What are the different fields of archeology?
- Field Archaeology. ...
- Prehistoric Archaeology. ...
- Classical Archaeology. ...
- Near Eastern/ Biblical Archaeology. ...
- Historical Archaeology. ...
- Bioarchaeology. ...
- Underwater Archaeology. ...
- Cultural Resource Management.
What are the different types of Archaeology sources?
Other sub-disciplines
- Aerial archaeology - studying sites from air photos, especially by identifying cropmarks
- Anthracology, the study of charcoal remains
- Archaeoastronomy - the study of the relationship between the configuration of ancient monuments and astronomy
- Archaeogeography - studies the dynamics of space over time
What are the different types of archaeologist?
Types of Archaeologist Jobs & Specialties
- Prehistoric Archaeology. Prehistoric archaeology refers to the study of material remains from cultures that have left behind no written records.
- Historic Archaeology. Historic archaeology refers to the study of peoples and cultures since the end of prehistory. ...
- Archaeologist Salaries
What are the different types of Archaeology tools?
What Tools do Archaeologists Use
- Field Site Tools. Field site equipment include digging tools, recording apparatus and safety kit. ...
- Mattock
- Marshalltown Trowel
- Plain Trowel
- Shovel
- Coal Scoop
- Total Station Transit
- Dust Pan
- Auger. Mattock: It is a digging tool similar to the pickaxe. ...
- Tools Used by Specialists. The archaeological tools mentioned below are mostly used in a laboratory environment. ...
What are the different types of archaeological theory?
On The Basis Of Nature Of Work
- Environmental Archaeology. ...
- Ethnoarchaeology. ...
- Landscape Archaeology. ...
- Household Archaeology. ...
- Underwater Archaeology. ...
- Aviation Archaeology. ...
- Aerial Archaeology. ...
- Battlefield Archaeology. ...
- Commercial Archaeology. ...
- Industrial Archaeology. ...
What are the types of archaeologists?
*Most of our archaeology field schools fall under more than one specialization listed below.Field Archaeology. ... Prehistoric Archaeology. ... Classical Archaeology. ... Near Eastern/ Biblical Archaeology. ... Historical Archaeology. ... Bioarchaeology. ... Underwater Archaeology. ... Cultural Resource Management.More items...
What are the 3 types of archaeology?
Medieval archaeology is the study of post-Roman European archaeology until the sixteenth century. Post-medieval archaeology is the study of material culture in Europe from the 16th century onwards. Modern archaeology is the study of modern society using archaeological methods, e.g. the Tucson Garbage Project.
What are the 4 branches of archeology?
archaeologyPreparation.Digging.Record keeping.Preservation.
What type of study is archeology?
Archaeology is the study of the ancient and recent human past through material remains. Archaeologists might study the million-year-old fossils of our earliest human ancestors in Africa. Or they might study 20th-century buildings in present-day New York City.
Who is the father of archaeology?
The father of archaeological excavation was William Cunnington (1754–1810).
What is the difference between archaeology and archeology?
Archeology and archaeology are both English terms. Archeology is predominantly used in 🇺🇸 American English ( en-US ) while archaeology is predominantly used in 🇬🇧 British English ( en-GB ). Of course, there are other varieties of English that may use one versus the other.
Who is the best archaeologist?
Howard Carter.Robert John Braidwood. ... Arthur Evans. ... Dorothy Garrod. ... Kathleen Kenyon. ... Mortimer Wheeler. ... Thomas Jefferson. ... Flavio Biondo. While the history of Ancient Rome is well-studied and documented by now, that wasn't the case back in the 15th century. ... More items...•
Is archaeology a science?
But although archaeology uses extensively the methods, techniques, and results of the physical and biological sciences, it is not a natural science; some consider it a discipline that is half science and half humanity.
What jobs are in archeology?
Some work in museums, archaeological parks, or historic sites. Archaeologists may manage collections of artifacts, work in education or public programming. They may become administrators that manage programs relating to research, collections, education, and exhibitions.
Which course is best for archaeology?
To pursue archaeology as a career, it is advisable to opt for Humanities in Class 11th and 12th. Subjects such as History, Anthropology, and Sociology, etc. build a solid foundation for a career in archaeology.
Who are called archaeologists?
An archaeologist is a scientist who studies human history by digging up human remains and artifacts. Lucy, the oldest human known to man — nearly 3.2 million years old — was dug up in Ethiopia by archaeologist.
Why do we study archaeology?
Archaeology offers a unique perspective on human history and culture. Archaeology helps us understand not only where and when people lived on the earth, but also how they have lived. Archaeologists examine change over time, seeking patterns and explanations.
What are archaeology sources?
