Who was a utilitarian philosopher?
utilitarianism, in normative ethics, a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and 19th-century English philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill according to which an action (or type of action) is right if it tends to promote happiness or pleasure and wrong if it tends to produce unhappiness or ...
How is utilitarianism different from Aristotelian ethics?
Aristotelian points of view and utilitarianism points of view are nearly opposite, because Aristotle focuses more on the happiness of the individual person, and utilitarianism focuses more on the happiness of the community as a whole.
What was Aristotle's ethical system?
Aristotle's ethics, or study of character, is built around the premise that people should achieve an excellent character (a virtuous character, "ethikē aretē" in Greek) as a pre-condition for attaining happiness or well-being (eudaimonia).
What kind of philosopher was Aristotle?
Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, who made important contributions to logic, criticism, rhetoric, physics, biology, psychology, mathematics, metaphysics, ethics, and politics. He was a student of Plato for twenty years but is famous for rejecting Plato's theory of forms.
How are Aristotle and Kant different?
Aristotle's approach is agent-centered in that it focuses on the development of the individual, which in turn, benefits society as a whole . Kant's approach is duty-based, which means that there are certain duties that we have as human beings and these duties are absolutely binding for us.
What are Aristotle's virtue ethics?
Virtue ethics is a philosophy developed by Aristotle and other ancient Greeks. It is the quest to understand and live a life of moral character. This character-based approach to morality assumes that we acquire virtue through practice.
Who founded utilitarianism?
Jeremy Bentham1. Precursors to the Classical Approach. Though the first systematic account of utilitarianism was developed by Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), the core insight motivating the theory occurred much earlier. That insight is that morally appropriate behavior will not harm others, but instead increase happiness or 'utility.
What are the three main ideas of Aristotle?
To get the basics of Aristotelian ethics, you have to understand three basic things: what Eudaimonia is, what Virtue is, and That We Become Better Persons Through Practice.
What is Aristotle best known for?
Aristotle was one of the greatest philosophers who ever lived and the first genuine scientist in history. He made pioneering contributions to all fields of philosophy and science, he invented the field of formal logic, and he identified the various scientific disciplines and explored their relationships to each other.
What were Aristotle's beliefs?
Aristotle's philosophy stresses biology, instead of mathematics like Plato. He believed the world was made up of individuals (substances) occurring in fixed natural kinds (species). Each individual has built-in patterns of development, which help it grow toward becoming a fully developed individual of its kind.
What are the main concepts of Aristotle's philosophy?
Aristotle's virtues are temperance, justice, fortitude, courage, liberality, magnificence, and magnanimity. Some philosophers might simply replace a term that they find too vague, such as justice, with a term they find more specific, like fairness.
What are 4 things Aristotle believed in?
He believed that the four elements were hot, dry, wet, and cold, which could then combine to form the elements that other philosophers believed in: earth, air, water, and fire. Aristotle born in 384 B.C. in Stagira, believed in 4 elements earth, air, fire, and water which he also called the “simple bodies”.
What is the essential difference between utilitarianism and a duty or rights based ethical approach?
In practical ethics, two arms of thoughts exist in decision-making: Utilitarian and deontological. In utilitarian ethics, outcomes justify the means or ways to achieve it, whereas in deontological ethics, duties/obligations are of prime importance (i.e., end/outcomes may not justify the means).
What is rule utilitarianism in simple terms?
Rule utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good, or that "the rightness or wrongness of a particular action is a function of the correctness of the rule of which it is an instance".
How is the approach taken by virtue ethics different from that taken by deontology and utilitarianism?
How is the approach taken by virtue ethics different from that taken by deontology and utilitarianism? Virtue Ethics is concerned with how we ought to be, while deontology and utilitarianism are concerned with what we ought to do.
What is utilitarianism example?
For example, if you are choosing ice cream for yourself, the utilitarian view is that you should choose the flavor that will give you the most pleasure. If you enjoy chocolate but hate vanilla, you should choose chocolate for the pleasure it will bring and avoid vanilla because it will bring displeasure.
Who is the founder of utilitarianism?
It really depends upon the amount of happiness or pleasure produced or pain reduced. This version of utilitarianism is most often attributed to Bentham, who is thought to be the founder of utilitarianism.
Who is the author who introduced rule utilitarianism in his attempt to defend individual rights and protect the nature of justice?
If persecuting innocent people results in bad outcomes, there ought to be a rule against it. Mill is the author that is thought to introduce rule utilitarianism in his attempt to defend individual rights and protect the nature of justice.
What is happiness Aristotle?
For Aristotle, happiness is the only good that we desire for its own sake. All of our other goods/goals/ ends are for the sake of achieving happiness. His notion of happiness is not simply a feeling of contentment or satisfaction, but an activity for human beings. This should be understood in terms of the function of human beings (activity of the soul in accordance with reason). Human beings are unique insofar as we have the capacity to reason. Thus, a human life, in order to be happy and flourish, must be lived in accordance with reason. This would mean that we have a balance between reason and emotion, in which reason is the guiding aspect.
