The different components of the appendicular skeleton are as follows:
- Pectoral girdle
- Pelvic girdle
- The Upper limbs or forearm
- The lower limbs or hindlimb
How many girdles are in the appendicular skeleton?
The appendicular skeleton consists of two girdles, the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle. This includes the bones of upper and lower limbs.
What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton?
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (arms and legs). The upper limbs contain the bones of the hand, carpals, arm, and pectoral girdle. The lower limbs contain the bones of the foot, tarsals, leg, and pelvic girdle.
What is the difference between axial and appendicular skeleton?
The axial skeleton refers to the bones of the head and torso. By contrast, the appendicular skeleton contains the bones of the limbs (arms and legs), along with the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and the pelvic (hip) girdle.
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
The Bones of the Shoulder Girdle The pectoral or shoulder girdle consists of the scapulae and clavicles. The shoulder girdle connects the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. These bones also provide attachment for muscles that move the shoulders and upper limbs.
What are the two girdles found in the appendicular skeleton?
The pectoral or shoulder girdle consists of the scapulae and clavicles. The shoulder girdle connects the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
How many girdles are in appendicular skeleton?
The appendicular skeleton is divided into six major regions: Shoulder girdle (4 bones) - Left and right clavicle (2) and scapula (2). Arms and forearms (6 bones) - Left and right humerus (2) (arm), ulna (2) and radius (2) (forearm).
What are the two types of girdle?
There are two types of girdles in human body. They are pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle.
At which joints of the axial skeleton do these two girdles articulate?
There is only a single “true” anatomical joint between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton, and that is the sternoclavicular joint.
What are girdles in the skeletal system?
Girdles help to articulate the limb bones to the main axial skeleton. There are two girdles shoulder girdle and hip girdle. Shoulder (pectoral) girdle- In humans, it consists of 2 scapula (shoulder-blade) and 2 collarbone (clavicle). Hip (pelvic) girdle- It consists of 2 hip bones.
What are the major parts of the appendicular skeleton?
1: Appendicular skeleton: The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of the pectoral limbs (arm, forearm, hand), the pelvic limbs (thigh, leg, foot), the pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle.
What is pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle?
The ilium, ischium, and pubis bones that make up the pelvic girdle are made up of paired hip bones. The appendicular skeleton, which supports the upper limbs, includes the pectoral girdle. The scapula and the clavicle make up the pectoral girdle in humans. The bottom portion of the trunk contains the pelvic girdle.
What is difference between pelvic and pectoral girdle?
What are the points for articulation of pelvic and pectoral girdles?...Pectoral girdlePelvic girdleIt is made up of two bones, i.e., Clavicle and Scapula.It is made up of three bones, i.e., Ilium, Ischium and Pubis.The two halves are far apart.The two halves are fused.6 more rows
How many pelvic girdles are there?
threeThe pelvic girdle may look like one giant bone, but it's actually made of three. The pelvic girdle connects the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton by different attachment sites, and supports the vertebral column.
Is the pectoral girdle part of the appendicular skeleton?
The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, the limb bones, and the bones of the hands and feet. The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and the scapula, which serve to attach the upper limb to the sternum of the axial skeleton.
What is in the pelvic girdle?
In discussing the pelvis, a distinction can be made between the "pelvic spine" and the "pelvic girdle." The pelvic girdle, also known as the os coxae, Latin for “bone of the hip,” consists of the fused bones identified individually as the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
What are two functions of the appendicular skeleton?
The main function of the appendicular skeleton is to facilitate movement of the human body. Other important functions are to provide shape to the arms and legs, as well as to maintain mineral homeostasis in the body.
What are the 6 girdle bones?
Shoulder girdle:Shoulder girdle:Clavicle. Scapula.Arm.Humerus.Forearm.Radius. Ulna.Wrist or carpal bones.Scaphoid. Lunate. Triquetrum. Pisiform. Trapezium. Trapezoid. Capitate. Hamate.More items...•
How many bones are there in pelvic girdle?
three bonesThe hip bone or the pelvic girdle comprise three bones – ilium, ischium and the pubic bone. Pelvic girdle is made up of a pair of single bones called coxal bone (hip bone), which are strongly joined to the sacrum of the vertebral column.
