Types of Sikhs & Sikhism
- (1) The Amritdhari-They generally have undergone the Amrit ceremony (one type of commitment). It is one kind of...
- (2) Kesdari- They wear the Kes, uncut hair as required one of the five keys. It is not bound on them, but they will at...
- (3) Sahajdhari- Those who believes their Guru’s teachings,but do not keep their keys, and have not under gone...
What are the central beliefs of Sikhism?
Top 10 beliefs of Sikhism:
- Existence of One God: Sikhism believes that there is only one supreme power, “IkOnkar”. ...
- Prayer: Sikhism beliefs in the power of prayer and meditation. ...
- Equality: Sikhism disregards inequality. ...
What are the key beliefs and practices in Sikhism?
Three main principles guide Sikhs:
- Be always absorbed in meditation and prayer.
- Make an honest income by honorable methods.
- Share earnings and selflessly serve others.
Who are Sikhs and what do they believe?
Who are Sikhs? What do they believe? Sikhism is the world’s fifth-largest religion, with some 30 million adherents. More than half live in India, where the movement was founded in the 15th century by Guru Nanak. Around 500,000 Sikhs live in the U.S., primarily in California, New York City, New Mexico and Virginia. “Sikh” means “disciple.”
Which are beliefs influenced Sikhism?
Reflecting its religious context, Sikhism has elements of Hinduism and Islam in its beliefs, practices, and traditions. Some of its doctrines, such as certain aspects of its teaching on God, reflect Islam more than Hinduism, while other doctrines, such as karma, reflect Hinduism more than Islam.
Are there different branches of Sikhism?
Sikhism consists of three major denominations; these sects in the order of importance are: Khālsā, Nāmdhari, Nirankāri. They take different positions on the nature of Guru or spiritual teacher.
What are the 5 of Sikhism?
Khalsa Sikhs wear five symbols – called the five Ks, or Panj Kakka - to show their devotion to Sikhism. The boys outline the 5 Ks and what they signify. They are Kara, Kachera, Kirpan, Khalsa, Kesh and Kanga.
What is the highest Sikh caste?
Along with Guru Nanak, other Sikh gurus had also denounced the hierarchy of the caste system, however, they all belonged to the same caste, the Khatris. Most Sikhs belong to the Jat (Jatt), traditionally agrarian in occupation.
What are the 3 main beliefs of Sikhism?
There are three core tenets of the Sikh religion: meditation upon and devotion to the Creator, truthful living, and service to humanity.
What must a Sikh carry?
There are five things all Sikhs should wear, and conveniently they all start with K. Sanjit Kaur explains the Kesh (uncut hair), Kangha (a wooden comb), Kara (a iron bracelet), Kachera (cotton underpants) and Kirpan (an iron dagger) and what they mean to the Sikhs who carry them.
Why do Sikhs wear turbans?
Among the Sikhs, the dastār is an article of faith that represents equality, honour, self-respect, courage, spirituality, and piety. The Khalsa Sikh men and women, who keep the Five Ks, wear the turban to cover their long, uncut hair (kesh). The Sikhs regard the dastār as an important part of the unique Sikh identity.
Is drinking alcohol allowed in Sikhism?
Drinking alcohol is often associated with the Punjabi culture, but is prohibited in Sikhism. Baptised Sikhs are forbidden from drinking but some non-baptised Sikhs do consume alcohol. Whilst the vast majority of those who do drink have no problem, a small number of Punjabi Sikh women are affected.
What does Sikh mean in English?
The term "Sikh" means disciple, student, or. Some historians suggests that the name "Sikh" is derived from the ancient term "Saka". A Sikh is a disciple/subject of the Guru.
What language do Sikhs speak?
PunjabiIn India, Punjabi is written in the distinctive Gurmukhi script, which is particularly associated with the Sikhs.
What does 13 mean in Sikhism?
In Sikhism, Number 13 represents ੴ, the supreme and holy Ik Onkar. Today's date is very significant for people who are born on the 4th, 13th, 22nd and 31st of any month.
Why can't Sikh cut their hair?
Since 1699, about two centuries after the founding of the religion, Sikh leaders have prohibited their members from cutting their hair, saying long hair is a symbol of Sikh pride. The turban was conceived to manage the long hair and intended to make Sikhs easily identifiable in a crowd.
