The 10 main types of arguments
- 1- Deductive argumentation Deductive argumentation is one in which rules or premises that are accepted as safe or probable are taken as a starting point. ...
- 2- Inductive argumentation ...
- 3- Abductive argumentation ...
- 4- Argumentation by analogy ...
- 5- Causal argument ...
- 6- Argumentation by generalization ...
- 7- Argumentation by contradiction ...
- 8- Conditional Argumentation ...
- Causal argument. A causal argument is a type of argument used to persuade someone or a group of people that one thing has caused something else. ...
- Rebuttal argument. ...
- Proposal argument. ...
- Evaluation argument. ...
- Narrative argument. ...
- Toulmin argument. ...
- Rogerian argument. ...
- Classical Western argument.
What are some good persuasive arguments?
Beginner
- Kids should get paid for good grades.
- Students should have less homework.
- Snow days are great for family time.
- Penmanship is important.
- Short hair is better than long hair.
- We should all grow our own vegetables.
- We need more holidays.
- Aliens probably exist.
- Gym class is more important than music class.
- Kids should be able to vote.
What constitutes a good argument?
- Is based on reason rather than assertions.
- Shows respect for differing points of view rather than ridiculing their proponents.
- Resonates with what is known to be true.
- Is not built upon an emotional argument. ...
- It distinguishes the issue from the personalities involved.
- Might be able to be put simply, but it can rarely be reduced to a mere slogan.
What are the forms of arguments?
What are the forms of an argument?
- Substitution-Instances.
- Testing for Validity.
- Modus Ponens.
- Modus Tollens.
- Hypothetical Syllogism.
- Disjunctive Syllogism.
What is the standard form of argument?
The standard form of an argument is a way of presenting the argument which makes clear which propositions are premises, how many premises there are, and which proposition is the conclusion. In standard form, the conclusion of the argument is listed last.
What are 4 types of arguments?
Hence there are four types of arguments: conclusive a priori, defeasible a priori, defeasible a posteriori, and prima facie conclusive a posteriori.
What are the three different types of arguments?
Aristotle postulated three argumentative appeals: logical, ethical, and emotional. Strong arguments have a balance of all of three, though logical (logos) is essential for a strong, valid argument. Appeals, however, can also be misused, creating arguments that are not credible.
What are the different argument styles?
There are three basic structures or types of argument you are likely to encounter in college: the Toulmin argument, the Rogerian argument, and the Classical or Aristotelian argument. Although the Toulmin method was originally developed to analyze arguments, some professors will ask you to model its components.
What are the 5 types of argumentative essay?
Emotional Arguments in Essays.Ethical Arguments in Essays.Logical Arguments in Essays.The Argument.Writing an Argumentative Essay.
What are the 7 types of arguments?
The following are the primary types of arguments used in daily life:Causal argument. ... Rebuttal argument. ... Proposal argument. ... Evaluation argument. ... Narrative argument. ... Toulmin argument. ... Rogerian argument. ... Classical Western argument.
What are the six arguments?
Developed by philosopher Stephen E. Toulmin, the Toulmin method is a style of argumentation that breaks arguments down into six component parts: claim, grounds, warrant, qualifier, rebuttal, and backing.
What are the 4 characteristics of an argument?
Arguments can be divided into four general components: claim, reason, support, and warrant. Claims are statements about what is true or good or about what should be done or believed. Claims are potentially arguable.
What is an argument example?
Here is an example of an argument: If you want to find a good job, you should work hard. You do want to find a good job. So you should work hard.
What are the 10 types of essay?
10 types of essaysNarrative essays. Narrative essays tell a story and often are the most personal type of essay you may write. ... Descriptive essays. ... Expository essays. ... Definition essays. ... Process essays. ... Compare and contrast essays. ... Argumentative essays. ... Persuasive essays.More items...
What are the 3 parts of an argument essay?
Like other types of essays, argumentative essays typically have three main sections: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. Within those sections, there are some key elements that a reader—and especially an exam scorer or professor—is always going to expect you to include.
What are the 2 major types of argument forms?
There are six basic forms that are commonly used:Disjunctive Syllogism (DS)Hypothetical Syllogism (HS)Modus Ponens (MP)Modus Tollens (MT)Constructive Dilemma (CD)Destructive Dilemma (DD)
What are the 3 types of argumentative essay?
Types of argumentative essays include persuasive, research, analysis and personal essays.
What are the 3 features of argument?
Three Characteristics of Good ArgumentsAll its premises are true. The premise(s), the reasons for accepting the conclusion(s), must be true – or, at least, believable – in order for the argument to be cogent.It considers all relevant information. ... It is logically valid.
What are the 3 parts of an argument essay?
Like other types of essays, argumentative essays typically have three main sections: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. Within those sections, there are some key elements that a reader—and especially an exam scorer or professor—is always going to expect you to include.
What are the 3 parts of an argument in philosophy?
There are three stages to creating a logical argument: Premise, inference, and conclusion.
What is the Rogerian argument?
The Rogerian argument is designed to find the best possible solution based on the needs and interests of those involved, in short some version of consensus.
