The Independent State of Croatia ( Serbo-Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH; German: Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien; Italian: Stato indipendente di Croazia) was a World War II -era puppet state of Nazi Germany [7] [8] [9] and Fascist Italy.
| Independent State of Croatia Nezavisna Država Hrvatska | |
|---|---|
| The Independent State of Croatia in 1943 | |
| Status | Puppet state of Germany (1941–45) Protectorate of Italy (1941–43) |
| Capital | Zagreb |
| Common languages | Serbo-Croatian |
Are there any relations between Croatia and Germany?
Croatia–Germany relations. Croatia–Germany relations (Croatian: Hrvatsko-njemački odnosi) are foreign relations between Croatia and Germany. The countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1992. Croatia has an embassy in Berlin and five consulates general in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich and Stuttgart.
Is Croatia a country or a country?
Croatia (/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska, listen ), is a sovereign state between Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean.
What is the other name of Croatia?
Alternative Titles: Hrvatska, Republic of Croatia, Republika Hrvatska. Croatia, country located in the northwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula. It is a small yet highly geographically diverse crescent-shaped country. Its capital is Zagreb, located in the north. Croatia.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Where is Croatia located on the world map?
Coordinates. Croatia (/ k r oʊ ˈ eɪ ʃ ə / (), kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska, pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska, ()), is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe on the Adriatic Sea.
What country was Croatia originally a part of?
YugoslaviaFinally, Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia on June 25, 1991, a day that is now celebrated as “Statehood Day.” At that same time, Serbs living in the Croatian territory of Krajina proclaimed their independence from Croatia. Civil war was imminent.
What was Croatia called before Croatia?
YugoslaviaHistorical Backgound It was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In 1929, the name of this new nation was changed to Yugoslavia. After World War II, the former prewar kingdom was replaced by a federation of six equal republics.
When did Germany invade Croatia?
25", which Adolf Hitler issued on 27 March 1941, following a Yugoslav coup d'état that overthrew the pro-Axis government....Invasion of Yugoslavia.Date6–18 April 1941LocationYugoslaviaResultAxis victory Continued anti-Axis resistance and beginning of Yugoslav civil war1 more row
What is Yugoslavia called now?
Union of Serbia and MontenegroIn 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was reconstituted and re-named as a State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. This union effectively ended following Montenegro's formal declaration of independence on 3 June 2006 and Serbia's on 5 June 2006.
Why is Croatia poor?
Poverty in Croatia increased when the nation separated from Yugoslavia during the Homeland War, changing from a communist to a free-market country. Unemployment rates in Croatia are also high. The average unemployment rate is 12.4% (2017 estimate), which ranks Croatia 164th in the world for unemployment rates.
What did Germany do to Croatia?
Invasion, occupation, and partition followed in 1941. In their campaign against Yugoslavia, the Germans exploited Croatian discontent, presenting themselves as liberators and inciting Croats in the armed forces to mutiny.
What role did Croatia play in ww2?
At the onset of the Second World War, Croatia was a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. When the Axis powers invaded and partitioned the Kingdom in April 1941, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), an ally of Nazi Germany, was created.
Who bombed Croatia in ww2?
Zara held a force of 9,000 commanded by General Emilio Gilioli that after bloody fighting on 15 April reached Šibenik and Split. Arriving in Dubrovnik and Mostar on 17 April, they met troops that had started out from Albania. It is known that on 8 April, the Yugoslavian air force bombed Zadar.
Why did Croatia leave Yugoslavia?
After World War II, Yugoslavia was subdivided along ethnic lines into six republics and forcibly held together by Tito under communist rule. But when Tito died and communism fell, those republics pulled apart. In 1991, Slovenia and Croatia each declared complete independence from Yugoslavia.
Who lived in Croatia before the Slavs?
In the 4th century BC the northern parts of modern-day Croatia were also colonized by the Celts, the Scordisci tribe. Other Celtic peoples may also have been found elsewhere integrated among the Illyrians. The islands of Issa and Pharos as well as the locality of Tragurion became Greek colonies since the same period.
What was Bosnia called before?
On initial proclamation of independence in 1992, the country's official name was the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but following the 1995 Dayton Agreement and the new constitution that accompanied it, the official name was changed to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Was Croatia ever part of Italy?
