Respiratory Structure for the Exchange of Gases in Different Groups of Animals
| Animal group | Respiratory Structure |
| Protozoan | Plasma membrane |
| Cnidarians | Body surface |
| Platyhelminthes | Body surface |
| Nemathelminthes | Body surface |
What are some examples of animal organs?
organ
- Introduction. In biology, an organ is a structure composed of a group of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function.
- Animal Organs. The major organs in higher animals include the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, stomach, intestines, and skin, as well as the reproductive organs.
- Plant Organs. ...
Do animals have same organs like people?
Ovarian physiology is essentially conserved in female mammals, but again primates have similar size organs and length of reproductive cycles than humans. Bats. If you ever see free-tailed bats and the leaf-nosed bats in close proximity, they have absolutely similar organs to humans. Apparently google says they even menstruate.
What animal has the biggest organs of all animals?
tlThe biggest organs of all animals belongs to the biggest animal, which is of course the Blue Whale. Sad to think it might completely sure out within our life time and it children will only be able to wonder whether they existed at all. Is homosexuality observed in animals?
Which animal organs are unhealthy to consume?
- liver
- heart
- kidneys
- sweetbreads
- brain
- tongue
- tripe
What are the 12 animals organ system?
Organs and systems of an animal bodyThe organs of the body.The musculo-skeletal system.The digestive system.The circulatory system and blood.The respiratory system.The urinary system.Nervous system.Reproductive system (Breeding)More items...
What is the name of animal organs?
Unit 3: Organs and systems of the bodySystem of the BodyOrgans in the BodyDigestivestomach, liver, intestine, pancreasCirculatoryheart, blood vesselsRespiratorymuzzle, windpipe, lungsUrinarykidneys, bladder5 more rows
What is the most important organ system in animals?
the reproductive systemArguably the most important organ system from the perspective of evolution, the reproductive system enables animals to create offspring.
What is an organ in animal science?
organ, in biology, a group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function. In higher animals, organs are grouped into organ systems; e.g., the esophagus, stomach, and liver are organs of the digestive system.
What are the 11 types of organs?
The 11 organ systems include the integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, urinary system, and reproductive systems.
What are the 5 types of organs?
Types of OrgansIntegumentary (skin, hair, nails)Skeletal (bones)Muscular (smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles)Circulatory (heart, arteries, veins)Respiratory (lungs, diaphragm, larynx)Digestive (stomach, intestines, liver)Urinary (kidneys, ureters, bladder)Immune (lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus)More items...•
Do all animals have organs?
Answer and Explanation: All animals except for sponges have organ systems. Sponges don't have tissues, so they do not have any organs.
Why do animals need organs?
Organs systems work together to efficiently and effectively provide all body cells with their basic needs to carry out life functions. You can think of the organs and systems as puzzle pieces.
What are the 5 most important organ?
The human body contains five organs that are considered vital for survival. They are the heart, brain, kidneys, liver, and lungs.
What are the organs?
Some of the easily recognisable internal organs and their associated functions are:The brain. The brain is the control centre of the nervous system and is located within the skull. ... The lungs. ... The liver. ... The bladder. ... The kidneys. ... The heart. ... The stomach. ... The intestines.
How many types of organs are there?
Altogether there are seventy-eight main organs within the human body. These organs work in coordination to give rise to several organ systems. Among these 78 organs, five organs are considered vital for survival. These include the heart, brain, kidneys, liver and lungs.
What is organ with example?
In biology, an organ (from the Latin "organum" meaning an instrument or tool) is a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function. Your heart, kidneys, and lungs are examples of organs.
What are a list of organs?
Some of the easily recognisable internal organs and their associated functions are:The brain. The brain is the control centre of the nervous system and is located within the skull. ... The lungs. ... The liver. ... The bladder. ... The kidneys. ... The heart. ... The stomach. ... The intestines.
What is the name for organ meats?
Organ meats are sometimes referred to as “offal.” The word offal derives from the term “off fall,” referring to any part of an animal that falls away when it is butchered, such as the tail, feet, and testicles. In the United States, organ meats include all things that are distinguished as offal.