Archaeological sources include buildings, houses, pottery, seals , coins, monuments , writings and paintings on stones or walls , tools, jewellery, bones, leftovers, pieces of metals and other artefacts.
What is the importance of archaeology?
The goal of archaeology is to understand how and why human behavior has changed over time. Archaeologists search for patterns in the evolution of significant cultural events such as the development of farming, the emergence of cities, or the collapse of major civilizations for clues of why these events occurred.
What is a Paleoethnobotany in archaeology?
Paleoethnobotany is the study of behavioral and ecological interactions between past peoples and plants, documented through the analysis of pollen grains, charred seeds and wood, phytoliths, and residues (Ford 1979; Hastorf & Popper 1988; Warnock 1998; Pearsall 2000).
What jobs are in archeology?
Some work in museums, archaeological parks, or historic sites. Archaeologists may manage collections of artifacts, work in education or public programming. They may become administrators that manage programs relating to research, collections, education, and exhibitions.
What is the study of animal remains?
Zooarchaeology is the study of animal remains from archaeological sites. The remains they study are most often the hard points of the body such as teeth, bone and shells. The study of these remains help archaeologists determine the lifestyle and food preferences of a society.
What is ethnoarchaeology?
Ethnoarchaeology is the archaeological study of living cultures. This branch focuses mainly on living hunting and gathering societies. They study these living societies to better understand how the people of the past live. This study focuses more on materials and non-material traditions than on the culture of a society. They apply the way modern hunting and gathering societies live to better understand how people of the past survived.
What is the study of ancient diseases?
Paleopathology is the study of ancient diseases; specifically they look for signs of disease or trauma present on bones. Many serious diseases, such as syphilis and tuberculosis, leave distinguishable signs on the bones of those infected. Studying human remains helps understand past disease trends and can be applied to prevent future trends in the future.
What is the study of human culture through material goods?
The specific type of artifact to be examined determines which branch of archeology is best for that situation. There are seven major branches of archaeology ; prehistoric, historic, biblical, Zooarchaeology, Bioarchaeology , Ethnoarchae ology, and Paleopathology.
What is archaeology mainly concerned with?
In order to be considered archaeology, the field has to be mainly concerned with the physical evidence that’s been left behind by a group of civilized people. This sets it apart from other related fields like anthropology. There’s often still a lot of interpretation involved, but all these different types deal with the concrete, no matter how fragmentary the items might be.
What do archaeologists look for in a battlefield?
Battlefield archaeologists methodically cover every inch of battlefields, looking for weapons and armor, but also artifacts that show how soldiers lived from day to day, along with their camp followers.
What is the difference between industrial archaeology and garbology?
Garbology examines what a society throws away to try to determine patterns and changes in the habits of a section of civilized life. Industrial archaeologists are mainly concerned with the development of our industrial landscape, and those that specialize in urban research look at the evolution of cities that have a long history of constant occupation.
What is underwater archaeology?
Underwater archaeology is just that—made up of archaeologists who scour the depths of the oceans for relics that have been long buried. Some specialize in deep-sea marine archaeology, while others work mainly in lakes, rivers, and ponds.
What is the difference between historical and prehistoric archaeology?
Prehistoric archaeology is defined by the cultures that it studies, specifically encompassing those that didn’t yet have a form of written language. On the other hand, historical archaeology is the field that covers everything that came after the written word. That’s broken up into different groups as well, including areas of expertise like classical (Ancient Greece and Rome), Egyptian, and biblical, where researchers try to find sites mentioned in the Bible and evidence for certain biblical events.
Is archaeology a career?
Archaeology is one of those careers we’d all like to have, as long as we can be Indiana Jones. It’s rarely like that, though, and it’s also one of those careers that’s been vastly misrepresented by the media. Archaeologists aren’t just archaeologists: They’re marine and underwater archaeologists, prehistoric archaeologists, ...
What is an archaeologist?
Archaeological investigations are a principal source of knowledge of prehistoric, ancient, and extinct culture. The word comes from the Greek archaia (“ancient things”) and logos (“theory” or “science”). The archaeologist is first a descriptive worker: he has to describe, classify, and analyze the artifacts he studies.
What is the aspect of archaeology that deals with the past of man before he learned to write?
The aspect of archaeology that deals with the past of man before he learned to write has, since the middle of the 19th century, been referred to as prehistoric archaeology, or prehistory. In prehistory the archaeologist is paramount, for here the only sources are material and environmental.
What did the Mesopotamian archaeologists dig?
