what are chondroids

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What is the medical definition of chondroid?

Medical Definition of chondroid : resembling cartilage innervation of chondroid tissue Learn More About chondroid Dictionary Entries Near chondroid

What do you need to know about chondroitin?

Chondroitin 1 Chondroitin is a dietary supplement and a vital part of cartilage. 2 Chondroitin is found naturally in your body. 3 Side-effects are usually mild and infrequent. 4 Chondroitin trials for osteoarthritis. In the 19 trials into the use of chondroitin...

What does Chon·Droid (kon'droyd) mean?

[kon´droid] resembling cartilage. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. chon·droid (kon'droyd), 1. Resembling cartilage. Synonym(s): cartilaginoid 2.

What is the chemical formula for chondrodite?

Chondrodite is a nesosilicate mineral with formula (Mg,Fe) 5 (SiO 4) 2 (F,OH,O) 2. Although it is a fairly rare mineral, it is the most frequently encountered member of the humite group of minerals. It is formed in hydrothermal deposits from locally metamorphosed dolomite.

What are guttural pouches in a horse?

The guttural pouches are unique to a small number of animal species, including the horse. They are sacs of air that expand from the Eustachian tube, with one on each side of the horse's head. They are positioned beneath the ear and each guttural pouch cavity in an adult horse can hold as much as a coffee mug.

What is the purpose of a guttural pouch?

Recently, investigators determined that the equine guttural pouches function during selective brain-cooling to maintain blood carried by the internal carotid arteries at a temperature below the core body temperature during hyperthermia, induced by exercise.

Do humans have guttural pouches?

The guttural pouches connect the middle ear to the pharynx. The opening into the pharynx is called the nasopharyngeal ostium, which is composed of the pharyngeal wall laterally and a fibrocartilaginous fold medially. This opening leads to a short soft tissue passageway into the respective guttural pouch.

What clinical signs are associated with an infection of the guttural pouch?

Clinical signs include intermittent purulent nasal discharge, painful swelling in the parotid area, and in severe cases, stiff head carriage and stertorous breathing. Fever, depression, and anorexia may or may not be seen. Diagnosis is determined by endoscopic examination of the guttural pouch.

How do you flush guttural pouches?

Balanced electrolyte solutions with acetylcys- teine, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or a combination of antimicrobials can be used to flush the guttural pouches. Dilute povidone-iodine solutions (1%) are also used; however, iodine can be neutralized by exudates.

How do I access the guttural pouch?

0:513:39Guttural Pouch Lavage for Detection of Carriers of Strep Equi - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipPass the endoscope along the left or right ventral meatus. Until you can visualize the gutturalMorePass the endoscope along the left or right ventral meatus. Until you can visualize the guttural pouch opening enter and examine the guttural. Pouch. Look for gross contamination.

What is a guttural pouch wash?

Guttural pouch endoscopy including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bacteriological analysis of the guttural pouch washes: This test is useful to determine the true disease status of a horse, which may have had a positive result on a blood test, or it can be used to assess whether or not a horse which has recently ...

How do you prevent guttural pouch mycosis?

With no definitive cause identified, veterinarians can only speculate how to lessen the chances your horse will develop guttural pouch mycosis: Keep stalls clean and dry. Be sure to clean out the corners of the horse's stall where molds and fungi might accumulate.

What nerves run through the guttural pouch?

The guttural pouch has close association with many major structures including several cranial nerves (glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal), the sympathetic trunk and the external and internal carotid arteries.

Why can disease of the guttural pouch cause neurological signs?

Diseases of the guttural pouches can also cause signs such as dysphagia, abnormal soft palate positioning, laryngeal paralysis, and Horner syndrome due to lesions in one or more of the cranial nerves or sympathetic structures involved with these functions.

What species have guttural pouches?

Guttural pouches are paired extensions of the eustachian tubes that connect the pharynx to the middle ear. They are found in perissodactyls, such as equids, tapirs, some species of rhinoceros (except for the white rhinoceros), some bats, a South American forest mouse, and hyraxes.

What is the risk of chondrosis of the knee?

Who Is at Risk? Chondrosis of the knee is often associated with certain types of exercise or obesity. Every pound of weight on the upper body places four pounds of force on the knee joint. 2 . Endurance athletes who run long distances are prone to joint pain.

What is the term for the breakdown of cartilage between the joints?

Surgery. Chondrosis means "cartilage breakdown"—deterioration of the cushiony connective tissue between joints due to factors such as overuse, injury, and age, Known more commonly as osteoarthritis, chondrosis most often occurs in the knees, hands, hips, neck, and lower back, causing pain and stiffness.