Can you name the two organs?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts: Mitochondria and chloroplast are the organelles in the cell which possess their own genetic material. These two organelles have their own DNA as well as ribosomes responsible for the expression of genes in the extra-chromosomal DNA.
What is the scientific name for organ?
Viscera. In the study of anatomy, viscera (singular viscus) refers to the internal organs of the abdominal, thoracic, and pelvic cavities. The abdominal organs may be classed as solid organs, or hollow organs. The solid organs are the liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and adrenal glands.
Q.1. Which animal has a skin respiratory organ?
Ans: Earthworms have skin as their respiratory organ.
Q.2. What is the main function of the lungs in a human body?
Ans: Lungs are involved in gaseous exchange during the respiration process.
Q.3. What are the respiratory organs of amphibians?
Ans: Respiratory organs of amphibians like frogs can be either skin, lungs or gills.
Q.4. What are the respiratory organs of mammals?
Ans: Respiratory organs of mammals are the lungs.
Q.5. What are the respiratory organs in fishes?
Ans: Respiratory organs in fishes are gills.
What is the process of decellularization of the esophagus?
Decellularization involves treatment of fresh esophageal tissue with a combination of solutions that will remove the cells but maintain the structural characteristics of the native ECM. The optimal methodology of esophageal decellularization is currently under investigation. Our experience with the DET is illustrated here with hematoxylin and eosin staining of a representative decellularized esophagus demonstrating preservation of the native architecture (scale bar 100 μm).
How are acellular matrices obtained?
Natural acellular matrices are derived from human and animal organs or tissues that have been treated to remove cells and immunogenic material [48]. Importantly, however, they retain the macro- and microarchitecture of the tissue of origin, with its three-dimensional morphology, which is believed to promote cell orientation, growth, and proliferation. Also, the molecular components of the native ECM are maintained in the decellularized tissue, being rich in collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, and growth factors [20,49–51]. They have the added hypothetical advantages over synthetic scaffolds of not producing potentially toxic degradation products or inducing inflammation characteristics that may be important in the prevention of stenosis [24,52,53]. Natural acellular matrices are usually obtained through different chemical or enzymatic treatment of the native tissue to remove the cellular components. These techniques include the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium deoxycholate, Triton X-100, DNA-se and trypsin digestion to generate a natural acellular matrix ( Figure 60.2 ). One of the advantages of the decellularization process is to remove the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in the acellular scaffold. This helps to reduce the inflammation and fibrosis reaction after implantation [50,54]. Decellularized scaffolds that have been used for esophageal organs originated from the esophagus as well as from other tissues such as the small intestinal submucosa (SIS) [21,32–35,38,39,46,55] and the gastric acellular matrix [44].
What is the appearance of the esophagus during decellularization?
Figure 60.3. Macroscopic appearance of the esophagus during the decellularization process. Macroscopically, the decellularization treatment generates a translucent acellular matrix that maintains the whole structure of the native esophagus. The esophageal wall of the treated sample appears more translucent than the fresh tissue, without losing its structural characteristics.
What are the pathogens in pigs?
Particularly worrying among pig pathogens are the pig endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) present in all pig organs. The DNA of the average pig contains 50 integrated PERVs of varying degrees of replication competence. There are three major classes of PERVs, termed PERV-A, PERV-B, and PERV-C. Although all PERVs integrate into a pig cell's DNA and remain quiescent for long periods, the various classes differ with respect to their envelope protein sequences (which define their host cell range) and their tendency to undergo recombination. A virus resulting from the recombination of PERV-A and PERV-C has been found to be able to infect humans cells in vitro because it acquired the gene encoding the env receptor domain of PERV-A as well as sequences promoting infectivity from PERV-C. Fortunately, PERV infection of human transplant recipients has not been demonstrated in vivo although more than 200 patients have received a pig organ. It is also somewhat reassuring that baboons and macaques that have received pig xenografts carrying PERV do not become infected with the virus. However, it remains theoretically possible that a replication-deficient PERV traveling with the transplanted pig organ might recombine with another PERV to generate a replication-competent virus that could infect a human cell. This recombinant virus might then be able to recombine with one of its human counterparts, the normally quiescent HERVs ( human endogenous retroviruses) integrated in the human genome, to create a hybrid virus that might be deadly for humans. The specter of the cross-species jump that gave rise to HIV starkly demonstrates that much caution is warranted. The PERV transmission issue is also of concern with respect to engineered pigs transgenic for human RCAs. PERVs budding from the cells of such pigs would carry human RCAs on their envelopes, and recipients of such organs might have to take anti-retroviral drugs as a precaution. In this regard, it is worrying to note that, of all the HIV RT and protease inhibitors tested, only AZT inhibited PERV replication at a drug concentration that could be achieved in vivo.
Does decellularization of the esophagus affect differentiation?
Hypothetically, decellularized esop hageal tissue should retain the signals , both chemical and structural, that will direct the appropriate migration and differentiation of host cells, in a way unlikely to occur with scaffolds originating outside the esophagus , such as SIS. Ozeki et al. [54] compared two methods of decellularization of adult rat esophagus based on deoxycholate and Triton X-100, respectively, and assessed the resulting scaffolds using routine histology and biocompatibility. Those treated with deoxycholate showed superior mechanical properties, maintenance of the ECM and a lower DNA content than those treated with Triton X-100. Bhrany et al. [57] found a combination of 0.5% SDS and Triton X-100 to be effective in decellularization, albeit with a loss of tensile strength as measured by burst pressure studies. Our experience with the detergent-enzymatic treatment (DET) in the decellularization of the intestine [50] allowed us to use the same methodology in the esophagus ( Figure 60.3 ), leading to an improved preservation of a multilayered macro- and microarchitecture [58]. This is of paramount importance for the orientation of the cells in the cell-seeded constructs.
What are the phases of wound healing?
Reparative skin wound healing consists of overlapping phases: inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling ( Clark, 1996; Werner and Grose, 2003 ). Inflammation, preceded by hemostasis achieved through provisional matrix formation in the form of fibrin cloth, is characterized by the attraction of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes that subsequently differentiate into macrophages to the wound. Inflammatory cells fulfill their function through bacteria elimination (neutrophils) and phagocytosis of necrotic tissues and neutrophils (macrophages). Macrophages release cytokines [e.g., transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)] that stimulate epithelial cell and fibroblast movement into the wound area beginning the next stage of the wound healing process ( Table 14.1) ( Bryan et al., 2005; Couper et al., 2008; Cowin et al., 1998; Hubner et al., 1996; Liechty et al., 2000; Satish and Kathju, 2010 ). Proliferation begins as migration and proliferation followed by differentiation of epidermal cells to reepithelialize the wound area to restore skin barrier function. Attracted dermal fibroblasts migrate to the wounded dermis, and together with invading through the process of angiogenesis the network of blood capillaries generates granulation tissues to reestablish dermal integrity ( Clark, 1996 ). Initially, dermal fibroblasts synthesize and release the components of so-called “embryonic” extracellular matrix, such as collagen III and extra-domain A (EDA) fibronectin followed by collagen type I, which is characteristic of adult skin ( Bielefeld et al., 2013 ). A sufficient amount of ECM deposition, replacement of collagen III by collagen type I, and the presence of myofibroblasts in the postwounded bed initiate the remodeling phase ( Table 14.1) ( Cass et al., 1997; Hinz, 2007 ). Dermal fibroblasts acquire a myofibroblast phenotype to contract the wound bed, which is followed by scar formation. ECM remodeling is controlled by MMPs that degrade wound collagen ( Table 14.1) ( Madlener et al., 1998; Soo et al., 2000 ). The product of wound repair is a mature scar; however, the repaired tissues lack epidermal appendages, such as hair follicles and sweat and sebaceous glands, meaning they never regain the functional properties of uninjured tissues. Scar tissues are considered to block the regeneration process; therefore recognizing molecular signals and pathways that direct scarring versus regeneration is a prerequisite for understanding organ regeneration. Animal models for skin regeneration are an essential foundation for research in this area.
What is the most external barrier?
