The illustration below shows some of the muscles of the upper extremity. Muscles that move the shoulder and arm include the trapezius and serratus anterior. The pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, and rotator cuff muscles connect to the humerus and move the arm.
Full Answer
What is the appendicular skeleton?
The appendicular skeleton is one of two major bone groups in the body, the other being the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton is comprised of the upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis.
What muscles are in the lower extremity?
The iliopsoas, an anterior muscle, flexes the thigh. The muscles in the medial compartment adduct the thigh. The illustration below shows some of the muscles of the lower extremity. Muscles that move the leg are located in the thigh region. The quadriceps femoris muscle group straightens the leg at the knee.
How is the upper extremity connected to the axial skeleton?
The upper extremity is connected to and supported by the axial skeleton by only one joint (pectoral girdle or the shoulder joint) and many muscles. The joint is the sternoclavicular joint between the manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle.
What holds the scapula and clavicle in place?
The scapula and the clavicle are held in place by the numerous muscles that originate from the axial skeleton. The muscles that move the arm (see Figure 4.28 , Table 4.9) cross the shoulder joint and attach to the humerus, around or close to the humeral head. They originate posteriorly from the scapula and the vertebrae.
What muscles are in the appendicular skeleton?
Subclavius. Subscapularis.Pectoralis minor. Coracobrachialis.Serratus anterior. Deltoid.Subclavius. Subscapularis.Pectoralis minor. Coracobrachialis.(a) Anterior view. Superficial.
What is the appendicular skeleton attached to?
The human appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of the upper limbs (which function to grasp and manipulate objects) and the lower limbs (which permit locomotion). It also includes the pectoral (or shoulder) girdle and the pelvic girdle, which attach the upper and lower limbs to the body, respectively.
What are 3 appendicular skeleton bones?
Hips, Shoulders, Arms, and Legs: Bones of the Appendicular...The pectoral or shoulder girdle consists of the scapulae and clavicles. ... The upper limbs include the bones of the arm (humerus), forearm (radius and ulna), wrist, and hand. ... Wrist Bones. ... Hand Bones.More items...
What muscles connects the appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton?
The pectoral girdle is made up of two clavicles and two scapulae which are the anchors that attach the “appendicular” skeleton to the “axial” skeleton.
Which bones belong to the appendicular skeleton?
There are 126 named bones of the appendicular skeleton (all bones exist in pairs) [1]:Upper Limb.Shoulder girdle: Clavicle. Scapula. Arm. Humerus. Forearm. Radius. Ulna. Wrist or carpal bones. Scaphoid. Lunate. ... Lower Limb.Pelvic girdle (hip or coxal bone) Ilium. Ischium. Pubis. Thigh. Femur. Leg. Tibia. Fibula. Tarsal bones. Talas.
Which of the following bones are part of the appendicular skeleton quizlet?
The clavicle, shoulder girdle, humerus, pelvic girdle, and femur are part of the appendicular skeleton.
Which of the following bones form the upper extremity?
The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. It articulates with the radius and ulna bones of the forearm to form the elbow joint.
How many bones are in the upper extremities?
Each upper limb is made up of 32 bones, and has a number of different regions. First, there's the pectoral girdle, which consists of 2 bones: the scapula, also called the shoulder blade, and the clavicle, also known as the collarbone. Then there's the arm, which only has one bone, called the humerus.
What are the four parts of the upper extremity and the four parts of lower extremity of the appendicular skeleton?
APPENDICULAR SKELETON The four parts of the upper extremity are the pectoral girdle, the arm, the forearm, and the hand. The four parts of the lower extremity are the pelvic girdle, the thigh, the leg, and the foot.
What are the principal appendicular muscles?
Nine muscles cross the shoulder joint to move the humerus. The ones that originate on the axial skeleton are the pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi. The deltoid, subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, and coracobrachialis originate on the scapula.
What are the 3 components of a muscle?
The three main types of muscle include:Skeletal muscle – the specialised tissue that is attached to bones and allows movement. ... Smooth muscle – located in various internal structures including the digestive tract, uterus and blood vessels such as arteries. ... Cardiac muscle – the muscle specific to the heart.
Which muscles below only attach to the axial skeleton?
Which muscle listed below only attaches to the axial skeleton, and thus is classified as an axial muscle? The SPLENIUS is an epaxial muscle, one of the deep back muscles.
Where is the appendicular skeleton located?