What are the 7 essential Sikh values?
Some core values for Sikhs are love for all, selfless service, humility, compassion, equality and justice for all. Sikh Identity- 99% of the people wearing a turban in The United States are Sikhs. The Turban or Dastaar is a head covering and it can be worn by male or female.
What do the 5 K's symbolize?
The 5 Ks date from the creation of the Khalsa Panth by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699. The 5 Ks taken together symbolise that the Sikh who wears them has dedicated themselves to a life of devotion and submission to the Guru. The 5 Ks are 5 physical symbols worn by Sikhs who have been initiated into the Khalsa.
How is a Sikh baby's name chosen?
Naming the child The first letter of the first word on that page decides the first letter of the child's name. The parents then choose the name, which is announced by the granthi to the congregation. Although many Sikhs use their family name, some decide to use the names Kaur or Singh .
What does Sikhism emphasize?
Sikhism emphasizes simran ( ਸਿਮਰਨ, meditation and remembrance of the teachings of Gurus), which can be expressed musically through kirtan, or internally through naam japna ('meditation on His name') as a means to feel God's presence.
What is a Sikh?
t. e. Sikhism ( / ˈsɪkɪzəm /) or Sikhi ( Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖੀ Sikkhī, [ˈsɪkːʰiː], from ਸਿੱਖ, Sikh, 'disciple', 'seeker', or 'learner') is an Indian Dharmic religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent around the end of the 15th century CE.
How did Sikhism grow?
Guru Nanak explaining Sikh teachings to Sadhus. After its inception, Sikhism grew as it gained converts among Hindus and Muslims in the Punjab region. In 1539, Guru Nanak chose his disciple Lahiṇā as a successor to the Guruship rather than either of his sons.
What is the meaning of Sikhs?
Adherents of Sikhism are known as Sikhs, meaning 'students' or 'disciples' of the Guru. The anglicised word Sikhism derives from the Punjabi verb Sikhi, which connotes the "temporal path of learning" and is rooted in the word sikhana ('to learn').
How many Sikhs are there in the world?
Sikhism is the fourth-largest amongst the medium-sized world religions, and one of the youngest. Worldwide, there are 30 million Sikhs, which makes up 0.4% of the world's population. Approximately 75% of Sikhs live in Punjab, where they constitute over 60% of the state's population. Large communities of Sikhs migrate to the neighboring states such as Indian State of Haryana which is home to the second largest Sikh population in India with 1.1 million Sikhs as per 2001 census, and large immigrant communities of Sikhs can be found across India. However, Sikhs only comprise about 2% of the Indian population.
What is the Sikh scripture?
The majority of Sikh scriptures were originally written in the alphabet of Gurmukhī, a script standardised by Guru Angad out of Laṇḍā scripts historically used in present-day Pakistan and North India. Adherents of Sikhism are known as Sikhs, meaning 'students' or 'disciples' of the Guru. The anglicised word Sikhism derives from the Punjabi verb Sikhi, which connotes the "temporal path of learning" and is rooted in the word sikhana ('to learn').
How many Gurus were there in Sikhism?
The term Guru comes from the Sanskrit gurū, meaning teacher, enlightener, guide, or mentor. The traditions and philosophy of Sikhism were established by ten Gurus from 1469 to 1708. Each Guru added to and reinforced the message taught by the previous, resulting in the creation of the Sikh religion.
What are the sects of Sikhism called?
Sects of Sikhism, called Samparda in punjabi language, are sub-traditions within Sikhism that believe in an alternate lineage of Gurus, have a different interpretation of the Sikh scriptures, believe in following a living guru, or other concepts that differ from the orthodox. The major historic sects of Sikhism, states Harjot Oberoi, have included Udasi, Nirmala, Nanakpanthi, Khalsa, Sahajdhari, Namdhari Kuka, Nirankari and Sarvaria.
What are the major sects of Sikhism?
The major historic sects of Sikhism, states Harjot Oberoi, have included Udasi, Nirmala, Nanakpanthi, Khalsa, Sahajdhari, Namdhari Kuka, Nirankari and Sarvaria. In addition to the Udasis, Minas, and Ramraiyas during the early Guru period, many splintered Sikh communities formed during the period between the death of Guru Har Krishan and ...
Why were Namdharis and Nirankaris sects formed?
In the 19th century, Namdharis and Nirankaris sects were formed in Sikhism, seeking to reform and return to what each believed was the pure form of Sikhism.
What do Nirankaris believe?
They also disagreed with the orthodox Sikhs on only 10 Gurus and the scripture as the living Guru. Nirankaris believe that human guru to interpret the scripture and guide Sikhs is a necessity. Nirankaris are indistinguishable from other Sikhs in outward appearance, with both kesdhari ("hair-keeping") and sahajdhari ("slow-adopter") followers; their acceptance of the mainstream Sikh marriage settled the main issue dividing them from the orthodox Sikhs, leaving only their recognition of a continuing line of Gurus from Baba Dyal as the main differentiation.
What is the Udasi sect known for?
Udasis are known for their Akharas along with the Nirmala sect of Sikhism. Udasis protected many Sikh Gurdwaras in the 18th century, managed them in the 19th century. They built simple shrines far from Punjab. Above: an Udasi shrine in Nepal.
What did the Khalsas wear?
According to 18th-century descriptions, they either cut or mat their hair under a turban, rather than knot it under a turban like Khalsas, and instead of the Khalsa emphasis on the panj kakkar garb and sporting arms, their dress code would include items such as a cap, a cotton bag, a flower rosary, a vessel made of dried pumpkin, a chain around the waist, ash to smear on their body, and a deerskin upon which to perform Hatha yoga, resulting in an extremely divergent appearance from Khalsa Sikhs in the eighteenth century. In addition to not consider the Khalsa's Rehat Maryada to be binding on them, their modes of thought and attitude towards salvation also differed significantly. The Khalsa believed that salvation could be attained while taking part in society and pursuing secular objectives like political power and accumulation of resources like agrarian land, though this had to be accomplished within a particular framework of beliefs and spiritual practices, chief among which was the societal order and structure of the Khalsa. The Udasis considered secular pursuits to be incompatible with personal salvation, which was to be achieved only through renouncing the world, espousing asceticism and a monastic traveler lifestyle. Udasis are known for their Akharas along with the Nirmala sect of Sikhism.
What is the collective name of the five early Sampradayas?
Panj Samparda is the collective name for the following five early sampradayas in Sikhism.
What are the 3 branches of Sikhism?
The 3 Major Branches Of Sikhism. Khalsa – also known as Singhs. It is the first and most higher branch. This is the branch of the Sikhs that have been baptized. Keshdhari – it is the second branch. This branch contains all those Sikhs who are not baptized yet, but they stopped cutting their hair or wear a turban.
Where did Sikhism originate?
Branches Of Sikhism – Originating from the Pujab Regon in India, Sikhism is an Indian Religion with a great impact. Although, it is relatively a young religion. It was founded by Guru Nanak in the 15 century. Sikhism is a very peaceful religion. It strives for peace, unity and equality of humankind. Although this religion is not that old, it still ...
Which branch of Sikhism contains those people who completely accept the philosophies of Sikhism?
Sahajdhari – this is the third branch. Which contains those people who completely accept the philosophies of Sikhism. But who are not baptized yet and won’t let their hair grow. Looking more modernized. But bearing the beliefs and philosophies of Sikhism in their hearts.
What are the rules of Sikhs?
The Sikhs have many rules to follow, but the principal is to be kind and help others. You have to be compassionate and think of others too. Because if you think only about yourself, then you live against that Sikh code of moral conduct.
Why is helping others important in Sikhism?
Helping others is important, not only for them, but also for the purity of your soul. The followers of Sikhism must act with modesty and humility. And if a follower earns an honest living, he must donate 1/10 of his earnings to those in need. Sikhism also strives for equality.
Is Sikhism a peaceful religion?
Sikhism is a very peaceful religion. It strives for peace, unity and equality of humankind. Although this religion is not that old, it still has many branches and sects. Each of which contains some similarities with Sikhism and some particular ideologies. There are 3 major Branches Of Sikhism that must be mentioned.
Is Sikhism a social justice religion?
In conclusion, Sikhism is a very kind and social justice preaching religion. And there are 3 major Branches Of Sikhism. Which are distinguished by the principles, vows and responsibilities of the followers from each branch. Sikhs are compassionate and loving people. They strive for equality and peace.
What are the two Sikh sects?
Sects. In addition to the orthodox, there are several Sikh sects, four of which are particularly important. Two sects, the Nirankaris and the Nam-Dharis, or Kuka Sikhs, emerged in northwestern Punjab during the latter part of Ranjit Singh’s reign. The Nirankaris were members of trading castes and followers of Baba Dayal, ...
What are the 4th category of Sikhs?
The fourth category of Sikhs consists of those who have a traditional Kes-Dhari background but who cut their hair and wear distinctive turbans only when they attend a service in their gurdwara s. Although they do not always use their formal Khalsa names, they do use Singh or Kaur. This variety of Sikh is particularly common in countries outside India. There is still no widely accepted term for them, though they are frequently called Mona Sikhs, mona meaning “shaven.” This term, however, is unsuitable because it does not clearly distinguish this group of Sikhs from the Sahaj-Dharis and because it has pejorative overtones.
What is the Sikh Dharma?
The Sikh Dharma’s relations with the orthodox Khalsa are distinctly mixed, with many other Sikhs questioning both its teachings and its economic activities.
What is Sahaj Dhari?
The Sahaj-Dharis are one of two groups of Sikhs that do not wear uncut hair. They also reject other injunctions of the Rahit, and they do not adopt typical Sikh personal names. Tat Khalsa scholars once believed that sahaj-dhari meant “slow-adopter” and was used to designate Sikhs who were on the path to full Khalsa membership. It is more probable, however, that the term is derived from Guru Nanak’s use of the word sahaj, meaning the ineffable bliss of the soul’s liberation.
What is Sahaj Dhari Sikhism based on?
Sahaj-Dhari Sikhism is based partly on caste, attracting many members of relatively high castes who do not observe the Rahit for fear of losing their high-caste status. Thus, the group includes many members of the trading castes but very few Jats, the agrarian caste that constitutes more than 60 percent of the Panth.
What is the second group of Sikhs?
A second group comprises those who have undertaken initiation. Because this involves amrit (“nectar”), these Sikhs are known as Amrit-Dhari Sikhs. They are also, of course, Kes-Dharis. Thus, all Amrit-Dharis are Kes-Dharis, though not all Kes-Dharis are Amrit-Dharis. Here too any estimate of numbers must rely on guesswork, but it is likely that Amrit-Dharis account for 15 to 18 percent of all Sikhs.
What are the five pivotal events of Sikhism?
The Sikhs understand their religion as the product of five pivotal events. The first was the teaching of Guru Nanak: his message of liberation through meditation on the divine name. The second was the arming of the Sikhs by Guru Hargobind. The third was Guru Gobind Singh’s founding of the Khalsa, its distinctive code to be observed by all who were initiated. At his death came the fourth event, the passing of the mystical Guru from its 10 human bearers to the Guru Granth Sahib. The final event took place early in the 20th century, when Sikhism underwent a profound reformation at the hands of the Tat Khalsa. Sikhs are universally proud of their distinct faith.
Philosophy and Teachings
The origins of Sikhism lie in the teachings of Guru Nanak and his successors. Nanak disapproved of many religious beliefs and practices of his time. The essence of Sikh teaching is summed up in these words: "Realisation of Truth is higher than all else. Higher still is truthful living".
Pursuing Salvation and Khalsa
Nanak's teachings are founded not on a destination of heaven or hell, but upon a spiritual union with God which results in salvation. The chief obstacles to the attainment of salvation are social conflicts and an also attachment to worldly pursuits, which commit men and women to an endless cycle of birth—a concept which is known as reincarnation.
The Ten Gurus and Religious Authority
The term guru comes from the Sanskrit gurū, which means teacher, guide, or mentor. All the traditions and philosophy of Sikhism were established by ten specific gurus from 1499 to 1708. Each guru reinforced and added to the message taught by the previous, resulting in the creation of the Sikh religion.
Scripture
There are two main sources of scripture for the Sikhs: the Gurū Granth Sāhib and the Dasam Granth. The Gurū Granth Sāhib is often referred to as the Ādi Granth, meaning literally, The First Volume, and the two terms are often used synonymously.
Ādi Granth
The Ādi Granth was compiled by Bhai Gurdas under the supervision of Arjan Dev during the years 1603 and 1604. It is written in the Gurmukhī script, The Gurmukhī script was standardised by Arjan Dev for use in the Sikh scriptures and is also thought to have been influenced by the Śāradā and Devanāgarī scripts.
Guru Granth Sahib
The final version of the Gurū Granth Sāhib was compiled by Gobind Singh during 1678. It consists of the original Ādi Granth with an addition of Teg Bahadur's hymns.
Observances
Observant Sikhs follow long-standing practices and traditions to strengthen and express their faith. The daily recitation from memory of certain passages from the Gurū Granth Sāhib, especially the Japu (or Japjī, literally chant) hymns is recommended immediately after rising and bathing.
What are some traditions that differ from Sikhism?
There are several traditions or sampardayan that differ from "mainstream Sikhism." These are considered historical traditions insofar as they pre-date the formation of the Khalsa in 1699. The Udassis are one of those traditions. They trace their history to the time of Guru Nanak and were founded by his son. Also included are the Nirmalas and the Seva Panthis. Nihangs have an uncertain start date, though they were certainly contemporary with Guru Gobind Singh, and were present at the formation of the Khalsa in 1699.
Which group of Sikhs are the most militant?
The final group is known as the Keshadharis ("hair-wearers") and it, too, encompasses a number of smaller sects. The Nihangs are the most militant of all Sikhs - they regularly carry a variety of weapons and are more willing to take action to defend their religion. They regard themselves as continuing in the tradition of Guru Gobind Singh's Khalsa army and live a semi-nomadic lifestyle. The Nirmalas, on the other hand, are much less militant than average and members tend to lead contemplative lives while secluded in monasteries.
What is the Sahajdharis?
Another group is known as the Sahajdharis, which means "slow adopters." This actually encompasses several smaller sects, all of which tend to be shaven like Hindus and contrary to Sikh tradition. They have largely rejected the more militant teachings which were promoted by Gobind Singh, the tenth and final human Guru.
Is Sehajdharis a sect?
Keshadharis are Sikhs who keep hair but may not have taken charan pahul or Sikh baptism. Both can be found in almost any sangat. These are not sects.
Is Namdhari a Sikhism sect?
Namdhari are not a sect of Sikhism. Namdhari are an independent tradition. They believe that Guru Gobind Singh did not die but hid in the jungle. They have a tradition of human satgurus, continuing for more than 200 years.
Is there only one type of Sikhs?
There is only one type of Sikhs /Gursikhs. They only belive in one God who is omnipresent and Shri Guru Granth Sahib jee. Once they take "Khande ke Pahul" or get bapitaized and enter into Sikhism's mainstream or Panth, then no differntation is left. All are equal and there are no groups. They only and only belive in tenets of Sikhi as prescribed in SRM or SGGS jee.#N#Yes, there are some splinter groups but they have belifes in some living Baba or diety and thus :happysingh:are not Gursikhs.
Is Sikhism a young religion?
Sikhism is a young religion and is in a state of dynamic flux and it will be some time before it stabilises.
How many types of Sikhs are there?
There are four types of Sikhs. To illustrate this point, let's use the example of a fire.
What is Dharam religion?
What is DHARAM? Is it religion? Not quite. DHARAM is a WAY OF LIFE. Just as water being wet is insperable, Dharam is that way of life, which becomes insperable and a part of person. Guru Sahib's not interested in us being a "SUNDAY SIKH," who comes to the Gurdwara on Sunday, does Matha Tekh and eat Langar, and that's his "religious Sikh thing" done for the week. DHARAM is a WAY OF LIFE. If you wish to EXPERIENCE the Divine, and experience SUKH (peace) then one has to live a certain way of life, which is living in the remebrance, meditation and grace of Waheguru.
What does the third type of person know about fire?
3/ The third type of person does knows fire is dangerous and not to touch it because person 2 told them that person 1 had experienced the fire. Therefore, person 3 has BLIND FAITH in person 2, and basis his BELIEF on someone else's belief. This is like the third type of Sikh - one whose Sikhi is based on BLIND-FAITH and they plod along and follow Sikhi because so and so told so and so, and this got passed down.
Overview
Sikhism , also known as Sikhi (Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖੀ Sikkhī, [ˈsɪkʰiː], from ਸਿੱਖ, Sikh, 'disciple', 'seeker', or 'learner') or Sikh Dharma, is an Indian religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, around the end of the 15th century CE. It is the most recently founded major organized faith and stands at fifth-largest worldwide, with about 25–30 million adherents (known as Sikhs) a…
Terminology
The majority of Sikh scriptures were originally written in the alphabet of Gurmukhī, a script standardised by Guru Angad out of Laṇḍā scripts historically used in present-day Pakistan and North India. Adherents of Sikhism are known as Sikhs, meaning 'students' or 'disciples' of the Guru. The English word Sikhism derives from the Punjabi verb Sikhi, which connotes the "temporal path of learning" and is rooted in the word sikhana ('to learn').
Philosophy and teachings
Sikhism is classified as an Indian religion along with Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
The basis of Sikhism lies in the teachings of Guru Nanak and his successors. Sikh ethics emphasize the congruence between spiritual development and everyday moral conduct. Its founder Guru Nanak summarized this perspective …
Scripture
There is one primary scripture for the Sikhs: the Gurū Granth Sāhib. It is sometimes synonymously referred to as the Ādi Granth. Chronologically, however, the Ādi Granth – literally, 'First Volume' – refers to the version of the scripture created by Guru Arjan in 1604. The Gurū Granth Sāhib is the final expanded version of the scripture compiled by Guru Gobind Singh. While the G…
Observances
Observant Sikhs adhere to long-standing practices and traditions to strengthen and express their faith. The daily recitation of the divine name of God VaheGuru and from a memory of specific passages from the Gurū Granth Sāhib, like the Japu (or Japjī, literally chant) hymns is recommended immediately after rising and bathing. Baptized Sikhs recite the five-morning prayers, the evening and ni…
History
Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the founder of Sikhism, was born in the village of Rāi Bhōi dī Talwandī, now called Nankana Sahib (in present-day Pakistan). His parents were Punjabi Khatri Hindus. According to the hagiography Puratan Janamsakhi composed more than two centuries after his death and probably based on oral tradition, Nanak as a boy was fascinated by religion and spiritua…
Sikh people
Estimates state that Sikhism has some 25-30 million followers worldwide. According to Pew Research, a religion demographics and research group in Washington DC, "more than nine-in-ten Sikhs are in India, but there are also sizable Sikh communities in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada." Within India, the Sikh population is found in every state and union territory, but …
Prohibitions in Sikhism
These prohibitions are strictly followed by initiated Khalsa Sikhs who have undergone baptism. While the Sikh gurus did not enforce religion and did not believe in forcing people to follow any particular religion in general, the Sikh community does encourage all people to become better individuals by following the Guru's Way (Gur-mat), as opposed to living life without the Guru's code of disciple (Man-mat):
Overview
Sub-traditions, also known as Samparda in Punjabi language are sub-traditions within Sikhism that believe in different approaches to practicing the religion. While all sampradas believe in Waheguru and one creator, do not believe in idol worship or caste system, different interpretation have emerged over time, some of which practise having a living teacher as the leader orthodox. The major hist…
Early Sikh sampardas
Panj Samparda is the collective name for the following five early sampradayas in Sikhism.
Udasi derived from the Sanskrit word "Udasin", meaning "detached, journey", reflecting an approach to spiritual and temporal life, is an early sect based on the teachings of Guru Nanak's elder son Sri Chand (1494–1643), who, contrary t…
Later Sikh sampardas
Namdharis, also known as Kuka Sikhs, believe that the line of Sikh Gurus did not end with Guru Gobind Singh, as they claim that he did not die in Nanded but escaped and lived in secret, and that he nominated Balak Singh to be the 11th Guru, a tradition that was continued through the Namdhari leaders. They did not believe in any religious ritual other than the repetition of God's name (or nam, f…
Split traditions
The Ravidasi Panth used to be a part of Sikhism. In 2009, the sect left Sikhism and gained recognition as a separate tradition. It is based on the teachings of the 14th century Indian guru Ravidas, revered as a satguru. The movement had attracted dalits (formerly marginalised), and they felt that they were a victim of social discrimination and violence from Khalsa Sikhs.
Historically, Ravidassia represented a range of beliefs in the Indian subcontinent, with some dev…
See also
• Dera (organization)
• Guru-shishya parampara
• Sampradaya