What are the three theories of representation?
There are three theories of representation, or how people choose their representatives: trustee representation, sociological representation, and agency representation. According to the theory of trustee representation, the people choose a representative whose judgment and experience they trust.
What is the theory of sociological representation?
According to the theory of sociological representation, the people choose a representative whose ethnic, religious, racial, social, or educational background resembles their own. Because the views of people with similar backgrounds tend to be similar, the representative will act in ways that suit his or her constituents.
What are the models of representation?
Models of representation generally refer to the ways in which elected leaders behave in a democracy. Generally, there are four types of models: trustee, delegate, partisan, and politico.
What is the focus of political representation?
As mentioned earlier, theoretical discussions of political representation have focused mainly on the formal procedures of authorization and accountability within nation states, that is, on what Pitkin called formalistic representation. However, such a focus is no longer satisfactory due to international and domestic political transformations.
What are the theories of representation?
Representation theory is a branch of mathematics that studies abstract algebraic structures by representing their elements as linear transformations of vector spaces, and studies modules over these abstract algebraic structures.
What are the 4 types of representation?
Can someone please explain the four models of representation (delegate, partisan, trustee and mirror).
What is the representation of Congress?
What is a Representative? Also referred to as a congressman or congresswoman, each representative is elected to a two-year term serving the people of a specific congressional district. Among other duties, representatives introduce bills and resolutions, offer amendments and serve on committees.
What is the trustee theory of representation?
In this model, constituents elect their representatives as 'trustees' for their constituency. These 'trustees' have autonomy to deliberate and act as they see fit, in their own conscience even if it means going against the explicit desires of their constituents; this is also called a free mandate.
What is Stuart Hall's representation theory?
Stuart Hall's REPRESENTATION theory (please do not confuse with RECEPTION) is that there is not a true representation of people or events in a text, but there are lots of ways these can be represented. So, producers try to 'fix' a meaning (or way of understanding) people or events in their texts.
What are the different types of representation quizlet?
Terms in this set (4)Policy representation. congressional work to advance the issues and ideological preferences of constituents.Allocative representation. congressional work to secure projects, services, and funds for the represented district.Casework. ... Symbolic representation.
How is representation in the House of Representatives determined?
Article I, Section II of the Constitution says that each state shall have at least one U.S. Representative, while the total size of a state's delegation to the House depends on its population. The number of Representatives also cannot be greater than one for every thirty thousand people.
In which model of representation does Congress act as a delegate?
The delegate model of representation is a model of a representative democracy. In this model, constituents elect their representatives as delegates for their constituency.
What are 3 specific powers of Congress?
Congress has the power to: Make laws. Declare war. Raise and provide public money and oversee its proper expenditure.
What is the theory of delegate representation quizlet?
The delegate model of representation is a model of a representative democracy. In this model, constituents elect their representatives as delegates for their constituency. These delegates act only as a mouthpiece for the wishes of their constituency, and have no autonomy from the constituency.
What is the trustee model of representation quizlet?
Trustee model representation is when a member of the house or senate follows his or her own conscience when deciding issue positions. Politico is a role played by elected representatives who act as trustees or as delegates, depending on issue.
What are the 3 ways members of Congress help their constituents?
Responding to ConstituentsResponding to Constituents.Petitioning Congress.Reaching Out.
What is the role of a representative in Congress?
REPRESENTING CONSTITUENTS. Ethnic, racial, gender, or ideological identity aside, it is a representative’s actions in Congress that ultimately reflect his or her understanding of representation. Congress members’ most important function as lawmakers is writing, supporting, and passing bills.
What is descriptive representation?
This form of representation is called descriptive representation. At one time, there was relatively little concern about descriptive representation in Congress. A major reason is that until well into the twentieth century, White men of European background constituted an overwhelming majority of the voting population.
What was the name of the group that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969?
In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969.
When did the 116th Congress start?
In recent decades, Congress has become much more descriptively representative of the United States. The 116th Congress, which began in January 2019, had a historically large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities.
Who was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives?
Figure 11.11 Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, “This woman’s place is in the House... the House of Representatives!”.
What is the meaning of the term "senator"?
This means they are intended to be drawn from local populations around the country so they can speak for and make decisions for those local populations, their constituents, while serving in their respective legislative houses.
What are the different types of representation?
Trustee, Delegate, Politico, or Partisan? Models of representation generally refer to the ways in which elected leaders behave in a democracy. Generally, there are four types of models: trustee, delegate, partisan, and politico.