For more than a century — from 1814 until the end of World War I, Croatia was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Following a brief return to Italy after the war, it was folded into the new nation of Yugoslavia in 1929. A period of stability ensued under the "benevolent dictatorship" of President Josip Broz Tito.
When did Croatia become a country?
Croatia, as a nation, first appeared as a duchy in the 7th century, the Duchy of Croatia, and the near Principality of Lower Pannonia, which were united and elevated into the Kingdom of Croatia which lasted from 925 until 1918.
What was the area of Croatia?
t. e. The area of modern Croatia comprised two Roman provinces, Pannonia and Dalmatia. After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th Century A.D., the area was subjugated by the Ostrogoths for 50 years, before being incorporated into the Byzantine Empire .
What Roman province was Dalmatia part of?
The Dalmatia region then became part of the Roman province of Illyricum. Between 6 and 9 AD the Dalmatians raised the last in a series of revolts together with the Pannonians, but it was finally crushed and in 10 AD Illyricum was split into two provinces, Pannonia and Dalmatia.
Why did Yugoslavia allow free travel?
From 1963, the citizens of Yugoslavia were allowed to travel to almost any country because of the neutral politics. No visas were required to travel to eastern or western countries, or to capitalist or communist nations.
Where did the Croats come from?
According to the work De Administrando Imperio written by the 10th-century Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII, the Croats had arrived in what is today Croatia, from southern Poland, south of Kraków in the early 7th century, however that claim is disputed and competing hypotheses date the event between the 6th and the 9th centuries. Eventually a dukedom was formed, Duchy of Croatia, ruled by Borna, as attested by chronicles of Einhard starting in the year 818. The record represents the first document of Croatian realms, vassal states of Francia at the time.
When did Croatia become independent?
Following the German invasion of Yugoslavia in the Second World War, a short-lived, independent Croatian state was established. Croatia gained independence in 1991 amidst the dissolution of Yugoslavia.
Who founded the Croatian Democratic Union?
In June 1989 the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) was founded by Croatian nationalist dissidents led by Franjo Tuđman, a former fighter in Tito's Partisan movement and JNA General. At this time Yugoslavia was still a one-party state and open manifestations of Croatian nationalism were dangerous so a new party was founded in an almost conspiratorial manner. It was only on 13 December 1989 that the governing League of Communists of Croatia agreed to legalize opposition political parties and hold free elections in the spring of 1990.
What countries were part of Croatia?
Approximately one month after its formation, significant areas of Croat-populated territory were ceded to its Axis allies, the Kingdoms of Hungary and Italy .
Who was the Italian leader who recognized Croatia as a sovereign state in 1941?
Poglavnik Ante Pavelic (left) with Italy's Duce Benito Mussolini (right) in Rome, Italy on 18 May 1941, during the ceremony of Italy's recognition of Croatia as a sovereign state under official Italian protection, and to agree upon Croatia's borders with Italy.
What was the purpose of the Yugoslav Committee?
In 1915 a group of political emigres from Austria-Hungary, predominantly Croats but including some Serbs and a Slovene, formed themselves into a Yugoslav Committee, with a view to creating a South Slav state in the aftermath of World War I. They saw this as a way to prevent Dalmatia being ceded to Italy under the Treaty of London (1915). In 1918, the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs sent a delegation to the Serbian monarch to offer unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with the Kingdom of Serbia.
How many courts did Yugoslavia have?
The NDH retained the court system of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, but restored the courts' names to their original forms. The state had 172 local courts ( kotar ), 19 district courts ( judicial tables ), an administrative court and an appellate court ( Ban's Table) in both Zagreb and Sarajevo, as well as a supreme court (Table of Seven) in Zagreb and a supreme court in Sarajevo. The state maintained men's penitentiaries in Lepoglava, Hrvatska Mitrovica, Stara Gradiška and Zenica, and a women's penitentiary in Zagreb.
How many levels of administrative divisions were there in Croatia?
The Independent State of Croatia had four levels of administrative divisions: great parishes (velike župe), districts (kotari), cities (gradovi) and municipalities (opcine). At the time of its foundation, the state had 22 great parishes, 142 districts, 31 cities and 1006 municipalities.
