Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). It represents human genetic diversity based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the Y chromosome.
Full Answer
What haplogroups are native?
Early studies of Native American mtDNA variation have shown that all Native American mtDNAs belong to haplogroups A, B, C, D and X, and that some of these haplogroups are also common along the northern Pacific Rim (Torroni et al.
Do haplogroups mean anything?
Identifying your haplogroup can tell you a surprising amount about your deep ancestry. They are generally associated with particular geographic regions and can tell us about our ancestor's migration routes out of Africa, as well as linking you to a group of people who share ancient ancestors.
How many haplogroups can a person have?
two haplogroupsHow many haplogroups can a person have? Every person has two haplogroups, one for their maternal line and one for their paternal line, although females cannot be assigned a paternal line by direct testing since they do not carry the Y chromosome (see previous question).
What haplogroup are Africans?
Thirteen of the 18 haplogroups previously observed in African populations were observed in the African American populations: L1a, L1b, L1c, L2a, L2b, L2c, L3b, L3d, L3e1, L3e2, L3e3, L3e4, and L3f.
What is the most rare haplogroup?
Geographic distribution. Haplogroup X is one of rarest matrilinear haplogroups in Europe, being found only is about 1% of the overall population.
Do father and son have the same paternal haplogroups?
In addition, all sons inherit their Y chromosomes from their biological fathers; a father and his son therefore share a Y chromosome or paternal haplogroup. Any set of males who share a common male-line ancestor (that is, brothers, paternal half-brothers, male paternal cousins) have the same paternal haplogroup.
What haplogroup are Vikings?
The Viking Age population had higher frequencies of K*, U*, V* and I* haplogroups than their modern counterparts, but a lower proportion of T* and H* haplogroups. Three individuals carried haplotypes that are rare in Norway today (U5b1b1, Hg A* and an uncommon variant of H*).
Do females have haplogroups?
Because females do not have Y chromosomes, females do not have paternal haplogroups. However, a woman can learn about the origins of some of her paternal ancestors from the paternal haplogroup of her male-line relatives.
Does ancestry tell you your haplogroup?
Ancestry does not provide a Y-DNA haplogroup report but it is possible to get a haplogroup assignment from the raw data.
What is Albert Einstein haplogroup?
Albert Einstein is alleged to belong to Y Haplogroup E. Tested Einsteins from Germany belong to E1b1b1b2* (cluster SNP PF1952, formerly known as the E-Z830-B or "Jewish cluster").
What is the Arab haplogroup?
2-(J1) Haplogroup is very common in Arabs (about 65%) (source is Semino et al.: Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area) and (National Geographic Genetic Project).
What is the oldest haplogroup?
The oldest haplogroup is haplogroup A00. This Y-haplogroup indicates a genetic line of people older than what we call homo sapiens, or modern humans. Its age is still being estimated based on mutation rates, but 270,000 years is a close estimate (some researchers claim it could be nearer to 581,000!).
What does your paternal haplogroup tell you?
Your paternal haplogroup tells you about your paternal-line ancestors, from your father to his father and beyond. So your paternal haplogroup helps you trace your ancestry through your father's father but not through your father's mother.
What haplogroup are Vikings?
The Viking Age population had higher frequencies of K*, U*, V* and I* haplogroups than their modern counterparts, but a lower proportion of T* and H* haplogroups. Three individuals carried haplotypes that are rare in Norway today (U5b1b1, Hg A* and an uncommon variant of H*).
What are haplogroups used for?
Haplogroups can be used to define genetic populations and are often geographically oriented.
Does ancestry tell you your haplogroup?
Ancestry does not provide a Y-DNA haplogroup report but it is possible to get a haplogroup assignment from the raw data.
What are the haplogroups of Native Americans?
What are the Native American MTdna haplogroups? 95% of all Native Americans possess the sub-haplogroups A2, B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, and D1. The remaining 5% possess the sub-haplogroups X2a, D2a, C4c, and D4h3a. Because the X2a, D2a, C4c, and D4h3a sub-haplogroups are rare, most studies exclude them. As a result, whenever the results for any particular ...
What sub-haplogroups are rare?
Because the X2a, D2a, C4c, and D4h3a sub-haplogroups are rare, most studies exclude them. As a result, whenever the results for any particular population do not equal 100%, it can be safely assumed that the remaining percent belongs to these rare sub-haplogroups.
