According to James E.Grunig, there are four models of public Relations:
- Press Agentry/Publicity Press Agentry Publicity model is also called P.T Barnum model. ...
- Public Information Model As the names suggests public information model, emphasizes on maintaining and enhancing the image of an organization simply by circulating relevant and meaningful information among the target audience/public. ...
- Two Way Asymmetrical Model ...
- Two way Symmetrical Model ...
What are the four models of public relations?
The four models include the press agentry/public model, public information, two-way asymmetric, and two-way symmetric models. Each of the models is explained below. 1. The Press Agent/Publicity Model Communication experts mostly use this model to win the hearts and minds of the audience.
What is the most ethical model of public relations?
The two-way symmetrical model is deemed the most ethical model, one that professionals should aspire to use in their everyday tactics and strategies (Simpson, 2014). Some experts think of public relations more broadly.
What is the role of models in public relations?
These models serve as guidelines to create programs, strategies, and tactics. In the press agent/publicity model, communications professionals use persuasion to shape the thoughts and opinions of key audiences.
What is the two way asymmetric model of public relations?
This model is used mostly by government agencies, military units, and law enforcement agencies. Public Relations Theories / Two Way Asymmetric Model. Feedback is more important to practitioner but the aim is not to improve organizational practices but rather to influence attitudes of their audiences.
What are the relevance of the four models of public relations?
Understanding The 4 Public Relations Models These models help various organizations develop guidelines, tactics, and programs to stay ahead of the competition. The four models include the press agentry/public model, public information, two-way asymmetric, and two-way symmetric models.
Who developed the four models of public relations?
Grunig and HuntGrunig and Hunt (1984) developed four models of public relations that describe the field's various management and organizational practices. These models serve as guidelines to create programs, strategies, and tactics.
What are four key elements of PR?
4 Components of a Successful Public Relations PlanCreating a Successful Public Relations Plan. Regardless of your approach to public relations, it's important to develop a plan. ... Analysis. A solid public relations plan begins with an objective analysis of the particular situation. ... Objectives. ... Implement. ... Evaluate.
What are the five basic PR?
Stay relevant.Know your target audience.Set realistic goals.Develop a message.Know your competition.Stay relevant.
Which PR model is best?
One of the models of public relations is two-way symmetrical model which is the best and ideal model than other three models, said by James E Grunig. Two-way symmetrical model is emphasizes on dialogue, complete and accurate two-way communication.
What is the four step process in public relations?
The four-step public relations process — Research, Planning, Implementation and Evaluation (RPIE) — makes up the largest portion of the APR computer-based Examination for Accreditation in Public Relations.
What are the tools of PR?
Public relations tools and activitiesMedia relations. Media strategies focus on circulating messages through media channels to manage how your business is portrayed by the media. ... Advertorials. ... Social media. ... Newsletters. ... Brochures and catalogues. ... Business events. ... Speaking engagements. ... Sponsorships or partnerships.More items...•
What are key publics in PR?
A key public can be made up of stakeholders, individuals or groups that have become more active in communication efforts. Key publics have a shared interest in or concern about an organization. Your key public is who your future objective, strategy, tactics, themes and messages will be tailored to.
What are theories of public relations?
Public Relations Theory explores the central principles and theoretical components of public relations and their practical applications in actual situations.
What are the different types of PR?
These are: Media Relations: Establishing a good relationship with the media organisations and acting as their content source. Investor Relations: Handling investors events, releasing financial reports and regulatory filings, and handling investors, analysts and media queries and complaints.
What are the 3 components of public relations?
Edward Bernays, one of the patriarchs of modern public relations, wrote, "The three main elements of public relations are practically as old as society: informing people, persuading people, or integrating people with people.
Who proposed a public relations model still used today?
In 1984, James Grunig and Todd Hunt proposed these four models of public relations and this theory is still valid today. The first model is call press agentry or publicity.
What is press agentry model?
The press agentry model is the lowest “level” of ethical public relations. This model focuses on publicity or press agentry to gain attention for the organization. Reminiscent of P.T. Barnum's publicity stunts, this model focuses on self-interest or gaining attention, whether good or bad.
Who is Edward Bernays and how is he significant to the public relations profession?
Mr. Bernays was one of the first people to expand what had been a narrow concept of press agentry, or working to influence government policy, into a far more ambitious -- and controversial -- realm of seeking to influence and change public opinion and behavior.
Which of the following did Edward Bernays bring to public relations?
Bernays made key contributions to PR education, teaching the first class called public relations. His PR encouraged women to smoke as a symbol of their newly acquired suffrage and independence from men.
Who developed the public relations model?
Grunig and Hunt (1984) developed four models of public relations that describe the field’s various management and organizational practices. These models serve as guidelines to create programs, strategies, and tactics.
What is the press agent/publicity model?
In the press agent/publicity model, communications professionals use persuasion to shape the thoughts and opinions of key audiences. In this model, accuracy is not important and organizations do not seek audience feedback or conduct audience analysis research. It is a one-way form of communication.
Why is the two way symmetrical model used?