As the most outer barrier, skin is the organ most frequently exposed to external insults. During physiological maintenance, the epithelial layer undergoes continuous renovation in the process of regeneration similar to other mammalian tissues including cells in the gut epithelium, blood cells, and the annual replacement of antlers. Pathological events (i.e., injury) evoke a wound healing process that can take two directions: reparative (scar-forming) and regenerative (scar-free). In the skin , the spectrum of scar formation depends of trauma severity. Whereas injury that affects the epidermal layer of the skin heals in a scar-free way, full-thickness excisional wounds comprising the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis heal with scarring. However, this is only true when epidermal injury is not associated with underlying metabolic disorders, such as diabetes.
What are organ systems?
Organ Systems. During the development of an animal, eukaryotic cells differentiate so they can perform specific functions. Groups of cells with similar specializations, and which perform a common function, are referred to as tissues. Organs (examples of which include lungs, kidneys, hearts, and spleens) are groups of several tissues ...
What are the two types of cells?
There are two basic kinds of cells, prokaryotic cells (single-celled structures that do not contain a nucleus) and eukaryotic cells (cells that contain a membranous nucleus and organelles that perform specialized functions ). Animals are composed exclusively of eukaryotic cells, though the bacteria that populate their intestinal tracts ...
What is the unit of life?
tissues. organs. organ systems. animal. The cell, toward the middle of this list, is the basic unit of life. It is within the cell that the chemical reactions necessary for metabolism and reproduction take place. There are two basic kinds of cells, prokaryotic cells (single-celled structures that do not contain a nucleus) and eukaryotic cells ...
What is Bob Strauss's book?
A cutaway view of a typical animal cell. Bob Strauss is a science writer and the author of several books, including "The Big Book of What, How and Why" and "A Field Guide to the Dinosaurs of North America.".
What are some examples of organ systems?
Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function; examples include skeletal, muscular, nervous, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, endocrine, circulatory, and urinary systems.
What are the building blocks of matter?
The building blocks of all matter, atoms and molecules, form the substrate for the increasingly complex chemicals and structures that make up living organisms. For example, simple molecules like sugars and acids combine to form more complex macromolecules, such as lipids and proteins, which in turn are the building blocks for ...
Which layer of the cell is the outermost boundary layer?
A plasma membrane that forms the outermost boundary layer of the cell, separating the cell's internal processes from the external environment. Cytoplasm, which consists of the semifluid substance called cytosol as well as various organelles.
What is the process of oxidation of food in the cell?
Respiration generally involves the oxidation of food in the cells by using oxygen taken from the environment with the production of energy, carbon dioxide and water. Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP for use in biological activities. Organs that are involved in gaseous exchange during respiration are called respiratory organs. Like in humans, a pair of lungs are present, and in fish, gills are present, which are involved in the gaseous exchange.
What are the respiratory organs of fish?
Gills are the respiratory organs in fish.
What is the process of simple diffusion?
By the process of simple diffusion, gaseous exchange occurs. As Amoeba is a unicellular organism, oxygen easily diffuses to the entire cell for respiration.
What is the respiratory structure of Amoeba?
Cell membrane or plasma membrane is the respiratory structure in Amoeba.
How is oxygen absorbed?
Oxygen from the atmosphere is absorbed through the skin, and then it is diffused to the blood, and through blood, it is transported to all parts of the body. When oxygen reaches each cell, respiration takes place, during which carbon dioxide is evolved, which is expelled out of the body through the skin by the diffusion process.
How do fish get oxygen?
Fish use dissolved oxygen from water. Water enters the mouth of fish, which is then passed through the gills where the dissolved oxygen is extracted by gills, and the water goes out through gill slits. Blood absorbs oxygen from the gills, which is carried to all parts of the body of the fish. Then after respiration, carbon dioxide is produced, which is brought to the gills through the blood and is expelled out of the body into the water.
How many lobes does the left lung have?
The left lung has two lobes, and the right lung has three lobes.
What are the different levels of organization in multicellular organisms?
Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems. There are four different levels of organization in multicellular organisms, and organs make up one of these levels. From simplest to complex, an organism is made up of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells make up the most basic level of organization; the cell is the building block ...
What is vestigial organ?
Vestigial organ – an organ that has evolutionarily lost its original function over time, and presently has little or no function in an organism. The appendix has been widely believed to be vestigial throughout history, although it does have a role in immune functioning.
What is the organ?