What are the holidays in Croatia?
The state had two secular holidays; the anniversary of its establishment was commemorated on 10 April and the assassination of Stjepan Radić was commemorated on 20 June. In addition, the state granted holidays to several religious communities: 1 The Catholic community celebrated New Year's Day, Epiphany, the feast of the Presentation of the Lord, the feast of Saint Joseph, Easter, the feast of the Ascension of Jesus, Pentecost, the feast of Corpus Christi, the Assumption of Mary, the feast of All Saints, the feast of the Immaculate Conception, and Christmas. 2 The Eastern Orthodox community celebrated New Year's Day, the Epiphany, the feast of the Annunciation, Easter, the feast of the Ascension of Jesus, Pentecost, the Assumption of Mary, and Christmas, all according to the Roman calendar. 3 The Evangelical community celebrated New Year's Day, Holy Friday, Easter, the feast of the Ascension of Jesus, Pentecost, Reformation Day, Christmas Eve, and Christmas. 4 The Muslim community celebrated Islamic New Year, Mevlud ( Mawlid ), Ramadan, and Kurban-Bajram ( Eid al-Adha ).
When was the military established in Croatia?
The NDH founded the Army of the Independent State of Croatia ( Serbo-Croatian: Hrvatsko domobranstvo) and Navy of the Independent State of Croatia in April 1941 with the consent of the German armed forces ( Wehrmacht ).
What is the present day Republic of Croatia?
The present-day republic is composed of the historically Croatian regions of Croatia- Slavonia (located in the upper arm of the country), Istria (centred on the Istrian Peninsula on the northern Adriatic coast), and Dalmatia (corresponding to the coastal strip).
When did Croatia join the European Union?
The European trajectory of Croatia was finally realized in 2013 when it joined the European Union. As the Croatian Canadian scholar Tony Fabijančić writes, Croatia’s tumultuous first years as an independent country also have obscured its centuries-long history: Croatia Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Dubrovnik, Croatia.
What is the most fertile land in Croatia?
The Pannonian and para-Pannonian plains are enriched with alluvial soil deposited by the Sava and Drava rivers. These plains are the most fertile agricultural regions of Croatia and form the country’s breadbasket. The soil of the central mountainous belt is rather poor but offers some cultivable land in the fields and meadows and some grazing land in the plateaus. The Croatian littoral is mostly mountainous and barren, with rocky soil and poor agricultural land.
What is the crescent of Croatia?
The upper arm of the Croatian crescent is bordered on the east by the Vojvodina region of Serbia and on the north by Hungary and Slovenia. The body of the crescent forms a long coastal strip along the Adriatic Sea, and the southern tip touches on Montenegro. Within the hollow of the crescent, Croatia shares a long border with Bosnia and Herzegovina, which actually severs a part of southern Croatia from the rest of the country by penetrating to the Adriatic in a narrow corridor.
How many rivers flow through Croatia?
Of the 26 rivers that flow for more than 30 miles (50 km) in Croatia, the Sava and the Drava, coursing through the Pannonian and para-Pannonian plains, are of particular importance—both because of their length and because, along with the Kupa River, they are in large part navigable.
What are the three major regions of Croatia?
Croatia is composed of three major geographic regions. In the north and northeast, running the full length of the upper arm of the Croatian crescent, are the Pannonian and para-Pannonian plains.
What is the highest mountain in Croatia?
The highest mountain in Croatia, Dinara (6,007 feet [1,831 metres]), is located in the central mountain belt. The third geographic region, the Croatian littoral, is composed of the Istrian Peninsula in the north and the Dalmatian coast extending south to the Gulf of Kotor.
Where is Croatia?
Croatia is located in the south eastern region of the European Continent, on the north western part of the Balkan Peninsula. It is geographically positioned both in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth. Croatia is bordered by 5 Nations: by Slovenia in the northwest; Hungary in the northeast; Serbia in the east; Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro in the southeast. It is also bounded by the Adriatic Sea in the west. Croatia shares a maritime border with Italy.
Which countries border Croatia?
Croatia shares a maritime border with Italy. Croatia Bordering Countries : Montenegro, Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia And Herzegovina, Slovenia. Regional Maps: Map of Europe.