How many bones are in the pectoral girdle?
twoThe pectoral girdle is made up of two major bones: the clavicle and scapula.
What are 5 functions of the appendicular skeleton?
This part of the skeleton system comprises of bones of the upper limbs (movement of forearms and shoulders), lower limbs (helps in motion), pectoral girdle (support the upper limbs), pelvic girdle (protect the vital organs of the abdominal cavity and transfer the weight to the lower limbs).
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (arms and legs). The upper limbs contain the bones of the hand, carpal...
What is the appendicular skeleton?
The human skeleton is divided into two groups: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the he...
What is the main purpose of the appendicular skeleton?
The main function of the appendicular skeleton is to facilitate movement of the human body. Other important functions are to provide shape to the a...
What is Appendicular Skeleton?from embibe.com
The appendicular skeleton consists of two girdles, the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle. This includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs. It consists of 126 bones. It allows us to move and manipulate objects.
What is the girdle of the upper limb?from embibe.com
The lower limbs or hindlimb. Pectoral girdle: The pectoral girdle is a set of bones that connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton on each side. It is also known as the shoulder girdle. The human body consists of two major bones, the clavicle and scapula.
What is the pelvic girdle?from visiblebody.com
The pelvic girdle is a composition of bones that functions as the point of attachment of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. It comprises two coxal bones or hip bones. Coxal bone (hip bones) is also called ossa coxae or innominate bone .
What are the bones of the fingers?from visiblebody.com
The phalanges are the bones of the fingers. 3. The Bones of the Pelvis. The pelvic girdle is a ring of bones attached to the vertebral column that connects the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. The pelvic girdle consists of the right and left hip bones.
What are the two groups of bones that make up the human body?from visiblebody.com
The bones of the human skeleton are divided into two groups. The axial skeleton includes all the bones (that form bony structures) along the body’s long axis. The bones of the appendicular skeleton make up the rest of the skeleton, and are so called because they are appendages of the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of ...
What are the bones of the pelvis?from visiblebody.com
3. The Bones of the Pelvis 1 The female pelvic brim is larger and wider than the male’s. 2 The angle of the pubic arch is greater in the female pelvis (over 90 degrees) than in the male pelvis (less than 90 degrees). 3 The male pelvis is deeper and has a narrower pelvic outlet than the female’s.
What is the role of the axial skeleton in the body?from embibe.com
1. It supports and protects the soft vital organs of the abdominal cavity. 2. It transfers the weight of the upper axial skeleton to lower appendicular parts especially during body movement. 3. It provides attachment to the lower limbs. The Upper Limbs. 1. It helps in the hand movement to perform various activities.
What are the bones of the shoulder girdle?
1. The Bones of the Shoulder Girdle. The pectoral or shoulder girdle consists of the scapulae and clavicles. The shoulder girdle connects the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. These bones also provide attachment for muscles that move the shoulders and upper limbs.
What are the bones of the upper limbs?
The upper limbs include the bones of the arm (humerus), forearm (radius and ulna), wrist, and hand. The only bone of the arm is the humerus, which articulates with the forearm bones–the radius and ulna–at the elbow joint. The ulna is the larger of the two forearm bones.
What are the two groups of bones that make up the human body?
The bones of the human skeleton are divided into two groups. The axial skeleton includes all the bones (that form bony structures) along the body’s long axis. The bones of the appendicular skeleton make up the rest of the skeleton, and are so called because they are appendages of the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of ...
What are the bones of the pelvis?
3. The Bones of the Pelvis 1 The female pelvic brim is larger and wider than the male’s. 2 The angle of the pubic arch is greater in the female pelvis (over 90 degrees) than in the male pelvis (less than 90 degrees). 3 The male pelvis is deeper and has a narrower pelvic outlet than the female’s.
What are the bones of the wrist called?
