- WIND-UP (phase I)—the athlete positions him/herself in the best position for the throw. ...
- COCKING (phase II)—the front leg moves forwards and the throwing arm moves backwards, effectively stretching the body out and building elastic energy. ...
- ACCELERATION (phase III)—the body moves forwards leaving the arm behind. The elbow begins to extend and the shoulder internally rotates.
- DECELERATION (phase IV)—this sees the release of the object being thrown, and the energy built up to throw the object must now be effectively dissipated to reduce stress on the ...
- FOLLOW THROUGH (phase V)—the trunk is flexed eccentrically and the lead leg is extended pushing into the ground eccentrically to absorb energy. ...
What are the three phases of the throwing exercise?
1 WIND-UP (phase I)—the athlete positions him/herself in the best position for the throw. ... 2 COCKING (phase II)—the front leg moves forwards and the throwing arm moves backwards, effectively stretching the body out and building elastic energy. ... 3 ACCELERATION (phase III)—the body moves forwards leaving the arm behind. ... More items...
How does the throwing arm move during the throwing phase?
The lead shoulder is directed at the target and the throwing arm continues to move into extreme external rotation. 3. Acceleration (Pitching Phase Three) Now the throwing arm moves forward to actually throw the ball to the target.
What is the 5th phase of throwing?
5. Follow-through (Pitching Phase Five) The final phase of throwing is the follow-through. This phase slows down all body motions and stops the forward movement of the body. The body comes to rest, and the muscle activity returns to a quiet state. If this phase is completed correctly, the thrower’s body position is “under control” and balanced.
What are the phases of an overhead throw?
The phases of an overhead throw consist of a: wind-up, stride, cocking, acceleration, deceleration and follow through phase [1][3]. Each phase will illustrate the definition, injury occurrence rate, and lastly pathological possibilities. [4]
What are the 6 phases of throwing?
The six phases of the throwing motion: windup, early cocking, late cocking, acceleration, ball release and deceleration, and follow-through.
What are the three phases of a football throw?
overhead throwing motion is broken down into four phases: loading, arm-cocking, acceleration, and follow-through.
What is the second stage of throwing called?
Phase 2 Pitching, Early Cocking: The energy that's generated comes from the rotational loading and coiling of the lower body.
What type of movement is throwing?
Throwing is a whole body activity that commences with drive from the large leg muscles and rotation of the hips, and progresses through segmental rotation of trunk and shoulder girdle. It continues with a “Whip-like” transfer of momentum through elbow extension and through the small muscles of the forearm and hand.
What are the 4 phases of throwing a football?
Four phases of the overhead football throw: early cocking, late cocking, acceleration, and follow-through.
What is wind up phase?
The wind-up phase is defined as the initial movement to maximum knee lift of stride leg. During the initial movements, the pitcher brings his or her hands overhead and lowers to chest level. During these simple movements consider the muscles proximally to distally.
In what 2 phases of throwing is the UCL at the most risk?
During the late cocking and early acceleration phases, the medial elbow experiences significant force, approximately ~64 Nm in professional pitchers, which causes impeccable stress on the UCL (3).
In which phase of the throwing motion are the external rotators?
EMG studies have determined that the rotator cuff muscles are inactive during this initial stage. Stage 2 is the early cocking stage and involves shoulder external rotation and abduction supplied primarily by the deltoid. Stage 3 is the late cocking stage, which continues until maximal external rotation is achieved.
What is the follow through phase?
Finally, the follow-through refers to all of the movements that occur after the execution phase (e.g., leg lift after kicking a football) that slow the body's momentum to prevent injury, to get ready for another movement or both. These three main phases are often further broken into subphases or key elements.
Is throwing a ball concentric or eccentric?
ConcentricConcentric muscle actions are responsible for moving *most* of the velocity in a throw, forward, from that initial leg drive to ball release.
Which of the following are elements of throwing?
Critical Elements for Throwing (Overhand Pattern) Arm back and extended, and elbow at shoulder height or slightly above in preparation for action; elbow leads. Step with opposite foot as throwing arm moves forward. Hip and spine rotate as throwing action is executed. Follow through toward target and across body.
What are the biomechanics of throwing a football?
Throw the ball in a half-circle motion to increase centrifugal force on the ball. Rotation of the shoulders will generate torque to speed up the ball. Roll your fingertips off as you release the ball – index finger should be the last to touch the ball. Arms must form close to 90 degree angle.
What is the phase of wind up?
The phase of wind-up begins with the initiation of the stride leg and ends when the ball separates from the glove and the stride leg reaches the highest point.
Where does the acceleration phase begin?
The acceleration phase begins from the point of maximum shoulder external rotation to the point of ball release.