Excerpt. The appendicular skeleton is one of two major bone groups in the body, the other being the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton is comprised of the upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis.
What holds skeletons together and supports movement?
Joints hold the skeleton together and support movement. There are two ways to categorize joints. The first is by joint function, also referred to as range of motion. The second way to categorize joints is by the material that holds the bones of the joints together; that is an organization of joints by structure.
What is the difference between axial and appendicular skeleton?
Your axial skeleton is made up of the bones in your head, neck, back and chest. Your appendicular skeleton is made up of everything else — the bones that attach (append) to your axial skeleton. Your appendicular skeleton includes the bones in your shoulders, pelvis and limbs, including your arms, hands, legs and feet.
Are ribs part of the appendicular skeleton?
The 80 bones of the axial skeleton form the vertical axis of the body. They include the bones of the head, vertebral column, ribs and breastbone or sternum. The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones and includes the free appendages and their attachments to the axial skeleton.
What is the appendicular musculature?
The appendicular musculature includes muscles that help stabilize and position the pectoral and pelvic gir-dle and move the upper and lower limbs. To make it more practical and applicable to body-workers, the muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs are described in four groups; each group, in turn, ...
What muscles move the wrist?
Muscles That Move the Forearm and Wrist. The muscles that move the forearm and wrist (see Figure 4.29, 4.10) gen-erally have their origins in the humerus (except for biceps brachii and the triceps brachii) and cross the elbow and/or wrist joint. At the elbow, the muscles produce flexion and extension of the forearm.
How are the tendons held in place?
The tendons of the muscles rising from the forearm are held in place against the carpals by connective tis sue sheets called retinaculum. The flexors are held in place by the flexor retinaculum and the extensors by the extensor retinaculum. The flexor retinacu-lum is a stamp-sized sheet of connective tissue run-ning anteriorly across the carpals. It forms a tunnel— carpal tunnel—through which nine flexor tendons and the median nerve pass (see Figure 4.31 and Fig-ure 3.43). The carpal tunnel is a narrow, rigid pas-
What are the extrinsic muscles of the hand?
For finer control, small muscles arising from the carpals and metacarpals are known as the intrin-sic muscles of the hand.
What are the four groups of muscles?
The four groups are: (1) Muscles that position and move the shoulder girdle; (2) Muscles that move the arm; (3) Muscles that move the forearm and wrist; and (4) Muscles that move the palm and fingers.
What muscles produce flexion and extension of the forearm?
At the elbow, the muscles produce flexion and extension of the forearm. In addition, some muscles, by rotating the radius over the lower end of the ulna, pronate (palm faces pos-teriorly) and supinate (palm faces anteriorly) the forearm.
What nerves innervate the upper limb?
The muscles of the upper limb (see Figure 4.32 and Table 4.12) are innervated by nerves that arise from the cervical and upper thoracic segments of the spinal cord: C5–C8 and T1 (with con-tributions from C4 and T2). The nerve fibers (axons from these segments) form a network in the neck called the brachial plexus. From this network, after dividing and subdividing, five large nerves (nerve fiber bundles) are formed that go down the arm to innervate the muscles. The nerves are the axillary, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial.
Which muscle group is the antagonist of the quadriceps femoris muscle group?
The hamstrings are antagonists to the quadriceps femoris muscle group, which are used to flex the leg at the knee. The muscles located in the leg that move the ankle and foot are divided into anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments.
Which muscle group straightens the leg at the knee?
The illustration below shows some of the muscles of the lower extremity. Muscles that move the leg are located in the thigh region. The quadriceps femoris muscle group straightens the leg at the knee.
Which muscle group is the largest?
The largest muscle mass belongs to the posterior group, the gluteal muscles, which, as a group, adduct the thigh.
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Appendicular skeleton is composed of bones which lie on the lateral sides of the mid axial line of our body and consists of the hanging bones. *Girdle is the bony or cartilaginous arch that supports the limbs of the vertebrates.
Which skeleton supports the upper extremity?
The upper extremity is connected to and supported by the axial skeleton by only one joint (pectoral girdle or the shoulder joint) and many muscles.
How many bones are there in the lower extremities?
The lower extremities consist of 62 bones which include: Pelvic girdle (2): The bone is called pelvis or hip bone or coxa. It is an irregular bone formed by the fusion of ilium, ishium and pubis (which are separate in children). The hip bone is fused with the sacrum and coccyx to form a pelvis.
