what are side effects of xanthine derivatives

SIDE EFFECTS: Dizziness, headache, lightheadedness, heartburn, stomach pain, loss of appetite, restlessness, nervousness, sleeplessness or increased urination may occur as your body adjusts to the medication.

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What is xanthine derivatives?

GENERIC NAME: XANTHINE DERIVATIVES - ORAL Medication Uses | How To Use | Side Effects | Precautions | Drug Interactions | Overdose | Notes | Missed Dose | Storage | Medical Alert USES: This medication improves breathing by opening air passages in the lungs. It is used in the treatment of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.

What are the symptoms of overdose of xanthine oral tablets?

GENERIC NAME: XANTHINE DERIVATIVES - ORAL. Symptoms of overdose may include unusually fast or slow heartbeat, loss of appetite, nausea / vomiting, sleeplessness, irritability, restlessness, headache, increased thirst, fever, ringing in ears, delirium, muscle twitching or weakness, seizures, sweating, or fast breathing.

What should I avoid while taking xanthine?

GENERIC NAME: XANTHINE DERIVATIVES - ORAL. PRECAUTIONS: Avoid drinking large amounts of beverages containing caffeine (coffee, tea, colas) or eating large amounts of chocolate. Caffeine can increase side effects of this medication. Smoking affects this medication. Be sure to tell your doctor if you smoke or use nicotine.

What is methylated xanthine used for?

The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. Xanthine is found to be associated with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and xanthinuria type 1, which are inborn errors of metabolism.

What are the effects of xanthines in the airway?

Mechanism of Action A xanthine derivative that acts as a bronchodilator by directly relaxing smooth muscle of the bronchial airway and pulmonary blood vessels similar to theophylline. Therapeutic Effect: Relieves bronchospasm, increases vital capacity, produces cardiac arrhythmias, and skeletal muscle stimulation.

Which drugs are contraindications with administration of xanthine derivatives?

Methylxanthines are contraindicated in any patient with a history of hypersensitivity reaction to any medication with a xanthine-derivative component (including aminophylline, theophylline, ethylenediamine).

How long does xanthine stay in your system?

Theophylline is a methylated xanthine alkaloid (1,3-dimethylxanthine) that is found naturally in tea. Its half-life is approximately 30 hours in the neonate, compared to 7 hours in adults.

Is coffee a xanthine?

Caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline (Figure 1) belong to a group of compounds known as the xanthines. Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and theobromine (3,7- dimethylxanthine) (1) are in such beverages as coffee, teas and colas and are common to the urine of these drinkers (2).

What are some natural sources for xanthines?

The natural source of xanthine and its derivatives are plants as tea, coffee, cocoa seeds, etc. The presence of natural xanthine derivatives in plant is good for human health but their precise biological role in plants still needs exploration [36].

What are the signs of xanthine toxicity?

Symptoms of overdose may include unusually fast or slow heartbeat, loss of appetite, nausea/vomiting, sleeplessness, irritability, restlessness, headache, increased thirst, fever, ringing in ears, delirium, muscle twitching or weakness, seizures, sweating, or fast breathing.

What do xanthine derivatives do?

Xanthine derivatives are a group of alkaloids that work as mild stimulants and bronchodilators. Xanthine derivatives ease symptoms of bronchospasm and make breathing easier by relaxing the smooth muscles of the respiratory tract and reducing the airway's hypersensitive response to stimuli.

What medications are Xanthines?

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Which of the following is an example of xanthine derivatives?

OVERVIEW. The xanthine derivatives are agents that resemble natural occurring xanthines such as caffeine, theobromine and methylxanthines. These are plant alkaloids and components of coffee, tea and chocolate.

Is theophylline and aminophylline the same?

Aminophylline is a bronchodilator consisting of theophylline that is used for the treatment of bronchospasm due to asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Aminophylline is a drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.

What are the three types of bronchodilators?

For treating asthma symptoms, there are three types of bronchodilators: beta-agonists, anticholinergics, and theophylline. You can get these bronchodilators as tablets, liquids, and shots, but the preferred way to take beta-agonists and anticholinergics is inhaling them.

What kind of drug is adenosine?

Adenosine is a prescription-only IV medicine approved to treat certain kinds of irregular heartbeat. This product can only be given by a healthcare provider. Diagnosing heart disease. Adenosine is a prescription-only IV medicine approved to diagnose coronary artery disease.

GENERIC NAME: XANTHINE DERIVATIVES - ORAL

USES: This medication improves breathing by opening air passages in the lungs. It is used in the treatment of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. This medication works best when taken on an empty stomach one hour before or two hours after meals. If stomach upset occurs, it may be taken with food.

Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration

You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.

What are the Xanthine medications?

The xanthines, caffeine and theobromine are the pharmacologically active components of a range of drinks such as coffee, tea, cocoa and soft drinks. Xanthines also include medicines such as theophylline, used in the treatment of asthma.

What is xanthine made of?

Xanthine is formed following enzymatic degradation of adenine and guanine. The term “xanthines” denotes a wide class of compounds whose central core (3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione) is closely related to the DNA bases guanine and adenine (see Figures 1 and 2) 1). Like nucleobases, xanthines are capable of forming hydrogen bonds, allowing their insertion in duplexes 2) and guanine quadruplexes (G-quadruplexes) 3). Moreover, it has been shown that their self-association can give rise to four-stranded structures 4), which have attracted attention for applications in the field of molecular electronics 5). Moreover, methylxanthines are used as therapeutic agents acting, among others, as stimulants of the nervous system 6). The well-known caffeine, present in coffee and tea and various soft beverages, is none other than 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine (Figure 2). It is also worth noticing that 2′-deoxyxanthosine (dX) has been used in the extension of the genetic alphabet by purine pairing with a 2,4-diaminopyrimidine nucleoside, which has a hydrogen bonding pattern complementary to 2′-deoxyxanthosine (dX) 7).

What gene prevents xanthine dehydrogenase from turning on?

Mutations in the MOCOS gene prevent xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase from being turned on (activated). The loss of xanthine dehydrogenase activity prevents the conversion of xanthine to uric acid, leading to an accumulation of xanthine in the kidneys and other tissues.

What is xanthinuria in the kidneys?

Xanthine oxidase deficiency. Hereditary xanthinuria is a condition that most often affects the kidneys. It is characterized by high levels of a compound called xanthine and very low levels of another compound called uric acid in the blood and urine. The excess xanthine can accumulate in the kidneys and other tissues.

Does xanthine cause uric acid?

Because xanthine is not converted to uric acid, affected individuals have high levels of xanthine in their blood (hyperxanthinemia) and urine (xanthinuria) and very low levels of uric acid in their blood and urine. The excess xanthine can cause damage to the kidneys and other tissues.

Is xanthine a curative treatment?

There is no curative treatment for hereditary xanthinuria. The only recommended treatment for patients with xanthinuria is a low purine diet and high intake of fluids 11). Because the solubility of xanthine is relatively independent of urinary pH, urine alkalinization has no effect (in contrast to patients with uric acid lithiasis) 12). When kidney stones are present, a pyelolithotomy might be necessary.

Is xanthinuria a hereditary disease?

High urinary levels of xanthine are then typical for classical hereditary xanthinuria. In about half of patients, ultrasonography reveals the presence of xanthine urolithiasis. Additional methods for diagnostic confirmation and/or identification of the type of xanthinuria include allopurinol loading test, xanthine oxidase assay and molecular analysis.

What are xanthine derivatives?

Xanthine Derivatives. The xanthine derivatives are agents that resemble natural occurring xanthines such as caffeine, theobromine and methylxanthines. These are plant alkaloids and components of coffee, tea and chocolate.

What are the effects of xanthines on phosphodiesterases?

The xanthines also have other activities mediated by their effects on different tissue phosphodiesterases including inhibition of platelet function and arterial vasodilation. These activities have potential use in preventing arterial thrombosis and thus prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke.

What are the xanthines in coffee?

These are plant alkaloids and components of coffee, tea and chocolate. The major pharmacologic actions of the xanthines are inhibition of tissue phosphodiesterases which increases cellular cyclic AMP levels by inhibition of its breakdown and metabolism. The xanthines also are adenosine receptor antagonists.

Can xanthines cause diuresis?

Xanthines also stimulate muscle and cardiac cells and neurons. Xanthines can cause a mild diuresis. The xanthines have many minor side effects (anxiety, nervousness, tremor, headache, dizziness) but are largely well tolerated in the doses used to treat asthma and chronic bronchitis.

Is xanthine an adenosine receptor antagonist?

The xanthines also are adenosine receptor antagonists. Finally, xanthines may have antiinflammatory effects, either via release of antiinflammatory cytokines or modulation of gene transcription or activation of histone dacetylase.

What class is Xanthine derivative?

Xanthine derivatives have been given a class IIb (level of evidence B) by the ESC for the treatment of patients with microvascular angina.

What are the Xanthine alkaloids?