Which provides a strong conclusion, amplifying the force of the argument, and showing the readers that this solution is?
The summation , which provides a strong conclusion, amplifying the force of the argument, and showing the readers that this solution is the best at meeting the circumstances.
What is acknowledgment of the opposition?
Acknowledgment of the Opposition: Builds trust through acknowledgment and identification of merit in opposing argument.
What is the refutation and concession?
The refutation and concession, which looks at opposing viewpoints to the writer’s claims, anticipating objections from the audience, and allowing as much of the opposing viewpoints as possible without weakening the thesis.
What is an argument in an essay?
An argument is a series of statements or facts intended to develop or support a point of view. It is usually known as a claim backed up with evidence, facts, and examples. The way you structure the argument in your essay makes a huge difference. It will either set your paper apart or mix up with the other average papers without leaving an impact.
What is counter argument?
Counter argument - opposing arguments, evidence and reasons to refute the counter arguments
What happens if you don't structure your argument properly?
However, if you haven't structured your argument properly, your argument is wasted.
What is an opposing position?
Opposing position: An acknowledgment that there is another side of the argument.
Who developed the Rogerian model of argument?
The Rogerian model of argument was developed by Carl R. Rogers to analyze an argument while providing a middle ground between opposing parties. This model works on collaboration and cooperation. It acknowledges that an argument can be looked at from different standpoints.
What is a conclusion?
Conclusion - Concluding remarks that state the benefits of a compromised solution.
What is an academic argument?
ii. uses facts and evidence. An academic argument explores an arguable premise or claim using facts, evidence and different points of view.
What is the mediative argument?
Mediative argument. The methods suggested in both ‘Theory X and Theory Y’ and ‘Pros and cons’ are what are termed mediative arguments. This means that you are taking a number of different points of view and mediating between them. That is, you are saying that none of the various points of view are 100% right or 100% wrong.
What is categorical essay?
Categorical. An essay that asked you to look at examples of organisational structure in the USA, Europe and the Third World would be asking you to organise your material and make your argument in a categorical way i.e. by looking at different categories or classes of things.
How many pro and con points are there in a pair?
In contrast to method one, you would then work through the four main pro and con points in pairs: Pro 1, Con 1, Synthesis; Pro 2, Con 2, Synthesis; and so on. Your conclusion would bring together the main points in a similar way to method one.
How to construct an argument in Marks and Spencer?
One way to construct your argument would be to start with a brief history of Marks & Spencer. You could then work through Theory X saying if and how its five main points are applicable. You could then work through Theory Y saying if and how its five main points are applicable. Your conclusion would depend on the number of X and Y features that you have found to be applicable. You might find that more X features were applicable; or that more Y features were applicable. Or you might find that equal numbers of points from both theories are applicable.
Do undergraduate essays have a mediative argument?
It is quite likely that a lot of undergraduate essays will invite you to make a mediative argument. It is a good way of exploring different points of view. If you can see and say that these different viewpoints have good and bad aspects to them, you are well on the way to thinking critically.
What is the most common form of argument?
One of the most common forms of argument is that of persuasion, and often standardized tests, like the SOL, will provide writing prompts for persuasive arguments. On some level, all arguments have a persuasive element because the goal of the argument is to persuade the reader to take the writer’s claim seriously.
What is the most common argument for evaluation?
Another common argument of evaluation is the performance review.
What is an argument of explanation?
Arguments of Explanation: An argument that attempts to show why its conclusion is true is an explanation. Contrast the previous example with the following:
What is rhetorical argument?
Most arguments involve one or more of the rhetorical modes. Once again, rhetoric is the study and application of effective writing techniques. There are a number of standard rhetorical modes of writing—structural and analytical models that can be used effectively to suit different writing situations.
What is the purpose of giving an argument?
Arguments of Fact: Many times, the goal of giving an argument is simply to establish that the conclusion is true. For example, to convince someone that obesity rates are rising in the US, the writer should cite evidence such as studies from the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The studies cited would function as premises for the conclusion that obesity rates are rising:
What is critical analysis? What are the arguments?
However, we can also think of critical analysis as any analysis where someone takes raw data—from texts, from objects and images, from laboratory experiments, from surveys of people—and analyzes that data to come up with what they mean. The “what it all means” is an interpretation. The argument in critical analysis writing is the interpretation of the data . This must be a logical interpretation with the data also used to support the interpretation through reasoning and examples.
Why do you have to think carefully about the attitude you wish to convey as you advance your argument?
Because argument writing is designed to convince readers of an idea they may not have known before or a side of an issue they may not agree with , you must think carefully about the attitude you wish to convey as you advance your argument. The overall attitude of a piece of writing is its tone, and it comes from the words you choose (for more on the importance of word choice, see Chapter 10, “Working with Words”) In argument writing, strive for the following:
Sample Writing Assignment 1
Find an Op-Ed article from one of the major US newspapers: The New York Times , The Wall Street Journal , The Washington Post , The Boston Globe, or the LA Times. Then, do the following:
Sample Writing Assignment 3
Write a brief review of your first job. How would you rate that experience, and what would your rating be based on?