The term “symmetrical” is used because the model attempts to create a mutually beneficial situation. The two-way symmetrical model is deemed the most ethical model, one that professionals should aspire to use in their everyday tactics and strategies (Simpson, 2014).
Is the two way asymmetrical model asymmetrical?
Still, persuasive communication is used in this model to benefit the organization more so than audiences; therefore, it is considered asymmetrical or imbalanced. The model is particularly popular in advertising and consumer marketing, fields that are specifically interested in increasing an organization’s profits.
Is lobbying a form of public relations?
Some experts think of public relations more broadly. For instance, they may argue that political lobbying is a form of public relations because lobbyists engage in communication activities and client advocacy in order to shape the attitudes of Congress (Berg, 2009).
Is persuasive communication asymmetrical?
Still, persuasive communication is used in this model to benefit the organization more so than audiences; therefore, it is considered asymmetrical or imbalanced. The model is particularly popular in advertising and consumer marketing, fields that are specifically interested in increasing an organization’s profits.
Who proposed the model of public relations?
Models of public relations were proposed by James E. Grunig, a noted public relations theorist who has to his credit several books, articles, chapters and awards in the field of public relations.
What is a two way asymmetrical model of public relations?
Two way asymmetrical model of public relations revolves around two way communication between both the parties but the communication is somewhat not balanced. In this type of model, public relations experts position their organization and brand on the whole in the minds of their target audiences through manipulation and force the public to behave the same way they would want them to do. In two way asymmetrical model of public relations, organizations do not utilize much of their manpower and resources to find out the reaction of the stakeholders, investors or for that matter public.
What is the P.T. Barnum model?
Press Agentry Publicity model is also called P.T Barnum model. Press Agentry Publicity model follows one way communication where the flow of information is only from the sender to the receiver. The sender is not much concerned about the second party’s feedback, reviews and so on.
What is public information model?
As the names suggests public information model, emphasizes on maintaining and enhancing the image of an organization simply by circulating relevant and meaningful information among the target audience/public.
What is press agentry publicity?
In Press Agentry publicity model, public relations experts enhance the reputation of the organization among the target audiences, stakeholders, employees, partners, investors and all others associated with it through manipulation. According to this model, organizations hire public relations experts who create a positive image of their brand in the minds of target audiences through arguments and reasoning. They influence their potential customers by simply imposing their ideas, thoughts, creative stories of their brand, USPs of the products and so on. Flow of information takes place only from the public relations experts to the target audiences. (One way communication)
Introduction
Public relations or PR is both ancient and young. It is old in its establishments, founded in the earliest known human interactions from ancient times. It is modern in its expression as one of the global emerging occupations. What the contemporary society refers to as public relations is an imperative and natural characteristic of human society.
Advocacy (Asymmetrical model)
Communication is a core component of PR and this model presents an elemental growth of this practise. Regarding the modern PR, this model is associated with the growth of such features as:
Information (Public Information model)
The scope of PR is fundamental in sustaining strong intercommunication ties. This model is also employed in sustaining effective and successful corporate PR communications. This is necessitated by changing social preferences which have contributed to the proliferation of countless PR departments and agencies.
Relationship (Symmetrical model)
The emerging global trends in organizational structures require a new approach to leadership and PR practices. Therefore, this model is considerably vital in the success of contemporary PR stipulations. It should be noted that it complements the former three PR models.
Publicity (or Press Agentry model)
This model is linked to other three models in that it is a communication tool. This indicates it is equally paramount in the domain of contemporary PR. In the current organizational trends it is employed in marketing, entertainment, and sports. Its usage is vital in as far as the success of PR is concerned.
Conclusion
There are many and varied reasons why the four models of public relations are important to successful contemporary public relations. Public relations, for instance, has evolved in diverse ways: in the wake of 21 st century, it has moved from isolation and embraced integration.
The Press Agent/Publicity Model
- Communication experts mostly use this model to win the hearts and minds of the audience. It is based on propaganda and doesn’t involve any survey or research. The main target of this model is to manipulate how the audience reacts to specific information. The publicity model is a one-wa…
Public Information Model
- Although this model is not manipulative, it doesn’t involve surveys or research to ascertain the effectiveness of the message on the receivers. It is also a one-way communication model, though it tends to relay accurate information about a company. The public information model focuses on educating the public about a company/organization. Some of the formats used to relay this infor…
The Two-Way Asymmetrical Model
- A two-way asymmetric public relations model entails communication between an organization(sender) and the receiver(prospects/audience). With this model PR experts also research their audience in order to identify their behaviors and attitudes. This helps in crafting the messages sent to them. However, this model still incorporates manipulations that are to the org…
The Two-Way Symmetrical Model
- This model works differently from the rest as it allows organizations and their audiences to maintain cordial relationships. However the model does involve thorough research, and according to it any conflict between a company and its consumers must be solved amicably. The model ensures both an organization and its audience benefit. It gives customers a voice and platform t…
Bottom Line
- As an organization, it’s best to understand every prospect’s behavior and attitude before using these public relations models. That is because a wrong model choice will be impractical for a company.