Why do we not act rightly?
We do not act rightly because we have virtue or excellence, but we rather have those because we have acted rightly. We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit” (Nicomachean Ethics, Bk. 2). This means that we are not born virtuous; yet, we are born with the potential to become virtuous.
What is Kant's approach to ethics?
Kant’s approach is duty-based, which means that there are certain duties that we have as human beings and these duties are absolutely binding for us. Utilitarianism is the final approach we will address here and this is the view that consequences are the most important thing for resolving ethical dilemmas.
What are the three ethical theories of the West?
An Introduction to Western Ethical Thought: Aristotle, Kant, Utilitarianism. While there are many approaches to ethics in the west, here we will look at three distinct theories. Aristotle’s approach is agent-centered in that it focuses on the development of the individual, which in turn, benefits society as a whole.
Is it courageous to run into a burning building?
Courage is always a mean with regard to things that inspire fear or confidence. However, while running into a burning building to search for survivors may be courageous for a firefighter, it is likely reckless for a physically weak person or an elderly person.
What does Aristotle argue about the human good?
In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle argues that the human good is the soul’s activity that expresses virtue. Aristotle concludes this from an invalid argument. On the one hand I do agree that the activity expressing virtue is a requirement for the human good. But on the other hand, I insist that the human good is a state and not an action. By modifying this argument, I believe we can reach a new conclusion that will help us better understand what Aristotle meant by these concepts.
What did Aristotle believe about virtues?
Along those lines Aristotle also stated, “But for actions in accord with the virtues to be done temperately or justly it does not suffice that they themselves have the right qualities. Rather, the agent must also be in the right state when he does them” (Aristotle, 2005, p. 578). They believed the only way to become virtuous was by doing virtuous actions. Aristotle believed that virtuous actions was something that had to be learned in addition into turning it into a habit, “For we learn a craft by producing the same product that we must produce when we have learned it…” (Aristotle, 2005, p. 578).
What is the meaning of happiness in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics?
In Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, the concept of happiness is introduced as the ultimate good one can achieve in life as well as the ultimate goal of human existence. As Aristotle goes on to further define happiness, one can see that his concept is much different from the 21st-century view. Aristotelian happiness can be achieved through choosing to live the contemplative life, which would naturally encompass moralistic virtue. This differs significantly from the modern view of happiness, which is heavily reliant on material goods. To a person in the 21st-century, happiness is simply an emotional byproduct one experiences as a result of acquiring material goods.
What is a virtuous person?
Aristotle explains that a virtuous person is who can modulate passions and consideration. Aristotle thinks two kinds of virtue; virtue as consideration and virtue as characteristics. We cannot learn the virtue as characteristics by studying. Also, we cannot be virtuous naturally. Therefore, we all can be virtuous by learning from others and preparing.
What is the first topic in philosophical ethics?
As an objectionist, Aristotle tried to determine what a good person is. To Aristotle, happiness is what made you a good person, and that is what the chief goal in life is. He believed that happiness was achieved when a species determines its’ own telos, or purpose. Along with that, Aristotle determined three facts of humanity.
What is the main criteria for morality?
In the reading, "Utilitarianism," the author argues that happiness is the main criteria for morality since people base their actions off of the overall happiness it could promote (pp. 195 and 198) and that while actions differ in the quantity and quality of pleasure, pleasurable actions that require intellect are of the higher pleasures (pp. 196-197). One of the author’s main reasons to support his view is that morality is determined by what increases or decreases the overall amount of utility (pp. 197).
What is the view of Mill in Utilitarianism?
In Utilitarianism, Mill’s view is that right actions are the intention of promoting happiness while wrong actions are the products of the reverse of happiness. Happiness
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How would Aristotle respond to utilitarianism?
Short Paper 2 “How would Aristotle respond to Utilitarianism?” How would Aristotle respond to Utilitarianism? The Definition of “Utilitarianism” is an ethical theory holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes the overall "good" of the greatest number of individuals. It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its resulting outcome. The most influential contributors to this theory are considered to be Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.”1 Utilitarianism is a simple theory and its results are easy to apply. It also allows for degrees of right and wrong, and for every situation the choice between actions is clear cut: always choose that which has the…show more content…
What does Aristotle say about morality?
Aristotle, here, is essentially claiming that unethical people are not necessarily destined to act unethical forever, but rather they are just uneducated in proper ethical practice. The key here being education. Aristotle explains the concept of what modern society has dubbed the golden mean of moderation. This describes the phenomenon that every virtue resides
What is the utilitarian view of Ashley Jones?
Utilitarianism is the view that an action is good to the extent that it produces the greatest possible overall happiness or utility. According to Mill, utility is the pleasure itself and the absence of pain. What this means is that pleasure and the absence of pain are the only things desirable as end in themselves. It's
What is virtue ethics?
“Vuty” or “Dirtue” Ethics The moral theories of utilitarianism, duty ethics, and virtue ethics each offer particular guidelines on how to live a good and moral life. While on their own these theories have various faults that make them unsustainable, I have found that the combination of the Categorical Imperatives in duty ethics along with the importance of having a moral character in virtue ethics can possibly create a rational moral theory. Though this theory I have created is not without flaws
What is Aristotle's political philosophy?
Aristotle's political science thus encompasses the two fields which modern philosophers distinguish as ethics and political philosophy. (See the entry on Aristotle's ethics .) Political philosophy in the narrow sense is roughly speaking the subject of his treatise called the Politics.
Why is Aristotle relevant to the world?
Rather, insofar as they find him relevant to our times, it is because he offers a remarkable synthesis of idealism and realpolitik unfolding in deep and thought-provoking discussions of perennial concerns of political philosophy: the role of human nature in politics, the relation of the individual to the state, the place of morality in politics, the theory of political justice, the rule of law, the analysis and evaluation of constitutions, the relevance of ideal s to practical politics, the causes and cures of political change and revolution, and the importance of a morally educated citizenry.
What is Aristotle's word for politics?
Aristotle's word for ‘politics’ is politikê, which is short for politikê epistêmê or ‘political science’. It belongs to one of the three main branches of science, which Aristotle distinguishes by their ends or objects.
Which philosopher compared the politician to a craftsman?
This is the province of legislative science, which Aristotle regards as more important than politics as exercised in everyday political activity such as the passing of decrees (see EN VI.8). Aristotle frequently compares the politician to a craftsman.
Which philosopher described his subject matter as “political science”?
In the Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle describes his subject matter as ‘political science’, which he characterizes as the most authoritative science. It prescribes which sciences are to be studied in the city-state, and the others — such as military science, household management, and rhetoric — fall under its authority.
When was Aristotle's political theory first published?
Aristotle’s Political Theory. First published Wed Jul 1, 1998; substantive revision Tue Nov 7, 2017. Aristotle (b. 384 – d. 322 BCE), was a Greek philosopher, logician, and scientist. Along with his teacher Plato, Aristotle is generally regarded as one of the most influential ancient thinkers in a number of philosophical fields, ...
Who wrote the life of Aristotle and the composition and structure of the political system?
Barker, Ern est, “The Life of Aristotle and the Composition and Structure of the Politics ,” Classical Review, 45 (1931), 162–72.
What is utilitarianism in philosophy?
Utilitarianism is one of the most powerful and persuasive approaches to normative ethics in the history of philosophy. Though not fully articulated until the 19 th century, proto-utilitarian positions can be discerned throughout the history of ethical theory.
Who developed utilitarianism?
Though the first systematic account of utilitarianism was developed by Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), the core insight motivating the theory occurred much earlier. That insight is that morally appropriate behavior will not harm others, but instead increase happiness or ‘utility.’.
What is Mill's proof of the claim that intellectual pleasures are better in kind than others?
Mill's ‘proof’ of the claim that intellectual pleasures are better in kind than others, though, is highly suspect. He doesn't attempt a mere appeal to raw intuition. Instead, he argues that those persons who have experienced both view the higher as better than the lower. Who would rather be a happy oyster, living an enormously long life, than a person living a normal life? Or, to use his most famous example — it is better to be Socrates ‘dissatisfied’ than a fool ‘satisfied.’ In this way Mill was able to solve a problem for utilitarianism.
What was the motivation behind the development of classical utilitarianism?
If anything could be identified as the fundamental motivation behind the development of Classical Utilitarianism it would be the desire to see useless, corrupt laws and social practices changed.
Why is Bentham not recommending that they figure into every act of moral deliberation?
Bentham does not recommend that they figure into every act of moral deliberation because of the efficiency costs which need to be considered. Experience can guide us. We know that the pleasure of kicking someone is generally outweighed by the pain inflicted on that person, so such calculations when confronted with a temptation to kick someone are unnecessary. It is reasonable to judge it wrong on the basis of past experience or consensus. One can use ‘rules of thumb’ to guide action, but these rules are overridable when abiding by them would conflict with the promotion of the good.
Which view is generally held to be the view that the morally right action is the action that produces the most good?
Though there are many varieties of the view discussed, utilitarianism is generally held to be the view that the morally right action is the action that produces the most good. There are many ways to spell out this general claim.
Is utilitarianism an accidental coincidence?
Promoting human happiness and one's own coincided, but, given God's design, it was not an accidental coincidence. This approach to utilitarianism, however, is not theoretically clean in the sense that it isn't clear what essential work God does, at least in terms of normative ethics.