Sample Writing Assignment 4
Evaluate a source that you plan to use for a research project. Explain what type of source you have (website? journal article? book? newspaper article?), and declare your source to be credible or not, using the following criteria:
What are the different types of arguments?
The Types of argument Main are deductive argumentation, inductive argumentation, abductive argumentation and argumentation by analogy. Argumentation is one of the ways in which the human being can use language. This is the process through which affirmative or negative statements are used to support or refute a proposition.
Which type of argumentation is the most reliable?
These three types of argumentation constitute what is known as logical reasoning. Of these two types, the second is considered the most reliable since it offers logical conclusions drawn from true premises. Inductive argumentation, on the other hand, is less reliable than deductive, since premises are assumptions.
How does abductive argumentation compare to inductive argumentation?
Abductive argumentation resembles inductive argumentation by the fact that conclusions are drawn from a premise. Another similarity between abductive argumentation and inductive argumentation is that both can produce erroneous results.
Why is it necessary to emphasize that the deductive argument presents a limitation?
It is necessary to emphasize that the deductive argument presents a limitation: these arguments lack evidence beyond what is presented in the premises, reason why it requires the use of other resources to support the arguments.
What is the limitation of deductive arguments?
In the previous section, we mention that the limitation of the deductive arguments is that they lack exhaustive evidence, reason why it is necessary to resort to other elements. This limitation is solved with inductive argumentation.
Which type of argumentation draws conclusions from premises that are verifiable and verifiable?
Deductive argumentation is the best kind of argumentation because it draws conclusions from premises that are verifiable and verifiable.
Which argument is the most logical explanation for the observed conclusion?
The abductive argument presented is the most logical explanation for the observed conclusion. However, this does not mean that the argument is correct. We could have someone else in the house water the lawn and we did not know.
Types of Function Arguments in Python
There are four inherent function argument types in Python, using which we can call functions to perform their desired tasks. These are as follows:
Python Default Arguments
Let us take a look at an example where we first declare a function, and then call the function later in the code. However, in this example, let us assume that we forgot to pass in the arguments at the time of function call. The code looks something like this
Python Keyword Arguments
The term “keyword” is pretty self-explanatory. It can be broken down into two parts— a key, and a word (i.e., a value) associated with that key.
Python Arbitrary Arguments
Arbitrary arguments, also known as variable length arguments, play a very important role in Python. Sometimes, at the time of function declaration, the programmer might not be certain about the number of arguments to be passed to the function in order to run it.
Python Required Arguments
Required arguments, as the name suggests, are those arguments that are required to be passed to the function at the time of function call, failing to do which will result in an error.
Modern American Five Part Essay
- As a teaching tool, these arguments are often about students learning to support claims with evidence. 1. Intro: Hook and thesis 2. Point One: First claim & support 3. Point Two: Second claim & support 4. Point Three: Third claim and support 5. Conclusion: Implications or future & restate thesis This type of argument is readily adaptable in terms of size, argument, and application, bu…
Classical Western Argument
- Remember that these arguments were often directed toward two (not mutually exclusive) purposes: persuading an audience of the wisdom of an argument or revealing/understanding ‘capital-T truths.’ Five main parts: 1. Introduction, which warms up the audience, establishes goodwill and rapport with the readers, and announces the general theme or thesis of the argume…
Toulmin Argument
- Remember that the point of a Toulmin argument is often to assemble the strongest evidence in support of the claims being made. In short, the best argument wins. 1. Parts: Data, Claim, Warrant, Qualifiers, Rebuttal, Backing 2. Structure (point by point in each section): 2.1. Introduction of the problem or topic: hook, introduce problem/topic, introd...
Rogerian Argument
- The Rogerian argument is designed to find the best possible solution based on the needs and interests of those involved, in short some version of consensus.
Ground Rules
- The classical or Aristotelian model of argument is the most common type of argument. It was developed by a Greek philosopher and rhetorician, Aristotle. The goal of this model is to convince the reader about some particular point of view. In the classical model, both sides of an argument are analyzed and one side is proven right using clear evidenc...
Theory X and Theory Y – 1
Theory X and Theory Y – 2
Pros and Cons – 1
- Let’s establish some ground rules based on what we looked at so far. An academic argument: i. begins with an arguable premise or claim.Undergraduate essays usually ask students to write about a subject that involves exploring different points of view or comparing and contrasting. For example: ‘Discuss the portrayal of the themes of love and power i...
Pros and Cons – 2
- Let’s imagine an essay title: ‘Discuss the decline and recovery of Marks & Spencer using Smith’s Theory of X and Jones’s Theory of Y; and say which is most applicable.’ Let’s also imagine that both Theory X and Theory Y are well known; and that both can be broken down into five main points. This essay is asking you to take a case and examine it using tried and trusted ‘tools’ – in …
Mediative Argument
- Another way to construct your argument would be to start with Theory X and Theory Y and give accounts of both. You could then work through the key points in the recent history of Marks & Spencer and look at each point in terms of Theory X and Theory Y. For example: