the number of obese individuals is also increasing worldwide. In 2016, 39% of adults were overweight (25 kg/m2 ≤ body mass index [BMI] < 30 kg/m2) and 13% were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) [4]. Animals, including humans, can sustain life by storing excess energy in the form of fat and using it during starvation. This is an ingenious biological mechanism acquired during the course of a long evolution. However, excessive energy intake and lack of exercise induce obesity, leading to health threats. Epidemiological studies have shown that obesity may be a risk factor for periodontal disease [5]. Recently, associations between periodontitis and lipid metabolism or thermogenesis have been reported [6•]. This review aims to discuss the link between periodontal disease and energy regulatory function based on recent findings.
A NEW RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL
In white adipose tissue (fat cells), there is a moderate, but continuous increase in the release of a “cocktail” of inflammatory factors that are systemically dumped, including TNF- α, and IL-6 cytokines.
UNDERLYING PRECEPTS
In recognition of the possibility that the combination of obesity and/or MetS and periodontal disease may amplify a patient’s cumulative burden of inflammation, we introduce two precepts that underpin this proposed risk assessment model.
PANDEMIC OF OBESITY
One of the most ominous threats to the viability of a robust and effective health care system is the pandemic of overweight and obese individuals. Finkelstein et al65 projected a 33% increase in obesity prevalence in the United States, and a 130% increase in severe obesity over the next two decades.
FINAL REMARKS
It is important for clinicians, health care educators, public health authorities and policymakers to be informed of the potential surge in oral health issues that will likely accompany increases in the population of obese individuals, and the concomitant risks associated with inflammatory priming in this population.
REFERENCES
Lakdawalla DN, Goldman DP, Shang B. The health and cost consequences of obesity among the future elderly. Health Aff (Millwood). 2005;24 (Suppl 2):W5R30–W5R41.
What causes periodontal disease?
Other factors increasing the risk of developing periodontal disease: 1 Bridges that no longer fit properly trap food debris and allow dental plaque to accumulate and grow between the crown and gums 2 Malocclusion - Crooked teeth make difficult the removal of dental plaque 3 Dry mouth helps bacterial growth by increasing the level of mouth’s pH due to reduced flow of saliva that plays a regulatory role. 4 Mouth breathing can cause dry mouth increasing the risk of gum disease
What causes gum disease?
These hereditary causes of gum disease involve several immune system defects that reduce the body’s ability to fight the anaerobic bacteria responsible for causing plaque and periodontal disease. Genetic causes are also linked with some rare early onset ...
What causes swelling and tenderness in the gums?
High levels of progesterone increase the blood flow and fluid retention of the gingival tissues causing swelling, irritation and tenderness of the gums . The inflammation of the gums in combination with poor oral hygiene can cause severe periodontal disease.
Why does dry mouth cause gum disease?
Dry mouth helps bacterial growth by increasing the level of mouth’s pH due to reduced flow of saliva that plays a regulatory role. Mouth breathing can cause dry mouth increasing the risk of gum disease.
What is the term for the pain of the gums?
Menopause. Menopause is linked to a painful condition called desquamative gingivitis, where the outer layers of the gums separate from the underlying tissue, exposing nerve endings. The gums become so loose that the outer layers can be easily rubbed away.
Is obesity a risk factor for periodontal disease?
Obesity could be a potential risk factor for periodontal disease especially among younger individuals.
Can gum disease cause periodontal disease?
Patients genetically susceptible to gum disease may experience periodontal health problems even if they have good oral hygiene habits. Identification through genetic testing that a patient is in this high risk group should be followed by early interventive treatment to help them keep their teeth.