The xanthine alkaloids include caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline, and are well-known components of tea ( Camellia sinensis ), coffee ( Coffea arabica ), cola ingredients ( Cola spp.), and cocoa ( Theobroma cacao ). These are obviously consumed in considerable quantity around the world. Caffeine is the most important xanthine alkaloid. It is a mildly stimulant drug found in tea, coffee, cocoa, and the kola nut and is usually associated with the alkaloids theophylline and theobromine, which are mild cardiac stimulants. Coffee seeds (beans) show considerable variations in caffeine concentration, as do the various brews prepared from the roasted and ground bean. A typical serving of coffee contains between 40 and 100 mg of caffeine. Coffee contains trace amounts of theophylline, but no theobromine. The tea plant contains more caffeine than coffee, however, the brewing process results in the caffeine content of the beverage being rather lower than that of coffee.

Where is Xanthine found?

All three are present in maté ( Ilex paraguarensis) leaves, 400,401 and theobromine ( 181 )/caffeine ( 183) (and ∼300 other natural products) accumulate in cocoa beans from cacao ( Theobroma cacao ). 440 Caffeine ( 183) is also part of the extracts from tea ( Camellia sinensis) leaves and coffee ( Coffea arabica) beans (see Chapters 3.21 and 3.22 ).

What is xanthine used for?

Owing to their ability to relax bronchial muscles, the xanthines are used chiefly in the maintenance treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Can Xanthines cause apnea?

Xanthines have been given to infants at the risk of sudden infant death syndrome or idiopathic apnea of prematurity (see monograph on Theophylline). About 50% of 30 infants treated with caffeine (and 12 of 18 infants treated with theophylline) had significant increases in episodes of gastroesophageal reflux [ 63 ].

Does caffeine inhibit phosphodiesterase?

Pharmacodynamics. Caffeine and theophylline have complex and incompletely elucidated actions, which include inhibition of phosphodiesterase (the enzyme that breaks down cyclic AMP, see pp. 465, 474 ), effects on intracellular calcium distribution, and on noradrenergic function.

What class is Xanthine derivative?

Xanthine derivatives have been given a class IIb (level of evidence B) by the ESC for the treatment of patients with microvascular angina.

What is the purpose of xanthines?

Owing to their ability to relax bronchial muscles, the xanthines are used chiefly in the maintenance treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Where is Xanthine found?

All three are present in maté ( Ilex paraguarensis) leaves, 400,401 and theobromine ( 181 )/caffeine ( 183) (and ∼300 other natural products) accumulate in cocoa beans from cacao ( Theobroma cacao ). 440 Caffeine ( 183) is also part of the extracts from tea ( Camellia sinensis) leaves and coffee ( Coffea arabica) beans (see Chapters 3.21 and 3.22 ).

How much sulfate is in a day?

4.4–6.6 mg/kg/day in divided doses.

Can Xanthines cause apnea?

Xanthines have been given to infants at the risk of sudden infant death syndrome or idiopathic apnea of prematurity (see monograph on Theophylline). About 50% of 30 infants treated with caffeine (and 12 of 18 infants treated with theophylline) had significant increases in episodes of gastroesophageal reflux [ 63 ].

Does indomethacin cause vasoconstriction?

Indomethacin blocks prostaglandin synthetase and causes vasoconstriction. This effect has been exploited to close the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature infants with congestive heart failure. GI perforation and NEC have been noted in low-birth-weight infants treated with high-dose indomethacin. 7,98,162 It has been postulated that indomethacin increases mesenteric vascular resistance and reduces mesenteric blood flow by 16% to 20%. 99 Norton et al. 215 demonstrated that the use of indomethacin as a tocolytic agent was associated with an increased incidence of NEC in babies delivered before 30 weeks' gestational age (mean age at delivery, 27.6 weeks); however, indomethacin did not increase the incidence of NEC in babies born after 32 weeks' gestation. In a retrospective study involving 252 premature infants with symptomatic PDA treated with intravenous indomethacin, Grosfeld et al. 97 found a 35% incidence of NEC. In contrast, two randomized controlled trials involving more than 500 low-birth-weight premature infants receiving early low-dose indomethacin versus placebo for closure of PDA demonstrated no difference in the subsequent incidence of NEC. 89,183 Indomethacin by itself may not be enough to cause NEC; however, in the setting of hypoxia, heart failure, or sepsis, its adverse GI effects contribute to the development of NEC in VLBW infants. 156

Does xanthine cause NEC?

Xanthine derivatives (e.g., theophylline, aminophylline), which are known to slow intestinal motility and produce oxygen free radicals during their metabolism to uric acid, have been reported to be associated with NEC. In 1980, Williams307 and Robinson et al. 248 described three patients in whom NEC developed after receiving oral and intravenous xanthines for apnea of prematurity. In animal experiments, Cronin et al. 59 demonstrated alterations in GI blood flow and oxygen delivery after aminophylline administration in newborn lambs that may result in depletion of the GI oxygen reserve and mucosal injury. Despite these earlier reports, subsequent results in large patient studies have failed to confirm this association. 63,112