What is wind up phase?
The wind-up phase is defined as the initial movement to maximum knee lift of stride leg . During the initial movements, the pitcher brings his or her hands overhead and lowers to chest level. During these simple movements consider the muscles proximally to distally. EMG studies show that the upper trapezius has a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of 18%, serratus anterior 20%, and anterior deltoid 15%. During this phase, the muscle activity is quite low and for these reasons risk of injury is low as well .
How long does it take for a shoulder to rotate?
A rapid shoulder internal rotation takes place and shoulder moves from point of 175 o of humeral external rotation to 100 o of humeral internal rotation in about 42 to 58 milliseconds.
What is the name of the stance in baseball?
This is known as the wind-up stance.
What is the pitching arm position?
During an ideal pitch, at this point, the throwing arm is in ‘semi-cocked’ position . With the arm approximately 90° abduction, 30° horizontal abduction, and 50° external rotation.
What is the right arm of a pitcher?
For a right-handed pitcher, throwing arm is the right arm, a gloved hand is left, lead/stride leg is left lower extremity and pivot/stance leg is right. The phase of wind-up begins with the initiation of the stride leg and ends when the ball separates from the glove and the stride leg reaches the highest point[2].
What is the wind up phase of a throw?
The wind-up phase establishes the rhythm of the throw, where the body rotates so that the hip and shoulders are at 90 degrees to the target. The lower leg is raised to help transfer energy from the legs to the upper body. In regards to the shoulder muscles, relatively little muscle activation occurs compared to the lower half of the body during this first phase.
How to prevent injury in thrower?
In order to prevent injury, it is important for throwers/pitchers/bowlers to incorporate a proper rotator cuff strengthening program. Another strategy to prevent injury can also be to tape the shoulder in a less compromised position, giving the shoulder more stability during the throw.
What happens to the rotator cuff after the ball is released?
After the ball has been released the rotator cuff muscles (stabilisers) now eccentrically contract to slow the arm down as it crosses the body. The rotator cuff muscles (stabilisers) are susceptible to injury in this phase as the muscles attempt to decelerate the arm. If the muscles become fatigued, due to poor endurance, majority of the force will be taken up by the shoulder joint.
What is the valgus torque of the elbow?
Stresses across the elbow joint have been measured during the overhead throwing motion. Maximal elbow velocity reaches more than 2300 degrees/second during the acceleration phase. Just before reaching maximal external humeral rotation in the late cocking phase, valgus torque at the elbow has been measured at 64 Nm. Cadaveric studies have demonstrated the tensile strength of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) to be about 32 Nm. The UCL provides the most static stability against a valgus stress, taking up nearly 55% of the valgus stress at 90 degrees of elbow flexion. Because 55% of 64 Nm is greater than the 32 Nm tensile strength of the intact UCL, contributions from the bony architecture and surrounding soft tissues are needed to assist the UCL in providing medial elbow stability during the overhead throw. These contributions come mainly from the flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, and the pronator teres. When the medial soft tissues fatigue, more stress is placed on the lateral radiocapitellar articulation as well as on the UCL. With increased compression through the radiocapitellar articulation, avascular necrosis, osteochondritis dissecans, and loose body formation may occur. Regardless, the UCL remains the primary stabilizer to the medial side of the elbow during throwing.
Why does the scapula retract?
During this phase, the scapula retracts in order to provide a stable glenoid surface for the humeral head to compress against . The upper arm is maintained in 90 to 100 degrees of abduction, and the elbow moves even with the plane of the torso.
What is the early cocking phase?
early cocking PHASE- BIOMECHANICS OF THROWING. In the early cocking phase, the arm is placed into the abducted, externally rotated position. In addition, the arm rotates behind the body axis about 15 degrees. This phase ends at the “top” of the motion just before the beginning of forward arm and body motion. Early in this phase, the deltoid is ...
What is biomechanics of throwing motion?
The biomechanics of throwing motion is a dynamic activity that requires extremes of glenohumeral motion that place extraordinary stresses on the athlete. The most important aspects of the evaluation of the throwing athlete are the history and physical examination. The soft tissues and bony architecture around the shoulder are susceptible ...
What is phase 2 of a squat?
COCKING (phase II)—the front leg moves forwards and the throwing arm moves backwards, effectively stretching the body out and building elastic energy. The shoulder is abducted to 90° and taken into extension and external rotation. The elbow is flexed to 45°. ACCELERATION (phase III)—the body moves forwards leaving the arm behind.
What is the acceleration phase of a curveball?