Why does cartilage breakdown over time?

Insufficient muscle tone fails to support the joints, placing them under added stress. Osteoarthritis is common in people over age 50. Age is a leading cause of cartilage breakdown over time. 3  Genetics also plays a role, especially when triggered by inflammation.

What is the condition of the kneecap?

A condition called patellofemoral (PF) chondrosis describes cartilage loss on the surface of the kneecap. 2  Another term for the condition is chondromalacia, and its severity is graded on a scale from one to four.

Why do my hips hurt when I walk?

The hips are a weight-bearing ball and socket joint with cartilage that lines the inner surface to enable smooth and easy movement. 4  If this cartilage starts to wear away, friction between the bones leads to bone spurs. Chondrosis in the hip joint can make it difficult to walk, causing stiffness and pain.

What is the term for the pain in the neck and spine?

Osteoarthritis can also occur in the spine and neck, where it is usually referred to as cervical spondylosis. In between each vertebra of the spine, cartilage padding protects the bones from pressing against each other. When this breaks down, inflammation and pain can make it difficult to get comfortable for sleep or to perform daily activities.

How to reduce pain in neck and back?

Adjusting your workspace to be more ergonomic can reduce pain, especially in the neck, back, and wrists. Weight loss. The ACR also recommends weight loss, when appropriate, as part of an osteoarthritis treatment plan.

How long is chondroitin safe to take?

Although not all side effects are known, chondroitin is thought to be possibly safe when taken for up to 6 years. Stop using chondroitin and call your healthcare provider at once if you have: irregular heartbeats; or. swelling in your legs. Common side effects may include: nausea, diarrhea, constipation; mild stomach pain;

Can chondroitin be used for pregnancy?

It is not known whether chondroitin will harm an unborn baby. Do not use this product without medical advice if you are pregnant. Chondroitin may pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. Do not use this product without medical advice if you are breast-feeding a baby.

Can you take chondroitin if you are allergic to it?

Before taking this medicine. You should not use this product if you are allergic to chondroitin. Ask a doctor, pharmacist, or other healthcare provider if it is safe for you to use this product if you have: asthma; prostate cancer; or. bleeding or blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia.

Can you use chondroitin at the same time?

Do not use more of this product than is recommended on the label. Do not use different formulations of chondroitin at the same time without medical advice.

What is chondroitin supplement?

What is it? Chondroitin is a dietary supplement and a vital part of cartilage. Studies have found that taking chondroitin can prevent cartilage breaking down and can also stimulate its repair mechanisms. Chondroitin has been tested in at least 22 RCTs for osteoarthritis.

How many RCTs have Chondroitin been tested for?

Chondroitin has been tested in at least 22 RCTs for osteoarthritis. Evidence is inconsistent but many show that it has significant clinical benefits in reducing pain and painkiller use. Higher quality trials were less likely to show benefit.

Is chondroitin a natural substance?

Chondroitin is found naturally in your body. It’s a vital part of cartilage, giving it elasticity by helping it retain water. Laboratory studies have found that chondroitin can reduce the activity of enzymes and substances that break down collagen in joints. Other studies have demonstrated that it has several anti-inflammatory properties.

Does chondroitin cause bleeding?

This is because chondroitin might increase the risk of bleeding. You should also be cautious about taking chondroitin if you have asthma because it might make breathing problems worse. Most trials have used a daily dose of between 800 mg and 1,200 mg taken in divided amounts.

What is the structure of chondrodite?

The chondrodite structure is based on a slightly distorted hexagonal close packed array of anions O, OH and F with metal ions in the octahedral sites resulting in zigzag chains of M (O,OH,F)#N#6 octahedra. Chains are staggered so that none of the independent tetrahedral sites occupied by Si has OH or F corners. Half of the octahedral sites are filled by divalent cations, principally Mg, and one tenth of the tetrahedral sites are filled by Si. There are three distinct octahedra in the array: Fe is ordered in the M1 sites but not in the larger M2 and smaller M3 sites. Ti is ordered in the M3 positions, which are the smallest, but Ti concentration appears never to exceed 0.5 atoms Ti per formula unit in natural specimens. In the humite series Mg 2+ is replaced by Fe 2+, Mn 2+, Ca 2+ and Zn 2+ in that order of abundance, though Mg 2+ always predominates.

Where is chondrodite found?