How many counties are there in Croatia?
Counties of Croatia Map. Croatia (officially, the Republic of Croatia) is administratively divided into 20 counties (zupanije, zupanija - singular) and 1 city with special county status (grad - singular).
What is the land type of Croatia?
Along the Dalmatian coast, as well as on most of Croatia's offshore islands, the land is hilly, rocky and steep.
What is Croatia made of?
It is made up of fertile and mostly flat plains in the north, and low mountains and highlands along the coast.
Which river forms the border between Serbia and Europe?
Europe's second-largest river, the Danube, forms the far northeastern border with Serbia. Other major rivers include the Drava, Krka and Save.
How many cities are there in Zagreb?
The counties are further subdivided into 128 cities and 428 municipalities. The city of Zagreb is subdivided into 17 city districts. Situated along the Sava River, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica Mountains, in the north western part of the country is, Zagreb – the capital and the largest city of Croatia.
Ethnology
The community traditionally inhabited northern Croatia and Slavonia. In the Early modern period they had settled from other territories in the Habsburg Monarchy, and in what is today Croatia mainly settled territories of the Military Frontier. The Danube Swabians that inhabited Western Slavonia were subject to strong Croatization.
History
With the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Germans of Croatia became a minority. In 1920, Germans established the cultural association Kulturbund. Kulturbund was banned on April 11, 1924 by Minister of the Interior Svetozar Pribićević.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Croatian census, there are 2,965 Germans in Croatia.
Culture
The Germans and Austrians have created the Society of Germans and Austrians of Croatia. There is a German culture centre in Osijek, and a small number of German schools in the area.
Anthropology
Examples of Croatianized Germanic surnames in Croatia include Ajhner (Eichner), Bahman (Bachmann), Birer (Bührer), Ceglec (Ziegler), Cukerić (Zucker), Flajs (Fleiss), Fresel (Fressl), Goldštajn (Goldstein), Gotvald (Gottwald), Helfrich (Helfricht), Hohšteter (Hochstädter), Kunštek (Kunst), Majer, Majerić, Majerović (from Mayer/Meyer/Meier), Šmit (Schmidt), Šnidarić, Šnidaršić (Schneider), Špic (Spitz), Špicmiler (Spitzmüller), Šturmer (Stürmer), Šuflaj (Schufflei), Šuper (Schupper), Švarc (Schwarz), Tabajner (Tappeiner), Tišlarić (Tischler), Tunkel (Dunkel), Vinšer (Wünscher), Vitman (Wittman), etc.
Overview
History
The area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period. Neanderthal fossils dating to the middle Palaeolithic period were unearthed in northern Croatia, best presented in Krapina. Remnants of Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures were found in all regions. The largest proportion of sites is in the valleys of northern Croatia. The most significant are Baden, Starčevo, and Vučedol cultures. Iron Age hosted the early Illyrian Hallstatt culture and the Celtic La Tène cult…
Etymology
Croatia's name derives from Medieval Latin Croātia, itself a derivation of North-West Slavic *Xərwate, by liquid metathesis from Common Slavic period *Xorvat, from proposed Proto-Slavic *Xъrvátъ which possibly comes from the 3rd-century Scytho-Sarmatian form attested in the Tanais Tablets as Χοροάθος (Khoroáthos, alternate forms comprise Khoróatos and Khoroúathos). The origin is uncertain, but most probably is from Proto-Ossetian / Alanian *xurvæt- or *xurvāt-, in the meaning …
Geography
Croatia is situated in Central and Southeast Europe, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. Hungary is to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast and Slovenia to the northwest. It lies mostly between latitudes 42° and 47° N and longitudes 13° and 20° E. Part of the territory in the extreme south surrounding Dubrovnik is a practical exclave connected to the rest of the mainland by territorial waters, but separated on land by a short coastline strip belo…
Governance
The Republic of Croatia is a unitary, constitutional state using a parliamentary system. Government powers in Croatia are legislative, executive, and judiciary powers.
