What are flow lines and equipotential lines? Flow lines represent the path of flow along which the water will seep through the soil. Equipotential
Equipotential
Equipotential or isopotential in mathematics and physics refers to a region in space where every point in it is at the same potential. This usually refers to a scalar potential (in that case it is a level set of the potential), although it can also be applied to vector potentials. An equipotential of …
Whats a flow line?
In the oil and gas industry, flowlines are pipe lines that connect a single wellhead to a manifold or process equipment. In a larger well field, multiple flowlines may connect individual wells to a manifold.
What are equipotential lines in hydrology?
An equipotential line, a line of constant head, may be used to form a constant head hydraulic boundary (Fig. 4.12), or specified flow rates may be calculated across the equipotential line and used to specify boundary flows.
What is equipotential flow?
Equipotential line: A line along which velocity potential function (ϕ) is constant is known as the equipotential line.
How do you count flow lines and equipotential lines?
14:1019:11Flow Net - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipThese equipotential lines are drawn in a way that drop of head or loss of head between two adjacentMoreThese equipotential lines are drawn in a way that drop of head or loss of head between two adjacent equipotential lines is constant which means if head at the first equipotential. Line is 15 meter.
What is a flow line in groundwater?
A flow net consists of two sets of lines which must always be orthogonal (perpendicular to each other): flow lines, which show the direction of groundwater flow, and equipotentials (lines of constant head), which show the distribution of potential energy.
How do you draw a flow line?
Steps for Drawing a Flow Net Using Pencil and PaperDraw the outline of the flow system to scale and label the nature of each boundary.Draw equipotential lines along the boundaries where a single value of hydraulic head is specified along the boundary.Draw flow lines along no-flow boundaries.More items...
What is equipotential function?
Equipotential or isopotential in mathematics and physics refers to a region in space where every point in it is at the same potential. This usually refers to a scalar potential (in that case it is a level set of the potential), although it can also be applied to vector potentials.
What are uses of flow net?
Flow net applications include Calculation of uplift pressure, Exit gradient / Piping, Heaving and Pore Water pressure.
What are stream lines?
A streamline is a line that is tangential to the instantaneous velocity direction (velocity is a vector, and it has a magnitude and a direction). To visualize this in a flow, we could imagine the motion of a small marked element of fluid.
What is the use of flow lines in flowchart?
A flowchart consists of boxes called the symbols and arrows called the flow lines. The box depicts the process and the flow line indicates the next step to be performed. This symbol is used to indicate the beginning or the end of a flowchart. When this symbol is used for START, no flow lines can enter it.
How do I calculate flow rate?
0:453:01How to calculate flowrate - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipThey're asking for the flow rate so let's write down that formula flow rate equals velocityMoreThey're asking for the flow rate so let's write down that formula flow rate equals velocity multiplied by area the area is the cross-sectional area of the pipe hatched.
What is exit gradient?
For the soil grain to remain stable, the submerged weight of soil grain should be more than this upward force. This force at any point is proportional to the gradient of the pressure of water at that point. This gradient of the pressure of water at the exit end is called the exit gradient.
What is an equipotential line?
Equipotential lines are lines connecting points of the same electric potential. All electric field lines cross all equipotential lines perpendicularly. 4. a. The work along an electric field line depends on the magnitude of the charge and the potential difference through which the charge is moved.
What do equipotential lines show?
Equipotential lines provide a quantitative way of viewing the electric potential in two dimensions. Every point on a given line is at the same potential. Such maps can be thought as topographic maps.
What are equipotential lines curves?
PHYSICS. If V (x, y) is the voltage or potential at a point (x, y) in the xy-plane, then the level curves of V are called equipotential curves. Along such a curve, the voltage remains constant.
What is equipotential line in geotechnical engineering?
5 Equipotential lines Total head Head loss Equipotential lines: Equipotential lines are lines that pass through points of equal head. The space between two adjacent equipotential lines represents a drop in head. The space between two adjacent equipotential lines is called an equipotential space.
How do electric lines of force and equipotential lines relate to each other?