Mesopotamian archaeology also began with hectic digging into mounds in the hopes of finding treasure and works of art, but gradually these gave way in the 1840s to planned digs such as those of the Frenchman Paul-Émile Botta at Nineveh and Khorsabad, and the Englishman Austen Henry Layard at Nimrud, Kuyunjik, Nabī Yūnus, and other sites. Layard’s popular account of his excavations, Nineveh and Its Remains (1849), became the earliest and one of the most successful archaeological best-sellers. In 1846 Henry Creswicke Rawlinson became the first man to decipher the Mesopotamian cuneiform writing. Toward the end of the 19th century, systematic excavation revealed a previously unknown people, the Sumerians, who had lived in Mesopotamia before the Babylonians and Assyrians. The most impressive Sumerian excavation was that of the Royal Tombs at Ur by Leonard Woolley in 1926.
What is the study of the material remains of past human life and activities?
archaeology, also spelled archeology, the scientific study of the material remains of past human life and activities. These include human artifacts from the very earliest stone tools to the man-made objects that are buried or thrown away in the present day: everything made by human beings—from simple tools to complex machines, from the earliest houses and temples and tombs to palaces, cathedrals, and pyramids. Archaeological investigations are a principal source of knowledge of prehistoric, ancient, and extinct culture. The word comes from the Greek archaia (“ancient things”) and logos (“theory” or “science”).
What are human artifacts?
These include human artifacts from the very earliest stone tools to the man-made objects that are buried or thrown away in the present day: everything made by human beings—from simple tools to complex machines, from the earliest houses and temples and tombs to palaces, cathedrals, and pyramids. Archaeological investigations are a principal source ...
Where did archaeology begin?
The Mediterranean and the Middle East. Archaeology proper began with an interest in the Greeks and Romans and first developed in 18th-century Italy with the excavations of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
When did Egypt start archaeology?
Egyptian archaeology began with Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt in 1798. He brought with him scholars who set to work recording the archaeological remains of the country. The results of their work were published in the Description de l’Égypte (1808–25).
What are the different types of archaeological sites?
An archaeological site is any place where there are physical remains of past human activities. There are many types of archaeological sites. Prehistoric archaeological sites are those without a written record. They may include villages or cities, stone quarries, rock art, ancient cemeteries, campsites, and megalithic stone monuments. A site can be as small as a pile of chipped stone tools left by a prehistoric hunter. Or a site can be as large and complex as the prehistoric settlements of Chaco Canyon in the American southwest. Historical archaeology sites are those where archaeologists can use writing to aid their research. Those could include densely populated modern cities, or areas far below the surface of a river, or the sea. The wide variety of historical archaeological sites include shipwrecks, battlefields, slave quarters, cemeteries, mills, and factories.
What is the field of archaeology?
Archaeology is a diverse field of study. Most archaeologists focus on a particular region of the world or a specific topic of study. Specialization allows an archaeologist to develop expertise on a particular issue. Some archaeologists study human remains (bioarchaeology), animals (zooarchaeology), ancient plants (paleoethnobotany), ...
What is a historical archaeology site?
Historical archaeology sites are those where archaeologists can use writing to aid their research.
What are the most important things that archaeologists study?
Archaeologists analyze artifacts to learn about the people who made and used them. Non-portable artifacts called features are also important sources of information at archaeological sites. Features include things like soil stains that show where storage pits, structures, or fences once existed. Ecofacts are natural remains related to human activity. Plant and animal remains can help archaeologists understand diet and subsistence patterns.
What do archaeologists study?
What do Archaeologists do? Archaeology is the study of the ancient and recent human past through material remains. Archaeologists might study the million-year-old fossils of our earliest human ancestors in Africa. Or they might study 20th-century buildings in present-day New York City.
What happens when you remove an artifact without recording its location?
When people remove an artifact without recording its precise location, we lose that context forever. At that point, the artifact has little or no scientific value. Context is what allows archaeologists to understand the relationships between artifacts and between archaeological sites.
What are some examples of scientists working together to better understand ancient environments?
Paleontologists, archaeologists, and other scientists such as geologists, chemists, and biologists often work together to better understand ancient environments. For example, research teams at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania are made up of archaeologists, paleontologists, and more. Olduvai Gorge is home to some of the earliest hominid fossils.
What are the different types of archaeology?
A selective list of sub-disciplines distinguished by time-period or region of study might include: 1 African archaeology, Archaeology of the Americas, Australian archaeology, European archaeology: focuses on archaeologic study concerning the location of the findings. 2 Industrial archaeology focuses on the preservation of material relics of the Industrial Revolution or the archaeology of work. 3 Near Eastern archaeology (sometimes known as Middle Eastern archaeology). See also Biblical archaeology, which applies the results of Near Eastern archaeology to the study of the Bible. 4 Medieval archaeology is the study of post-Roman European archaeology until the sixteenth century. 5 Post-medieval archaeology is the study of material culture in Europe from the 16th century onwards. 6 Modern archaeology is the study of modern society using archaeological methods, e.g. the Tucson Garbage Project. 7 Historical archaeology is the study of the past using both material evidence (i.e. artifacts and their contexts) and documentary evidence (including maps, photographs and film). Usually this is associated with the Americas. 8 Classical archaeology is the study of the past using both material evidence (i.e. artifacts and their contexts) and documentary evidence (including maps, literature of the time, other primary sources, etc.). Classical archaeology specifically pertains to the Mediterranean area and the archaeology of Greece and its surrounding areas.