The President of the Republic (Croatian: Predsjednik Republike) is the head of state, directly elected to a five-year term and is limited by the Constitution to two terms. In addition to serving as commander in chief of the armed forces, the president has the procedural duty of appointing the …
Economy
Croatia's economy qualifies as high-income. International Monetary Fund data projected that Croatian nominal GDP reached $60,688 billion, or $14,816 per capita for 2018 while purchasing power parity GDP was $107.406 billion, or $26,221 per capita. According to Eurostat, Croatian GDP per capita in PPS stood at 65% of the EU average in 2019. Real GDP growth in 2018 was 2,6 per cent. The average net salary of a Croatian worker in October 2019 was 6,496 HRK per month (rou…
Demographics
With an estimated population of 4.13 million in 2019, Croatia ranks 127th by population in the world. Its 2018 population density was 72,9 inhabitants per square kilometre, making Croatia one of the more sparsely populated European countries. The overall life expectancy in Croatia at birth was 76.3 years in 2018.
The total fertility rate of 1.41 children per mother, is one of the lowest in the world, far below the r…
Culture
Because of its geographical position, Croatia represents a blend of four different cultural spheres. It has been a crossroads of influences from western culture and the east since the schism between the Western Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire, and also from Central Europe and Mediterranean culture. The Illyrian movement was the most significant period of national cultural history, as the 19th century proved crucial to the emancipation of Croatian and saw unprecedent…
Overview
At the time of the Roman Empire, the area of modern Croatia comprised two Roman provinces, Pannonia and Dalmatia. After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th Century A.D., the area was subjugated by the Ostrogoths for 50 years, before being incorporated into the Byzantine Empire.
Croatia, as a polity, first appeared as a duchy in the 7th century, the Duchy of Croatia, and the near Principality …
Croats inside first Yugoslavia (1918–1941)
The creation of new state happened in late 1918: after Srijem left Croatia-Slavonia and joined Serbia together with Vojvodina, shortly followed by a referendum to join Bosnia and Herzegovina to Serbia, the People's Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (Narodno vijeće), guided by what was by that time a half a century long tradition of pan-Slavism and without sanction of the Croatian sabor, merged with Kingdom of Serbia into the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Prehistoric period
The area known today as Croatia was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period. Fossils of Neanderthals dating to the middle Palaeolithic period have been unearthed in northern Croatia, with the most famous and the best presented site in Krapina. Remnants of several Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures were found in all regions of the country. The largest proportion of the sites is in the northern Croatia river valleys, and the most significant cultures whose presence was disco…
Roman expansion
Before Roman expansion the eastern Adriatic coast made the northern part of Illyrian kingdom between the 4th century BC until the Illyrian Wars in the 220s BC and 168 BC when the Roman Republic established its protectorate south of the river Neretva. The area north of the Neretva was slowly incorporated into Roman possession until the province of Illyricum was formally established c. 32–27 BC.
Duchy of Croatia (800 - 925)
Eventually a dukedom was formed, Duchy of Croatia, ruled by Borna, as attested by chronicles of Einhard starting in the year 818. The record represents the first document of Croatian realms, vassal states of Francia at the time.
The Frankish overlordship ended during the reign of Mislav two decades later. According to the Constantine VII christianization of Croats began in the 7th century, but the claim is disputed and …
Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)
The first king of Croatia is generally considered to be king Tomislav from the first half of 10th century, who is mentioned as such in letters regarding Church Councils of Split, as well as De Administrando Imperio. The latter source, also informs us about Tomislav's army driving off Bulgarian invasion of Croatia in Battle of Bosnian Highlands in 926.
Personal union with Hungary (1102–1527) and Republic of Venice
The consequence of entering a personal union with Hungary, under the Hungarian king was among others the introduction of a feudal system. The later kings sought to restore some of their previously lost influence by giving certain privileges to the towns. Over the next four centuries, the Kingdom of Croatia was governed by the Sabor (parliament) and a Ban (viceroy) appointed by the king. I…
Croatia in the Habsburg Monarchy (1527–1918)
Croats fought an increasing number of battles, but gradually lost increasing swathes of territory to the Ottoman Empire, until being reduced to what is commonly called in Croatian historiography "Remains of the Remains of Once Glorious Croatian Kingdom" (Reliquiae reliquiarum olim inclyti regni Croatiae), or simply "Remains of the Remains". Decisive battle with the Ottomans occurred o…