What is the term for when an elected official will ultimately rely on their own judgement when making decisions?
Trustee : This is when an elected official will ultimately rely on their own judgement when making decisions. Politicians believe that their constituents have elected them because they trust their judgment to make the right decision to advance the interests of the nation.
What is the role of Congress?
Congress represents the people of the United States. Members serve their constituents, the people who live in the district from which they are elected. The old adage that “all politics is local” applies to Congress: Members must please their constituents if they want to stay in office, and every issue must therefore be considered from the perspectives of those constituents. There are three theories of representation, or how people choose their representatives: trustee representation, sociological representation, and agency representation.
What is the primary function of Congress?
The primary function of Congress is to pass rules that all Americans must obey, a function called lawmaking. Congress deals in a huge range of matters, from regulating television to passing a federal budget to voting on gun control. Many of the bills considered by Congress originate with the executive branch, but only Congress can create laws. Parties, interest groups, and constituents all influence members of Congress in their vote choices, and members also compromise and negotiate with one another to reach agreements. A common practice is logrolling, in which members agree to vote for one another’s bills. For more on lawmaking, see “The Legislative Process” section later in this chapter.
How does trustee representation work?
According to the theory of trustee representation, the people choose a representative whose judgment and experience they trust. The representative votes for what he or she thinks is right, regardless of the opinions of the constituents. Because the constituents trust their representative’s judgment, they will not be angry every time they disagree with the representative. A constituent who views his or her representative as a trustee need not pay close attention to political events. For key issues, the constituent likely monitors the representative’s votes, but for other matters, the constituent likely trusts the representative and does not monitor votes too closely.
What is agency representation?
Representation According to the theory of agency representation, the people choose a representative to carry out their wishes in Congress. If the representative does not do what the constituents want, then the constituents “fire” the member by electing someone else in the next election. Those who view their representatives as agents tend to closely monitor their representatives because they must know what the representative does in order to keep him or her accountable. This theory is also known as the instructed-delegate representation.
Why do people choose a representative?
Because the views of people with similar backgrounds tend to be similar, the representative will act in ways that suit his or her constituents. Thus, constituents do not need to monitor their representatives too closely.
Which branch of government is responsible for creating laws?
Many of the bills considered by Congress originate with the executive branch, but only Congress can create laws. Parties, interest groups, and constituents all influence members of Congress in their vote choices, and members also compromise and negotiate with one another to reach agreements.
What does a constituent do when a trustee is a trustee?
A constituent who views his or her representative as a trustee need not pay close attention to political events. For key issues, the constituent likely monitors the representative’s votes, but for other matters, the constituent likely trusts the representative and does not monitor votes too closely.
What is the general theory of representation?
Andrew Rehfeld (2006) has offered a general theory of representation which simply identifies representation by reference to a relevant audience accepting a person as its representative. One consequence of Rehfeld’s general approach to representation is that it allows for undemocratic cases of representation.
What is political representation?
Political representation occurs when political actors speak, advocate, symbolize, and act on the behalf of others in the political arena. In short, political representation is a kind of political assistance. This seemingly straightforward definition, however, is not adequate as it stands. For it leaves the concept of political representation ...
How many different representations does Pitkin have?
Pitkin identifies at least four different views of representation: formalistic representation, descriptive representation, symbolic representation, and substantive representation.
What is discursive representation?
The concept of discursive representation can potentially redeem the promise of deliberative democracy when the deliberative participation of all affected by a collective decision is infeasible. Domestic transformations also reveal the need to update contemporary understandings of political representation.
What does it mean to represent in politics?
On this definition, political representation is the activity of making citizens’ voices, opinions, and perspectives “present” in public policy making processes.
What are the problems associated with political representation?
The first problem is the proper institutional design for representative institutions within democratic polities. The theoretical literature on political representation has paid a lot of attention to the institutional design of democracies. More specifically, political theorists have recommended everything from proportional representation (e.g. Guinier, 1994 and Christiano, 1996) to citizen juries (Fishkin, 1995). However, with the growing number of democratic states, we are likely to witness more variation among the different forms of political representation. In particular, it is important to be aware of how non-democratic and hybrid regimes can adopt representative institutions to consolidate their power over their citizens. There is likely to be much debate about the advantages and disadvantages of adopting representative institutions.
What is Urbinati's understanding of representation?
One benefit of Urbinati’s understanding of representation is its emphasis on the importance of opinion and consent formation. In particular, her agonistic conception of representation highlights the importance of disagreements and rhetoric to the procedures, practices, and ethos of democracy.