The wrist bones are called carpals. The bones that form the palm of the hand are called metacarpals. The phalanges are the bones of the fingers. 3. The Bones of the Pelvis. The pelvic girdle is a ring of bones attached to the vertebral column that connects the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
What are the bones of the foot?
The bones of the foot include the tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges. Foot Bones. The bones of the foot consist of the tarsal bones of the ankle, the phalanges that form the toes, and the metatarsals that give the foot its arch.
How many phalanges are there in the foot?
As in the hand, the foot has five metatarsals, five proximal phalanges, five distal phalanges, but only four middle phalanges (as the foot’s “big toe” has only two phalanges). Ankle Bones. The ankle, or tarsus, consists of seven tarsal bones: the calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiforms. Foot Arches.
What are the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton?
The shoulder girdle and pelvis provide connection points between the appendicular skeleton and the axial skeleton to where mechanical loads transfer. Of the 206 bones in the adult human body, a total of 126 bones form the appendicular skeleton. The bones that contribute to the appendicular skeleton include the bones of the hands, feet, upper extremity, lower extremity, shoulder girdle, and pelvic bones .[1]
Where does the blood supply to the appendicular skeleton originate?
The blood supply to the lower extremity of the appendicular skeleton originates from the common iliac arteries, which are the terminal branches of the descending aorta. The common iliac artery branches into the internal and external iliac arteries, supplying all the structures of the pelvis and the lower extremities.[15] The external iliac artery continues into the lower extremity to become the femoral artery as it passes under the inguinal ligament.[16] A major branch of the femoral artery is the deep femoral artery. The deep femoral artery supplies blood to the femur. The medial femoral circumflex artery and lateral femoral circumflex artery are early branches of the deep femoral artery that vascularize the hip joint.[16] The femoral artery continues posteriorly to the knee as the popliteal artery, then continues into the lower leg where it divides into the anterior tibial artery and the posterior tibial artery. The posterior tibial artery then bifurcates into the posterior tibial and fibular arteries, which distally contribute to the vasculature of the foot. [17][18][19]
What are the bones of the upper extremity?
A single upper extremity includes 14 phalanges (proximal, intermediate, and distal), five metacarpals, eight carpal bones, two forearm bones (radius and ulna), the humerus, and the shoulder girdle (scapula and clavicle) .[2] A single lower extremity contains 14 phalanges (proximal, intermediate, and distal), five metatarsals, seven tarsal bones, two leg bones (fibula, tibia), the femur, and the hip bone or coxal bone (ilium, ischium, and pubis). [3][4]These bones articulate with each other and are joined by a multitude of ligaments, cartilage, and tendons to form the appendicular skeleton. There are also bony prominences and protuberances that serve as muscle attachment sites on the surfaces of these bones. The appendicular skeleton is structured for a greater range of motion and locomotion generation when compared to the axial skeleton. [5]
Which joint articulates with the axial skeleton?
There are two bilateral joints where the appendicular skeleton directly articulates with the axial skeleton. The first of these articulations is the sternoclavicular joint, where the sternum of the axial skeleton articulates with the clavicle of the appendicular skeleton. The sternoclavicular joint is a synovial joint.[8] The second point where the appendicular skeleton directly articulates with the axial skeleton is the sacroiliac joint, where the sacrum articulates with the ilium. The sacroiliac joint is both a synovial joint and a syndesmosis. The connection between the sacrum and the ilium is important to transfer the load of the axial skeleton to the lower limb of the appendicular skeleton. [9]
What is the function of the bones of the foot?
The bones of the foot function to form a base where the skeleton contacts the ground while standing. During the gait cycle, the articulations between the bones of the foot combined with the fascia and ligaments allow for deformation of the arches, which create spring-like properties in the foot that are utilized during walking and running. [11]
Is the appendicular skeleton physiologic?
There are a number of physiologic variants of the appendicular skeleton. The text below briefly describes several of the anomalies.
When do limb buds form?