The electric lines of force and equipotential lines are orthogonal to each other for an isolated charged conductor. The presence of earth alters the electric field of a charged conductor. If earth is assumed as a perfect conductor in the form of a horizontal plane of infinite extent, then we notice that the electric field of the charged conductors is forced to conform to the presence of earth’s equipotential surface. The potential distribution in space will remain the same if we imagine an isolated opposite charged conductor at the same depth h as the conductor is above the earth ( Fig. 2.18 ). The capacitance between the conductor and its fictitious image
What are equipotentials in a line charge?
For a line charge the equipotentials are cylinders , since a cylinder is traced out by moving in the two directions perpendicular to the radius vector. See Figure 5.9 (b). For a point charge the equipotentials are spheres, since a sphere is traced out by moving in the two directions perpendicular to the radius vector.
What do current lines represent?
The current lines represent the paths of the charges moving from one electrode to the other. We can draw from Conrad Schlumberger’s17 landmark book his representation of current and equipotential lines, as illustrated in Figure 2.8.
What is equipotential plot?
The plots of equipotentials, field intensity or flux density provide a quick means of getting an idea of the solution of the electromagnetic fields. An experienced engineer can judge higher field regions from the plots as one expects that the equipotential lines should be crowded there ( Hoole 1989) Color contour plots directly tell us the higher field regions using color and the color element fill plots give us some idea about the finite elements which have higher fields. In the case of arrow plots the size of the arrow shows the higher fields. But the identification of the small variations with the human eye is a very difficult task in analyzing complicated devices. Color arrow plots solve this for a user.
When equipotential lines and streamlines are plotted together on the same graph, what is commonly known as?
When equipotential lines and streamlines are plotted together on the same graph, the two families of curves create what is commonly known as a flow net. The latter provides an excellent description of the flow pattern for irrotational flow. If at any point of the net δs and δn represent the streamline and equipotential line increments, then the velocity magnitude is given by
How are evolution cases different from mass transfer?
Case A occurs before the terminal main sequence, when the loser is still undergoing core hydrogen burning. This is a slow nuclear stage, and not very sensitive to the stellar mass. For mass transfer to occur requires very small orbital separation because of the small stellar radii and the time scale for stellar expansion is very slow. Case B occurs after hydrogen core exhaustion and during a relatively rapid stage of radial expansion, either in the traverse across the Hertzsprung gap (hydrogen shell burning) or on first ascent of the giant branch but before helium core ignition. Case C is a late stage, when the star has developed a helium core and is on or near the giant branch or asymptotic giant branch (helium shell burning). Two mass-transfer cases are distinguished, as well. In conservative mass transfer, the process can be studied in a straightforward way because we neglect any net mass or angular momentum losses. The Roche surface would recede into the loser were it not for the increase in the separation between the components that results from the change in the mass ratio. The loser maintains contact with RRL until contact is broken by expansion of the system and thereafter the more evolved star continues as if it were a single star. In the event of mass loss from the gainer, the process of mass transfer may be reinitiated at some later stage, but this is unlikely. Dropping these assumptions of constant binary mass and total angular momentum makes the scenario more realistic but leads to a dizzying range of phenomenological models, each marked by the adoption of specific mechanisms for breaking constancy of one or both of these quantities.
What is the purpose of graphing output versus spatial position?
In that case graphing output versus spatial position provides the necessary information to the user. In transient analysis, the variation of the field quantity with time is studied and one may need the feature of graphing output against time.
Homework Statement
It's stated in the notes that line fg is the flow line . Why is it so ?
The Attempt at a Solution
I think it's wrong . The flow line is defined as a line along which the water paticle travel from upstream to downstream in the permeable medium .
Answers and Replies
This isn't my usual area, but I think I follow it. The solid curves represent flow lines, and as you look deeper below the wall the roughly-circular curves become of greater radius.
What is an equipotential sphere?
This is true since the potential for a point charge is given by V = kQ/r V = kQ / r and, thus, has the same value at any point that is a given distance r r from the charge. An equipotential sphere is a circle in the two-dimensional view of this figure. Since the electric field lines point radially away from the charge, they are perpendicular to the equipotential lines.
What is the color of the electric field lines?
An isolated point charge Q Q with its electric field lines in blue and equipotential lines in green.
What is the rule for static electric fields?