Chondrodite is found largely in metamorphic contact zones between carbonate rocks and acidic or alkaline intrusions where fluorine has been introduced by metasomatic processes. It is formed by the hydration of olivine, (Mg,Fe 2+) 2 SiO 4, and is stable over a range of temperatures and pressures that include those existing in a portion of the uppermost mantle.

What is the molar mass of Mg#N#5(SiO#N#4)#N

Mg#N#5(SiO#N#4)#N#2F#N#2 is the end member formula as given by the International Mineralogical Association, molar mass 351.6 g . There is usually some OH in the F sites, however, and Fe and Ti can substitute for Mg, so the formula for the naturally occurring mineral is better written (Mg,Fe,Ti)#N#5(SiO#N#4)#N#2(F,OH,O)#N#2.

Which cations are in the octahedral sites?

Half of the octahedral sites are filled by divalent cations, principally Mg, and one tenth of the tetrahedral sites are filled by Si. There are three distinct octahedra in the array: Fe is ordered in the M1 sites but not in the larger M2 and smaller M3 sites.

Is chondrodite yellow or orange?

Chondrodite is yellow, orange, red or brown, or rarely colorless, but zoning of different color intensity is common, and intergrown plates of chondrodite, humite, clinohumite, forsterite and monticellite have been reported.

What is the joint between the tongue and the guttural pouch?

This joint is called the temporohyoid joint. The stylohyoid bone is a long slender bone that runs from the roof of the guttural pouch, down to the base of the tongue, where it joins with the same bone from the other side through a series of connections with smaller bones.

What is the disease of the guttural pouches?

Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy. Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy is another rare disease of guttural pouches. This is also caused by an infection, but the infection affects the middle ear of the horse. The middle ear is very close to where the stylohyoid bone forms a joint with the skull on the roof of the guttural pouch.

How do you know if a horse has guttural pouch tympany?

For reasons that we do not understand, one or both guttural pouches fill with air that cannot escape and becomes trapped. These foals then develop a “chipmunk” appearance caused by air distension of the guttural pouch in the throatlatch. These foals are otherwise in good health, although some might experience difficulty swallowing and this might lead to aspiration of food and milk. Treatment is surgical and involves creating a new opening from the affected guttural pouch so the air can escape from the affected side into the normal side or into the pharynx. A variety of different methods are available and the surgeons at the University of Florida have experience using them.

Why do pigeons have chipmunks?

These foals then develop a “chipmunk” appearance caused by air distension of the guttural pouch in the throatlatch. These foals are otherwise in good health, although some might experience difficulty swallowing and this might lead to aspiration of food and milk.

What is a guttural pouch?

The guttural pouches are unique to a small number of animal species, including the horse. They are sacs of air that expand from the Eustachian tube, with one on each side of the horse’s head.

What happens when a bone fracture heals?

Then, through repeated movements of the tongue and larynx, the brittle portions of bone can fracture. As the fracture heals, it will form a callus and this callus can reach sufficient size to put pressure on some nerves that go through the guttural pouch.

What are some examples of cranial nerves?

Examples would be problems with swallowing food and water, breathing, facial expression and head posture.

Why is it important to have a first surgery for a chordoma?

Because of the risk of chordomas spreading , a successful first surgery is very important. Operative intervention provides the best chance for cure and control of the tumor. Depending on the location, size and appearance of your chordoma, your surgery team might involve multiple surgeons.

What is a chordoma?

Chordomas form from remnants of the notochord — embryonic tissue that eventually forms the center of spinal disks. These tumors are considered malignant and may metastasize, though they typically grow slowly. Even slow-growing chordomas can become aggressive and grow quite large locally, putting pressure on or invading into critical parts ...

How often do you need an MRI after chordoma surgery?

During the first year after surgery, you will need an MRI every three months to ensure the chordoma isn’t returning.

What is Susan's cancer called?

Chordoma: Susan’s Story. A busy, active woman with no previous health problems, Susan was diagnosed with a rare spine tumor called a chordoma, and consulted Johns Hopkins.

What is the treatment for a tumor?

Treatment involves preoperative planning, surgery (the procedure is called an en bloc resection, meaning a complete removal of the entire tumor, including any surrounding tissue where cancerous cells may have invaded) and postoperative therapy.

What is the surgery for chordoma?

Chordoma surgery can include a collaboration between specialists in neurosurgery, surgical oncology, orthopaedic oncology, urology, vascular surgery, plastic surgery and anesthesiology. To ensure the best outcome, surgery may also include preoperative planning with medical specialists.

How do you know if you have a chordoma?

If the chordoma has grown very large, you may be able to feel a lump.

Who Is at Risk?

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