What are the two groups of the girdle?
It can be divided into two groups; The upper extremities (Pectoral girdle and the bones of upper limbs) The lower extremities (Pelvic girdle and the bones of lower limbs) *Girdle is the bony or cartilaginous arch that supports the limbs of the vertebrates.
What joint forms with the glenoid fossa of the scapula?
It forms ball and socket joint with the glenoid fossa of scapula.
Which bone is the longest and strongest?
Pelvic girdle (hip bones) Femur (2): It is a typical long bone in the thigh (also called a thigh bone). It is the longest, strongest and heaviest bone. It forms a ball and socket joint with the pelvic bones. Femur provides articular surfaces for knee and supports the body.
Where is the head of a femur?
The head of femur fits into the acetabulum in the pubis of hip bone to form a ball and socket joint.
What are the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton?
The shoulder girdle and pelvis provide connection points between the appendicular skeleton and the axial skeleton to where mechanical loads transfer. Of the 206 bones in the adult human body, a total of 126 bones form the appendicular skeleton. The bones that contribute to the appendicular skeleton include the bones of the hands, feet, upper extremity, lower extremity, shoulder girdle, and pelvic bones .[1]
Where does the blood supply to the appendicular skeleton originate?
The blood supply to the lower extremity of the appendicular skeleton originates from the common iliac arteries, which are the terminal branches of the descending aorta. The common iliac artery branches into the internal and external iliac arteries, supplying all the structures of the pelvis and the lower extremities.[15] The external iliac artery continues into the lower extremity to become the femoral artery as it passes under the inguinal ligament.[16] A major branch of the femoral artery is the deep femoral artery. The deep femoral artery supplies blood to the femur. The medial femoral circumflex artery and lateral femoral circumflex artery are early branches of the deep femoral artery that vascularize the hip joint.[16] The femoral artery continues posteriorly to the knee as the popliteal artery, then continues into the lower leg where it divides into the anterior tibial artery and the posterior tibial artery. The posterior tibial artery then bifurcates into the posterior tibial and fibular arteries, which distally contribute to the vasculature of the foot. [17][18][19]
What are the bones of the upper extremity?
A single upper extremity includes 14 phalanges (proximal, intermediate, and distal), five metacarpals, eight carpal bones, two forearm bones (radius and ulna), the humerus, and the shoulder girdle (scapula and clavicle) .[2] A single lower extremity contains 14 phalanges (proximal, intermediate, and distal), five metatarsals, seven tarsal bones, two leg bones (fibula, tibia), the femur, and the hip bone or coxal bone (ilium, ischium, and pubis). [3][4]These bones articulate with each other and are joined by a multitude of ligaments, cartilage, and tendons to form the appendicular skeleton. There are also bony prominences and protuberances that serve as muscle attachment sites on the surfaces of these bones. The appendicular skeleton is structured for a greater range of motion and locomotion generation when compared to the axial skeleton. [5]
Which joint articulates with the axial skeleton?
There are two bilateral joints where the appendicular skeleton directly articulates with the axial skeleton. The first of these articulations is the sternoclavicular joint, where the sternum of the axial skeleton articulates with the clavicle of the appendicular skeleton. The sternoclavicular joint is a synovial joint.[8] The second point where the appendicular skeleton directly articulates with the axial skeleton is the sacroiliac joint, where the sacrum articulates with the ilium. The sacroiliac joint is both a synovial joint and a syndesmosis. The connection between the sacrum and the ilium is important to transfer the load of the axial skeleton to the lower limb of the appendicular skeleton. [9]
What is the function of the bones of the foot?
The bones of the foot function to form a base where the skeleton contacts the ground while standing. During the gait cycle, the articulations between the bones of the foot combined with the fascia and ligaments allow for deformation of the arches, which create spring-like properties in the foot that are utilized during walking and running. [11]
Is the appendicular skeleton physiologic?
There are a number of physiologic variants of the appendicular skeleton. The text below briefly describes several of the anomalies.
When do limb buds form?
There are two upper limb buds and two lower limb buds. These form when the lateral plate mesoderm grows outwards. As these limb buds grow outwards, chondrification forms hyaline cartilage around the sixth week and continues cartilage growth the limb buds. This chondrification continues rapidly in a proximal to distal manner.[12] Around the tenth week, the ossification of the cartilage begins.[13] Ossification continues post-birth with secondary and ultimately complete ossification that is ongoing until around 20 years of age. [14]