One of the rules for static electric fields and conductors is that the electric field must be perpendicular to the surface of any conductor. This implies that a conductor is an equipotential surface in static situations. There can be no voltage difference across the surface of a conductor, or charges will flow.
What is the most important case of parallel conducting plates?
One of the most important cases is that of the familiar parallel conducting plates shown in this figure. Between the plates, the equipotentials are evenly spaced and parallel. The same field could be maintained by placing conducting plates at the equipotential lines at the potentials shown.
How do we represent electric potentials?
We can represent electric potentials (voltages) pictorially, just as we drew pictures to illustrate electric fields. Of course, the two are related. Consider this figure, which shows an isolated positive point charge and its electric field lines. Electric field lines radiate out from a positive charge and terminate on negative charges. While we use blue arrows to represent the magnitude and direction of the electric field, we use green lines to represent places where the electric potential is constant. These are called equipotential lines in two dimensions, or equipotential surfaces in three dimensions.
How do electric fields affect the heart?
An important application of electric fields and equipotential lines involves the heart. The heart relies on electrical signals to maintain its rhythm. The movement of electrical signals causes the chambers of the heart to contract and relax. When a person has a heart attack, the movement of these electrical signals may be disturbed. An artificial pacemaker and a defibrillator can be used to initiate the rhythm of electrical signals. The equipotential lines around the heart, the thoracic region, and the axis of the heart are useful ways of monitoring the structure and functions of the heart. An electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the small electric signals being generated during the activity of the heart. More about the relationship between electric fields and the heart is discussed in Energy Stored in Capacitors.
What do green lines represent?
While we use blue arrows to represent the magnitude and direction of the electric field, we use green lines to represent places where the electric potential is constant. These are called equipotential lines in two dimensions, or equipotential surfaces in three dimensions.
Where does a flow line begin?
Note that each flow line begins from the upstream surface, which is at pressure γ w D, and travels through the soil, constantly losing its energy and terminates at the downstream surface, which is at pressure γ w d.
What is the name of the line that connects all the points of equal head?
Similarly at different levels such lines of equal heads can be drawn. These lines are known as equipotential lines. All the points on an equipotential line have the same energy.
What is the purpose of soil engineering?
As a soil engineer our aim is to analyse the flow of water inside the soil and try to obtain solutions to the engineering problems faced. One such problem is to estimate the quantity of water percolating via seepage through the soil under a dam.
How many flow channels are sufficient?
So, only four or five flow channels are sufficient. To draw a meaningful graph we need to keep in mind certain characteristics of the flow net. First, two flow lines can never cross each other because flow in soil voids is considered laminar. Similarly no two equipotential lines can cross each other.
How many flow channels are needed for a flow net?
So, only four or five flow channels are sufficient.
Why is flow net construction used?
This is the most commonly used method of flow net construction because it is easy and it provides nearly accurate results. This method is one of the solutions to the Laplace equation.
Why is water not flowing in y direction?
Water is not flowing in y direction as we are analysing flow only in two dimensions. Now using continuity equation we can write the amount of water going in the soil element is equal to the amount of water coming out of it. Somehow after solving it we arrive at simpler equation of continuity.
What is an equipotential line?
Equipotential line: A line along which velocity potential function (ϕ) is constant is known as the equipotential line.
What is the differential of a equipotential line?
For an equipotential line, ϕ ϕ ( x, y) = c o n s t a n t and the differential of ϕ is zero.
What is a line along which stream function is constant?
Streamline: It is an imaginary curve drawn in space such that tangent drawn to it at any point will give the velocity of that fluid particle at a given instant of time. A line along which stream function (ψ) is constant is known as streamline .
What is a streamline in flow?
Streamline represents an imaginary curve in the flow field so that the tangent to the curve at any point represents the direction of instantaneous velocity at that point. 2. Path lines, streamlines and streak lines are identical in steady flow. Q13.
What is the flow of a submerged body called?
If the velocity, pressure and density do not change at a point with respect to time, the flow is called: Q5. For a submerged body, if the centre of buoyancy is above the centre of gravity, the equilibrium is called as: Q6. The most economical section of a rectangular section is one which has hydraulic radius equal to:
