However, the most referred to hearing theories are the Place Theory and the Frequency Theory. These are two opposing theories that have been continuously developed until mid-20th century. Place Theory Also known as the Resonance Theory, this theory was proposed by Helmholtz
Hermann von Helmholtz
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions in several scientific fields. The largest German association of research institutions, the Helmholtz Association, is named after him.
What is the frequency theory of hearing?
Frequency Theory. Rinne (1865) and Rutherford (1880) proposed the early forms of the Frequency theory of hearing. Their theories were known as telephone theories due to the similarity between the waveform of speech sound in a telephone line and the incoming sound signal to the human brain.
What is the place theory of hearing Quizlet?
The place theory of hearing proposes that different areas of the cochlea respond to different frequencies. Higher tones excite areas closest to the opening of the cochlea (near the oval window). Lower tones excite areas near the narrow tip of the cochlea, at the opposite end.
How does the sense of hearing work?
Like vision and all the other senses, hearing begins with transduction. Sound waves that are collected by our ears are converted into neural impulses, which are sent to the brain where they are integrated with past experience and interpreted as the sounds we experience.
What is Helmholtz theory of hearing?
Helmholtz' modern theory of hearing states that incoming sounds from the environment are, in a spectral representative form, extracted by the inner ear. The inner serves as a tuned resonator that passes the spectral representation to the brainstem, and then to the auditory cortex via the auditory nerve.
What are the hearing theories?
theories related to the sensation and perception of sound. Until the 1960s, such theories related almost exclusively to sound processing in the inner ear; they include place theory, frequency theory, volley theory, and traveling wave theory.
What is difference between place theory and frequency theory of hearing?
The auditory nerve transfers these nerve impulses to the brain. Frequency theory of hearing can only account for sounds up to 5,000 hertz. The place theory of hearing accounts for sounds at or above 5,000 hertz.
What is place theory and frequency theory?
The place theory of hearing is used to explain how we distinguish high-pitched sounds that possess a frequency that exceeds 5,000 hertz. According to the place theory of hearing, we can hear different pitches due to specific sound frequencies causing vibrations in specific parts on the basilar membrane of the cochlea.
What is the place theory of hearing in psychology?
Place theory is a theory of hearing that states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane.
What is time and place theory?
TIME AND PLACE THEORY (Happy Collision): This theory says that as we travel through life, we will meet many people; but we will marry the person we are going with when the time is right. A person may have dated and broken up with several people that they might have married if the time had been right.
How does Von Helmholtz place theory?
Place Theory (Hermann von Helmholtz, 1863) maintains that perception of pitch depends on the vibration of different portions of the membrane formed by the receptive cells of the inner ear. That is, receptive cells in each region of the membrane are specialized for the detection of specific sound frequencies.
Who gave the place theory of hearing?
A theory of pitch perception first proposed in 1865 by the German physiologist, physicist, and mathematician Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821–94) according to which the perceived pitch of a tone depends on the position or place on the basilar membrane of the auditory receptors that transmit nerve impulses.
Who proposed place theory of hearing?
Rinne (1865) and Rutherford (1880) proposed the early forms of the Frequency theory of hearing.
What is temporal theory of pitch?
The temporal theory of pitch perception asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron. This would mean that a given hair cell would fire action potentials related to the frequency of the sound wave.
What are the 3 theories of pitch perception?
Several theories have been proposed to account for pitch perception. We'll briefly discuss three of them here: temporal theory, volley theory and place theory.
How are the place theory and frequency theory used to understand the perception of sound?
The place theory of pitch perception suggests that different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. More specifically, the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies and the tip of the basilar membrane responds best to low frequencies.
What is the theory of place?
In theory, place is defined by an alignment of mental image, behaviour, and physical setting. A model within which mental image has an implicit temporal dimension where past experience is reflected in affective and cog- nitive responses to current physical settings.
What is ITD and ILD?
The information embodied in interaural time differences (ITDs) and interaural level differences (ILDs) (a) allows listeners with normal hearing (NH) to locate sound sources on the horizontal plane, and (b) has a significant role in generating high levels of speech recognition in complex listening environments, for ...
What is place code theory?
The place code theory is given that name because it identifies each pitch with a particular place along the basilar membrane. It assumes that any excitation of that particular place gives rise to a specific pitch.
What is the process of transduction in hearing?
Like vision and all the other senses, hearing begins with transduction. Sound waves that are collected by our ears are converted into neural impulses, which are sent to the brain where they are integrated with past experience and interpreted as the sounds we experience.
Why do we hear different pitches?
The place theory of hearing suggests that we hear different pitches because different areas of the cochlea respond to higher and lower pitches. Conductive hearing loss is caused by physical damage to the ear or eardrum and may be improved by hearing aids or cochlear implants.
How is loudness measured?