What is mtDNA?
mtDNA is mitochrondial dna that is passed down from mothers to offspring during sexual reproduction. Both male and female offspring possess mtDNA. Y chromosomal data is passed down only to male offspring from fathers during sexual reproduction. A haplogroup is defined by the differences in human mitochondrial dna.
Why are there differences in mtDNA?
These differences in mtDNA haplogroups are caused by random genetic mutations that occur over time. Because these genetic mutations are passed down to offspring, it is possible to link particular haplogroups with geographical locations.
What is the meaning of location in Native American studies?
Location – The geographic location of the Native American group. In some cases, if the geographic location is not specified, the language family is present instead. Participants – The number of people from that Native American group whose dna was tested and included in the study.
Which Native American group has the highest diversity?
Some Native American groups such as the Nahua exhibit a high level of diversity relative to other Native Americans groups. Other Native American groups such as the Navajo, Apache and Zuni exhibit a low level of diversity relative to other Native American groups.
Do Nahuas have genetic diversity?
Nahuas today show a high level of genetic diversity which shows 1. their dna is now very different from their Uto-Aztecan relatives and 2. their stories about reproducing with people living in Mexico such as the Tolteca are reflected in their genetics. How to read the data in the tool.
Which haplogroup is the only pan-American haplogroup?
To assess the timing, places of origin and extent of admixture between these components, we performed an analysis of the Y-chromosome haplogroup Q, which is the only Pan-American haplogroup and accounts for virtually all Native American Y chromosomes in Mesoamerica and South America.
What are the people of the Americas called?
People: Native Americans. People: Native Americans. “The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries.
Where is Haplogroup D found?
Haplogroup D is found throughout Asia, into Europe and throughout the Americas.
How many haplogroups are there in Family Tree DNA?
Research in partnership with the Genographic Project as well as the publicly available portions of the projects at Family Tree DNA has been very productive. In total, we now have 259 proven Native haplogroups. This research project has identified 114 new Native haplogroups, or 44% of the total known haplogroups being newly discovered within the Genographic Project and the Family Tree DNA projects.
What is the first challenge in DNA?
The first challenge is haplogroup naming. For those “old enough” to remember when Y DNA haplogroups used to be called by names such as R1b1c and then R1b1a2, as opposed to the current R-M269 – mitochondrial DNA is having the same issue. In other words, when a new branch needs to be added to the tree, or an entire branch needs to be moved someplace else, the haplogroup names can and do change.
Where is M1A1E from?
One additional source for haplogroup M was found in GenBank noted as M1a1e “USA”, but there were also several Eurasian submissions for M1a1e as well. However, Doron Behar’s dates for M1a1e indicate that the haplogroup was born about 9,813 years ago, plus or minus 4,022 years, giving it a range of 5,971 to 13,835 years ago, meaning that M1a1e could reasonably be found in both Asia and the Americas. There were no Genographic results for M1a1e. At this point, M1a1e cannot be classified as Native, but remains on the radar.
Which haplogroup is B2?
The Genographic project provides the following heat map for haplogroup B4, which includes B2, the primary Native subgroup.
What is genetic genealogy?
This description of genetic genealogy is one of the best I have ever heard, especially as it pertains to the identification of ancestral populations by Y and mitochondrial DNA. As DNA testing has become more mainstream, many people want to see if they have Native ancestry.
What percentage of mtDNA is Native American?
For mtDNA variation, some studies have measured Native American, European and African contributions to Mexican and Mexican American populations, revealing 85 to 90% of mtDNA lineages are of Native American origin, with the remainder having European (5-7%) or African ancestry (3-5%).
What is the most common haplogroup?
In human genetics, the haplogroups most commonly studied are Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups, each of which can be used to define genetic populations. Y-DNA is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while mtDNA is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material.
Where is Haplogroup G found?
Haplogroup G (M201) (present among many ethnic groups in Eurasia, usually at low frequency; most common in the Caucasus, the Iranian plateau, and Anatolia; in Europe mainly in Greece, Italy, Iberia, the Tyrol, Bohemia; rare in Northern Europe)
What is the difference between a haplotype and a haplogroup?
t. e. A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup ( haploid from the Greek: ἁπλοῦς, haploûs, "onefold, simple" and English: Group) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation.
What is a group of alleles that are inherited together from a single parent?