The acceleration phase begins as the arm initiates its internal rotation and ends at ball release. During this phase, the arm rotates at an angular velocity greater than 7000 degrees/second. Despite this tremendous movement, little stress is noted in the shoulder musculature during this phase. The arm is maintained in the same abduction as in the late cocking phase. Other important muscles that are active during this phase are the triceps early on, followed by the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi later. Some have postulated that throwing curveballs would exert a greater amount of joint load and force on the shoulder than other pitches; however, Escamilla and coworkers found that not to be the case. Resultant joint loads were similar between the fastball, slider, and curveball. The greatest differences in peak shoulder angular velocities occurred between the change-up and fastball pitches, with a mean change-up value of 5800 degrees/second versus a mean of 6500 degrees/second for the fastball, curveball, and slider. The change-up produced the slowest and lowest kinetics in the shoulder; therefore, the authors implied that this is likely the safest pitch to throw.
What are the steps of overhead throwing?
The overhead biomechanics of throwing motion can be broken down into several discrete steps, which include the wind-up, early cocking, late cocking, acceleration, deceleration, and follow-through phases. The process of overhead throwing, regardless of specific sport, involves the generation of potential energy and the subsequent transfer ...
What are the phases of throwing?
Phases of Throwing: (1) Preparation/wind up: Wind-up establishes the rhythm of the pitch/throw. During wind-up the body rotates so that the hip and shoulders are perpendicular to the target. During wind up phase the major forces arise in the lower half of the body and muscles of the shoulder are relatively inactive.
What is the whole body activity of throwing?
Throwing is a whole body activity that commences with drive from the large leg muscles and rotation of the hips, and progresses through segmental rotation of trunk and shoulder girdle. It continues with a “Whip-like” transfer of momentum through elbow extension and through the small muscles of the forearm and hand.
What is Over-Arm Throwing?
Overarm throws are characterised by external rotation of the humerus in preparation phase and its internal rotation in action phase. This movement is one of the fastest joint rotations in the human body.
What is the acceleration phase?
The Acceleration phase is extremely explosive. It consist of the rapid release of two forces – the stored elastic force of the tightly bound fibrous tissue of the capsule, and forceful internal rotation from the internal rotators (subscapularis, pectorals major, latissimus dorsi, teres major) . This generates excessive forces at the glenohumeral articulation and thus the cuff musculature remains highly active to keep the humeral head relocated in the glenoid.
What muscles are inactive during wind up phase?
Minimal force on shoulder during wind-up phase, rotator cuff muscles are inactive during this first phase. (2) Cocking: The Cocking movement positions the body to enable all body segments to contribute to ball propulsion. It can be further divided into two sub-phases: early cocking phase. late cocking phase.
Why do bowlers throw with overhand?
However, fielders who have no restriction on their motion prefer to throw a ball with an overhand motion because we can throw faster and more accurately with overhand throwing.
How long does the acceleration phase last?
Acceleration phase lasts approximately 50 milliseconds which is 2% of overall time.
Introducing The Biomechanics of Throwing A Ball
Wind Up
- The entire motion of throwing a ball takes approximately 2 seconds to complete, and the wind up consumes almost 1.5 seconds of that time. It is the beginning of the throwing motion, preparing the “body parts” for the act of throwing a ball. Motion occurs in the lower extremities and torso where the vast majority of “power” to throw a ball is generated. In this phase, the shoulder musc…
Cocking
- This phase prepares the arm to be able to throw the ball. The posterior shoulder musculature is extremely active and the position of the shoulder is in extreme external rotation. This shoulder position places the anterior upper quadrant musculature on a “stretch” and prepares it to contract forcefully when the arm begins to move forward in the next phase of the throwing motion. The b…
Acceleration
- Now the throwing arm moves forward to actually throw the ball to the target. The anterior upper quadrant muscles are concentrically active and begin to move the arm from extreme external rotation to internal rotation. As the ball moves forward towards the target, the speed of rotation of the humeral head can exceed 7000+ degrees per second. Proper body mechanics places the sh…
Deceleration
- When the ball is released, the posterior quadrant musculature begins to contract eccentrically and violently to slow down and control the rotational speed of the Humeral head. In theory, if the eccentric control of the Humeral head did not occur the arm would continue to rotate internally and “spin” out of control. Injuries to the throwing shoulder can occur during this phase. The amo…
Wind-Up Phase
Stride Phase
Arm Cocking Phase
Arm Acceleration Phase
Arm Deceleration Phase
Follow-Through
- Follow-through is the phase where the body continues to move forward until the arm has ceased motion.
- The elbow undergoes a rebound effect and is approximately flexed to 45o.
- During this phase, the rest of the body catches up with the arm and it culminates with the pitcher in a fielding position.