An organ is a self-contained group of tissues that performs a specific function in the body. The heart, liver, and stomach are examples of organs in humans. The word organ comes from the Latin organum, which means “instrument”. This in turn comes from the Greek word ὄργανον (órganon), which refers to a musical instrument or “organ of the body”.
What is the name of the group of cells that look similar and perform a specific function?
Tissue – a specialized group of cells that look similar and perform a specific function; groups of similar tissues make up organs. Organ system – a group of organs that works together to carry out a certain function. Humans have 11 organ systems. Vestigial organ – an organ that has evolutionarily lost its original function over time, ...
How many organs does the human body have?
All animals except for less specialized ones like those in the phylum Porifera (sea sponges) have specialized tissues grouped into organs. The human body has 78 different organs. The largest organ is the skin, while the smallest organ is the pineal gland, which produces the hormone melatonin.
What is the highest level of an organism's bodily organization?
Organ systems represent the highest level of an organism’s bodily organization. They are made up of groups of organs that work together in order to carry out a certain function. For example, the digestive system includes organs such as the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, and all of these organs play a role in ...
What are the organs that perform specialized tasks?
This includes reproductive organs such as stamens and pistils (contained in flowers), roots, stems, and leaves. Each of these organs performs specialized tasks such as reproduction, absorbing nutrients from the soil, and performing photosynthesis.
What are the three organs of the integumentary system?
Skin is the largest organ of the human body. It is made up of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, which contains stored body fat. Nails and hair are both made up of the protein keratin.
What is the organ system?
Organ System Definition. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain function in an organism ’s body. Most animals and plants have organs, which are self-contained groups of tissues such as the heart that work together to perform one function. Humans and other mammals have many organ systems.
What is the integumentary system?
Besides protecting the internal organs from physical damage, the integumentary system has multiple other functions such as protecting against virus invasion, dehydration, sunburns, and changes in temperature, making Vitamin D through sun exposure, and excreting waste through sweating.
What is the circulatory system?
The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, consists of the heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries. The circulatory system circulates blood throughout the body in order to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells.
How many organ systems are there in the human body?
An example of an organ system is the circulatory system, which includes the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The human body has 11 different organ systems. This figure depicts the respiratory system.
What is the skeletal system?
The skeletal system is made up of all the bones in the human body, i.e., the skeleton. The skeleton forms the supporting structure of the body. It comes from the Greek σκελετός (skeletós), meaning “dried up”, referring to the dry nature of bones.
Which system transports fats, destroys bacteria, and returns proteins and interstitial fluid from the bloodstream?
The lymphatic system, which includes lymph and lymph nodes, is also part of the circulatory system; lymph transports fats, destroys bacteria, and returns proteins and interstitial fluid from the bloodstream.
What are the Health Benefits of Organ Meats?
Organ meats are a great source of unique nutrients that you cannot get elsewhere in your diet.
What is organ meat?
What exactly is organ meat, you ask? Well King Obvious, organ meats are the ORGANs of an animal including the liver, kidneys, brain, tripe (stomach), gizzard (digestive organ in poultry), sweetbreads (thymus and pancreas glands).
How many calories are in tripe?
A single 3 oz serving of tripe has about 90 calories, 13g of protein, a little shy of half your daily need for choline and vitamin B12 and 25% of your need for selenium. Because of its nutritional value, tripe is enjoyed around the world in a variety of dishes from sausages to stews.
How much protein is in a gizzard?
A 4 oz portion of gizzard contains 20 g of protein, 70% of your daily selenium needs and about 25% of your daily needs for zinc, phosphorus, niacin and riboflavin. While gizzards are a digestive organ they also are a muscle so you’ll find they taste similar to dark meat chicken.
What are the benefits of eating organ meat?
Adding organ meats to your diet may have benefits and help to support: 1 Immune function 2 Skin elasticity 3 Energy levels 4 Cognitive function
What is the liver?
Liver is the superstar of the organ meat family and with good reason , it is filled with vitamin A, a range of B vitamins, vitamin k2, choline and branched chain amino acids.
What is the most potent form of vitamin A?
The nutrients in liver go a long way in supporting optimal health. The vitamin A in liver is retinal – the most potent and active form of this nutrient. Vitamin A has long been known to support skin health but is also vital for reproduction, vision, cancer prevention and supporting the immune system.