Haplogroup. A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup ( haploid from the Greek: ἁπλοῦς, haploûs, "onefold, simple" and English: Group) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation.
Can you predict a haplogroup from a haplotype?
As a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, it is usually possible to predict a haplogroup from haplotypes. Haplogroups pertain to a single line of descent. As such, membership of a haplogroup, by any individual, relies on a relatively small proportion of the genetic material possessed by that individual.
Where is the M group?
Descendant lineages of haplogroup M are now found throughout Asia, the Americas, and Melanesia, as well as in parts of the Horn of Africa and North Africa; almost none have been found in Europe. The N haplogroup may represent another macrolineage that evolved outside of Africa, heading northward instead of eastward. Shortly after the migration, the large R group split off from the N.
Where is H2 found?
H2 (P96) Formerly known as haplogroup F3. Found with low frequency in Europe and western Asia.
What is haplogroup origins?
Haplogroup Origins provides testers with information about the origins of other individuals who match your haplogroup both exactly and nearly. This data base uses the location information from both the Family Tree DNA participant data base and other academic or private databases.
What is X2A in a haplogroup?
Haplogroup X2a is a Native American subgroup. In some cases, we are finding new subgroups of known Native haplogroups that are Native. I recently wrote about this for haplogroup A4 where different subgroups are Asian, Jewish, Native and European.
What makes you a Native American?
The only things that make you Native American are either a confirmed Native haplogroup subgroup, preferably with proven Native matches, or a confirmed genealogical paper trail. Best of all scenarios is a combination of a Native haplogroup, matches that suggest or confirm your tribe and a proven paper trail. That combination removes all doubt.
What is the most distant direct male ancestor?
1. Participants who are entering the information for their “most distant ancestor” understand that in the case of the Y line DNA – this is the most distant direct MALE ancestor who carries that paternal surname. Not his wife or someone else in that line.
What happens if a European woman is adopted into a tribe?
If a European or African women was kidnapped, enslaved or adopted into the tribe, and bore children, her children were full tribal members. Of course, today her descendants might have be unaware of her European or African roots, prior to her tribal membership. Her mtDNA would, of course, come back as European or African, not Native.
What happens when you test and see that out of several matches, one is Native American?
They then decide that they too must be Native, because they have a Native match, so they change their own “most distant ancestor” location to reflect Native heritage. This happens most often when someone is brick walled in the US.
Can a European descend from an African?
It’s certainly possible for someone with a European or African haplogroup to descend from someone who was a proven member of the a tribe. How is that possible? Adoption, slavery and kidnapping. All three were very prevalent practices in the Native culture.
What is a haplogroup?
Well, to simplify, according to the International Society of Genetic Genealogy, a haplogroup is a genetic population group of people who share a common ancestor on either their paternal or maternal line. Particular haplogroups are associated with well-known ancestral groups such as the Vikings, Aboriginal Australians, and the Celts. While Living DNA can't tell you whether your haplogroup is associated with these ancestries, there are resources available online to aid your further research and put together the pieces.
Where did all haplogroups originate?
All haplogroups started as the original haplogroup in Africa, and as the many millennia have passed by, more and more haplogroups have come to be. Each time the DNA has mutated, a group has split off and they have become their own haplogroup.
How do you find out your haplogroups?
To find out your haplogroups, you need to take a genetic DNA test, and of course, we recommend our own DNA testing kit! We have the testing market’s most informative results, especially when it comes to sub-regional ancestry, allowing us to plot and map where your ancestors lived and where they migrated to.
How many haplogroups are there in a human?
Every person has two haplogroups, one for their maternal line and one for their paternal line, although females cannot be assigned a paternal line by direct testing since they do not carry the Y chromosome (see previous question).
Where is the most common maternal haplogroup found?
mtDNA haplogroup H can be found within as much as 40% of European people, making it the most common maternal haplogroup in the west. It is also commonly found in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Northern Asia.
Where is mtDNA found?
Unlike other types of DNA, the mtDNA is found outside the cell nucleus and that means it does not mix with other types of DNA. This also means that you will have the same maternal haplogroup as everyone else in your direct maternal line: your mum, brother, sister, aunt, and grandmother on your mother’s side.
What is recent ancestry?
Recent ancestry - uncovering the movements of the last 500 years of your ancestors
What is a haplogroup?