What is African archaeology?
African archaeology, Archaeology of the Americas, Australian archaeology, European archaeology: focuses on archaeologic study concerning the location of the findings.
What are the sub-disciplines of ancient civilizations?
These sub-disciplines include Assyriology ( Mesopotamia ), Indology ( India ), Classical archaeology ( Greece and Rome ), Etruscology ( Etruria ), Egyptology ( Egypt ), and Phoenician-Punic archeology ( Phoenicia and its colonies), Sinology ( China ).
What are some examples of protohistoric sites?
One example of a protohistoric site is Fort Ross on the northern California coast, which included settlements of literate Russians and non-literate American Indians and Alaska natives. Ethnoarchaeology is the study of modern societies resembling extinct ones of archaeological interest, for archaeological purposes.
What is protohistoric archaeology?
In areas of semi-literacy the term. protohistoric archaeology can be adopted to cover the study of societies with very limited written records.
What is the study of how objects decay and degrade over time?
Ethnoarchaeology seeks to determine, for instance, what kinds of objects used in a living settlement are deposited in middens or other places where they may be preserved, and how likely an object is to be discarded near to the place where it was used. Taphonomy is the study of how objects decay and degrade over time.
What is the study of submerged archaeological sites?
Maritime archaeology - the study of submerged archaeological sites, including shipwrecks as well as settlements that have been engulfed by bodies of water. Museum studies - the display and interpretation of past remains for the public. Osteology - the scientific study of bones.
Environmental Archaeology
Ethnoarchaeology
- Dr. Malti Nagar carried out an ethnoarchaeological study at a chalcolithic site of Ahar in Rajasthan, India. She found striking resemblances between the dotted designs on the clothes of the local tribal women and on the designs on the ancient ceramics recovered from the site. This shows how artistic sensibilities travel from one time period to the other. Ethnoarchaeology is the …
Landscape Archaeology
- A comprehensive study of a historical landscape with respect to the rise and decline of urbanism was done in the early 1950s by Bernard-Philippe Groslier in the Angkor region of Cambodia. He uncovered numerous evidences to show that overexploitation of landscape was the main factor responsible for the decline of urban centers in the area. Landscape archaeology is a broad divisi…
Household Archaeology
- Dr. Penelope Allison of the University of Leicester had been excavating the household remains at Pompeii. Evidences revealed a number of surgical instruments from many houses, which shows that first aid was available at the household level. Household archaeology is a comparatively recent development in archaeology that happened between the late 1970s and early 1980s. It in…
Aviation Archaeology
- In 2005, Hungarian archaeologists used methods of geophysical survey in order to locate a lost plane that crashed in Budapest during World War II. Remains recovered from this excavation included the plane’s engine block, a part of one of its wings, a part where the ammunition was kept, etc. Aviation archaeology deals with finding historical remains of aircraft, air-borne weapon…
Aerial Archaeology
- In January 2010, The Guardian reported a discovery of a pre-Columbian civilization called El Dorado made during the aerial exploration of the Amazon rainforest. It was the result of the methods of aerial archaeology, without which, the vestiges of such an advanced civilization contemporary to the Aztecs and the Incas would have vanished. Aerial archaeology, as the nam…
Battlefield Archaeology
- From 1985 – 89, Douglas Scott and Melissa Connor carried out the first ever large-scale excavation on a battlefield site of Little Bighorn in Montana, USA. They gathered in the form of evidences, bullets, bullet shells, cartridge cases, skeletal remains, etc. Battlefield archaeology, also known as military archaeology, is one of the most intriguing types of archaeologies. It deals …
Commercial Archaeology
- In the 1940s, Sir Mortimer Wheeler excavated at Arikamedu, near Pondicherry, South India. Evidently, this site was a fishing village and an important foreign trading port during 1st century B.C. Artifacts recovered include Roman coins, statues, beads, glassware and pottery. Commercial archaeology is actually a sub-discipline of archaeology, which deals with everything that is relate…
Industrial Archaeology
- The Sunny Corner Mining site, located in New South Wales, Australia, is an interesting site pertaining to industrial archaeology, which belongs to the late 19th and the early 20th century. This was supposedly one of the richest sites for silver mining in Australia, and has numerous remains of mining and smelting processes. Industrial archaeology is another kind of archaeology…