Loudness is measured using the unit of relative loudness known as the decibel. Zero decibels represent the absolute threshold for human hearing, below which we cannot hear a sound. Each increase in 10 decibels represents a tenfold increase in the loudness of the sound (see Figure 4.29 “Sounds in Everyday Life” ).
Why is frequency important in the cochlea?
Not only is frequency important, but location is critical as well. The cochlea relays information about the specific area, or place, in the cochlea that is most activated by the incoming sound. The place theory of hearing proposes that different areas of the cochlea respond to different frequencies.
What is the difference between a longer and shorter sound wave?
Longer sound waves have lower frequency and produce a lower pitch, whereas shorter waves have higher frequency and a higher pitch. The amplitude, or height of the sound wave, determines how much energy it contains and is perceived as loudness ( the degree of sound volume ). Larger waves are perceived as louder.
How sensitive is the human ear?
The human ear is sensitive to a wide range of sounds, ranging from the faint tick of a clock in a nearby room to the roar of a rock band at a nightclub, and we have the ability to detect very small variations in sound. But the ear is particularly sensitive to sounds in the same frequency as the human voice.
Where do sound waves travel?
Sound waves enter the outer ear and are transmitted through the auditory canal to the eardrum. The resulting vibrations are moved by the three small ossicles into the cochlea, where they are detected by hair cells and sent to the auditory nerve.
What is the temporal theory of sound?
At high amplitudes (loud sounds) temporal theory suggests that even when large groups of cilia are firing (sending action potentials) there is a periodicity to the firing, which corresponds to the periodicity of the auditory stimulus (Javel & Mott, 1988).
What are the theories of pitch perception?
Several theories have been proposed to account for pitch perception. We’ll briefly discuss three of them here: temporal theory , volley theory and place theory. The temporal theory of pitch perception asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron and that the firing rate of cilia or groups of cilia encode constant pitch perception. This entails a given hair cell or group of hair cells sends action potentials related to the frequency of the sound wave. At high amplitudes (loud sounds) temporal theory suggests that even when large groups of cilia are firing (sending action potentials) there is a periodicity to the firing, which corresponds to the periodicity of the auditory stimulus (Javel & Mott, 1988). Neurons also have a maximum firing frequency that exists between the frequencies humans are able to perceive, therefore in order to completely explain pitch perception, temporal theory must somehow explain how we are able to perceive pitches above the maximum firing rate of the neurons that encode the signal (Shamma, 2001). In response to this, volley theory describes firing patters of groups of neurons that fire in and out of phase in order to create coding for firing rates above what would be possible for a single neuron. Ernest Wever and Charles Bray, in the 1930s, proposed that neurons could fire in a volley and summate in frequency to recreate the frequency of the original sound stimulus (Wever & Bray, 1937). However because later studies determined phase synchrony is only able to code up to 10,000 Hz, volley theory is also not able to account for all the sounds we are able to hear (Goldstein, 1973). Place theory on the other hand suggests that the basilar membrane of the cochlea has specific sensitive areas where the cilia trigger action potentials for different frequencies of sound.
How do sound waves affect the eardrum?
Sound waves are funneled into the auditory canal and cause vibrations of the eardrum; these vibrations move the ossicles. As the ossicles move, the stapes presses against the oval window of the cochlea, which causes fluid inside the cochlea to move. As a result, hair cells embedded in the basilar membrane become bent and sway like a tree in the wind, which sends neural impulses to the brain via the auditory nerve. From the auditory nerve, signals are sent to the superior olivary nuclei in the brainstem and then on to the inferior colliculus in the upper (dorsal) portions of the brainstem. From the inferior colliculus, signals are sent to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus where the signal is transmitted to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.
How does sound travel through the auditory canal?
Sound waves travel along the auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane , causing it to vibrate. This vibration results in movement of the three ossicles. As the ossicles move, the stapes presses into a thin membrane of the cochlea known as the oval window. As the stapes presses into the oval window, the fluid inside the cochlea begins to move, which in turn stimulates hair cells known as cilia, which are auditory receptor cells of the inner ear embedded in the basilar membrane. The basilar membrane is a thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that houses the cilia which allow the component pieces of the sound to be broken down into different frequencies.
What are the bones in the middle ear?
The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles, which are named the malleus (or hammer), incus (or anvil), and the stapes (or stirrup). The inner ear contains the semi-circular canals, which are involved in balance and movement (the vestibular sense), and the cochlea. The cochlea is a fluid-filled, ...
Which membrane contains hair cells that serve as sensory receptors for the auditory system?
basilar membrane: thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system. binaural cue: two-eared cue to localize sound. cochlea: fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system.
Where is auditory information transmitted?
Auditory information is transmitted via the auditory nerve to the inferior colliculus (upper sections of the brainstem), the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and finally to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe of the brain for processing.