Haplogroups are a complex genetic genealogy concept. We’re going to do the crash course version. Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. Therefore, the world and human history can be separated by regions and periods, approximately, using haplogroups to find people with similar types.
What is the European N haplogroup?
The European N haplogroup represents ancient migrations of humans out of Africa and North into Europe. Haplogroup N cannot be traced accurately due to how few base pairs are available for aging mitochondrial DNA (the N group is an mtDNA group, based on mitochondria, as opposed to being based on chromosomes like Y).
Why is haplogroup N not a coherent trend?
Haplogroup N does not have a coherent trend in terms of the ethnicities of people who passed it on. This is potentially because mitochondrial or mtDNA haplogroup s like N are passed by women. And women, even back in the Neolithic era, were more likely than men to procreate with someone that did not belong to their ethnic group.
Why are haplogroup D carriers so common?
Haplogroup D’s carriers are largely responsible for the rapid expansion of Eastern-Eurasian populations 45,000 years ago , which is why these groups are now most common in modern East Asia. This kind of rapid expansion can often be seen in areas of explosive diversity due to haplotypes being passed quickly up the ancestral chain, such as in Tibeto-Burmese peoples in the Southeast Asia area around this time.
What is the rarest lineage in Europe?
Haplogroup C is one of the rarest lineages to find in Europe. Scattered Haplogroup C variants do exist there, however, believed to be the result of Mongolian and Hunnic invasions.
How old is Haplogroup K?
Haplogroup K has been estimated to be as old as 22,000 years, though research is narrowing down to 16,000 in the Anatolia/Egypt region. It’s most concentrated in Northwest Europe and on the Southern Arabian Peninsula.
What are the Dravidian people?
The Dravidian peoples are the ancestral geographical people of the regions that now encompass South Asia and South India, including Sri Lanka. The Davidian languages have been largely debated in terms of their connection to the Indu Valley and Indu-Aryan speakers as well as the mixed origins of indigenous South Asian nomads. Iranian farmers and other “steppe pastoralists” may have contributed to the mixture of ethnicities that now encompass Haplogroup H.
What is the most compelling evidence for the existence of a haplogroup H?
Perhaps the most compelling evidence is the relatively low frequency of haplogroup H. This lineage accounts for over 50% of Europeans and white Americans but only 17% of Cherokee descendants as represented in the sample. If these participants carried the same frequencies and distribution as settlers and pioneers, and all was an effect of admixture, such a paradox would not be the case. Additionally, many of the exact haplotypes in the study, although classified as Old World, could only be matched in New World instances. They had apparently died out in their places of origin and expansion. This seems to be true of a T cluster and several W’s discussed in the new paper.
Where did the haplotype come from?
In other words, was the precise haplotype brought from Mexico in the 17th or 18th century or had it traveled previously south of the border and after leaving a minor trace in the Appalachians expanded widely there. The former scenario seems more likely on balance.
What is Nancy Ward's haplotype?
Nancy Ward’s peculiar haplotype C1 is extremely common among Mexicans. Twenty percent of them carry haplogroup C. Did Nancy descend from the Mexican wife of a Spanish colonial from a time when Spaniards (often Sephardic Jewish in ancestry) mined the mountains and built villages and missions as far north as Virginia? Or was the line Cherokee all the way back? In other words, was the precise haplotype brought from Mexico in the 17th or 18th century or had it traveled previously south of the border and after leaving a minor trace in the Appalachians expanded widely there. The former scenario seems more likely on balance.
Do Melungeons have Jewish DNA?
Now all those raw findings are gone. Researchers claiming that Melungeons have a lot of Jewish DNA, or that the “Daughters of the King” were Native women, not European, cannot cite evidence from those projects. Those disputing such interpretations cannot cite them either.
Can haplotypes be matched in the New World?
Additionally, many of the exact haplotypes in the study, although classified as Old World, could only be matched in New World instances. They had apparently died out in their places of origin and expansion. This seems to be true of a T cluster and several W’s discussed in the new paper.
Is Mal'ta Boy a Native American?
As the recently published results of Phase III in the Cherokee DNA Project demonstrate, consumers and geneticists alike are blinkered in their notions of who is American Indian and what American Indian DNA consists of. Ten years ago, the famous Mal’ta Boy fossil was proved to be a link between Europeans and Native Americans, but the ancient skeleton’s haplogroups—U2 and R1b—are not officially classified as being even remotely possible Native American lineages today.