There are two upper limb buds and two lower limb buds. These form when the lateral plate mesoderm grows outwards. As these limb buds grow outwards, chondrification forms hyaline cartilage around the sixth week and continues cartilage growth the limb buds. This chondrification continues rapidly in a proximal to distal manner.[12] Around the tenth week, the ossification of the cartilage begins.[13] Ossification continues post-birth with secondary and ultimately complete ossification that is ongoing until around 20 years of age. [14]
What is the Appendicular Skeleton?
To better understand the function and anatomy of these different bones, the human skeleton is divided into two groups: the axial and appendicular skeletons. The axial skeleton refers to the bones of the head and torso. By contrast, the appendicular skeleton contains the bones of the limbs (arms and legs), along with the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and the pelvic (hip) girdle.
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
While the appendicular skeleton consists of the limb bones, pelvis, and shoulder girdle, the axial skeleton contains the bones of the head and torso. The number of bones in the appendicular skeleton exceeds that of the axial skeleton. There are approximately 128 bones that make up the appendicular skeleton. By contrast, the axial skeleton is made of 74 bones and 6 ossicles. This constitutes a rough ratio of 60:40 in terms of the proportion of appendicular to axial bones.
What are the bones of the upper and lower limbs?
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (arms and legs). The upper limbs contain the bones of the hand, carpals, arm, and pectoral girdle. The lower limbs contain the bones of the foot, tarsals, leg, and pelvic girdle.
What is the pectoral girdle?
The pectoral girdle, or shoulder, facilitates movement about the shoulder joint. The bones of the pectoral girdle connect the arms to the torso at the rib cage using the following long and flat bones:
How many bones are in each upper limb?
Each upper limb, or arm, consists of the bones of the pectoral girdle, arms, and hands. There are 32 bones in each upper limb, as described below.
What are the three parts of a long bone?
Long bones consist of three main parts: the epiphyses at each end of the bone; the metaphyses, or neck of the bone; and the diaphysis, or long hollow shaft of the bone . Long bones are characterized by having a length greater than the width of the bone. An example of a long bone is the femur, found in the upper leg, or thigh region.
Where are short bones found?
By contrast, short bones have roughly equal length, width, and thickness, similar to the shape of a cube. Short bones are commonly found in our wrists and ankles.
What are the bones that make up the pelvic girdle?
A Pelvic girdle is formed by two coxal bone. Each Coxal bone is composed of three separate bones that fuse during childhood: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. In adults, the boundaries of these bones are indistinguishable; however, the original bone names remain as a corresponding region of the coxal bone.
What are the three bones that fuse during childhood?
Each Coxal bone is composed of three separate bones that fuse during childhood: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. In adults, the boundaries of these bones are indistinguishable; however, the original bone names remain as a corresponding region of the coxal bone.
Lower Limbs
The lower limbs consist of the bones of the thigh, leg, and foot. In each lower limb, these bones include a femur, a patella, a tibia, a fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
Patella
The kneecap (patella) is a triangular-shaped bone that articulates with the femur and is located in a ten-don passing over the knee. The patella has a convex, rough anterior surface and a broad base. The apex of the patella is connected to the tibia by the patellar lig-ament.
Tibia
The tibia or shinbone, is the larger of the two leg bones, located on the medial side. Its distal end expands to form a prominence on the inner ankle where liga-ments attach (FIGURE 7-34). A depression on its lateral side articulates with the fibula. The tibial tuberosity is the process where the patellar ligament attaches.
Fibula
The fibula is a slender bone located on the lateral side of the tibia. It does not enter into the knee joint and does not bear any body weight. The head of the fibula articulates with the tibia. The fibula has slightly enlarged ends, a proximal head and a distal lateral malleolus.
Foot
The foot includes the ankle, instep, and toes. The ankle or tarsus is made up of seven bones called tarsals that are arranged so the talus bone moves freely where it joins the leg bones. The tarsal bones connect the tibia and fibula to the foot. The other tarsal bones are firmly bound in a mass supporting the talus.
Phalanges
The 14 phalanges of the toes, similar to those of the fingers, are aligned with the metatarsals. Each toe has three phalanges except the great toe or hallux, which has only two—proximal and distal (FIGURE 7 -35).
