What are xenogeneic cell-based medicinal products?
Xenogeneic cell-based medicinal products contain viable animal cells or tissues as the active substance. Xenogeneic materials might be sourced either from non-transgenic or transgenic animals. The animal cells can also be genetically modified.
What is the meaning of the word Xenogene?
xen·o·ge·ne·ic. (zĕn′ə-jə-nē′ĭk, -nā′-, zē′nə-) adj. Derived or obtained from an organism of a different species: xenogeneic tissue graft; xenogeneic antibodies.
What is a xenogeneic tissue graft?
(Medicine) med derived from an individual of a different species: a xenogeneic tissue graft. 1. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content .
Does the use of extracellular matrix materials of xenogeneic origin increase immune rejection?
Despite the adequate characteristics and properties of the ECM as biomaterial, the use of an ECM of xenogeneic origin involves an increased risk of immune rejection by the host, manifesting an inflammatory process.
Which cells have been used for Xenogeneic cell therapy?
Xenogeneic cells, such porcine hepatocytes, pancreatic cells and neural cells pose the similar functions as human counter parts and have been shown functional in clinical and animal models to improve organ functions [33, 34].
What is Xenogeneic transplant?
Xenogeneic trantplantahon. The transplantation of tissue From one species to another.
What is the difference between allogeneic and Xenogeneic?
A graft transplanted between two genetically different individuals of the same species is called an allogeneic graft (allograft) while a graft transplanted between members of 2 different species is called a xenogeneic graft.
What is xenograft example?
Xenograft definition. Tissue or organs from an individual of one species transplanted into or grafted onto an organism of another species, genus, or family. A common example is the use of pig heart valves in humans.
Is the man who got a pig heart still alive?
Man who received modified pig heart in transplant dies 2 months later. Doctors involved in the University of Maryland Medicine study said in a paper last month that a "complex array of factors" caused heart failure, according to a news release. A co-leader of the study, Dr.
Is David Bennett still alive?
March 8, 2022David Bennett Sr. / Date of death
What does 100% donor cells mean?
Full donor chimerism implies that 100% of bone marrow and blood cells are of donor origin, while mixed or partial chimerism means that recipient cells are also present.
What is the difference between stem cell and bone marrow transplant?
The main difference between bone marrow transplants and other types of stem cell transplants is that the stem cells used in a bone marrow transplant come from the bone marrow, while stem cells used for a transplant can also come from peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood.
Is bone marrow transplant same as stem cell transplant?
A bone marrow transplant is a medical treatment that replaces your bone marrow with healthy cells. The replacement cells can either come from your own body or from a donor. A bone marrow transplant is also called a stem cell transplant or, more specifically, a hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
What does xenograft mean?
(ZEE-noh-graft) The transplant of an organ, tissue, or cells to an individual of another species.
Why are xenografts used?
In the event that a person is very badly burned or injured and is lacking large areas of skin, xenografts are used to temporarily repair the affected areas. The most commonly used xenograft is the EZ Derm®, which is an aldehyde cross-linked porcine dermis that aids in the recovery of partial-thickness skin loss.
Whats another name for a xenograft?
Xenograft synonyms In this page you can discover 8 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for xenograft, like: allograft, autograft, heterograft, xenografts, allografts, murine, syngeneic and xenogeneic.
What is meant by the term Xenotransplant?
Xenotransplantation is any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation or infusion into a human recipient of either (a) live cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman animal source, or (b) human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live nonhuman animal cells, tissues or ...
Can humans use monkey kidney?
In the 1960s, chimpanzee kidneys were transplanted into a small number of human patients. Most died shortly afterward; the longest a patient lived was nine months. In 1983, a baboon heart was transplanted into an infant girl known as Baby Faye. She died 20 days later.
What are the benefits of xenotransplants?
What are the potential benefits of xenotransplantation? Xenotransplantation could potentially provide an unlimited supply of cells, tissues, and organs for humans. Any disease that is treated by human-to-human transplantation could potentially be treated by xenotransplantation.
Why do we use pig organs in humans?
Among the reasons: They have short gestation periods and produce large litters, their organs are close in size to those of humans, they are less likely than nonhuman primates to transfer zoonotic diseases to humans (because of genetic differences), and their tissues (such as heart valves and skin grafts) have been ...
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of cells, tissues, and organs is a rapidly developing field. The pig is the favorite donor species for a number of reasons, including similarity with humans in the size and physiology of many organs, high fecundity, and the possibility of genetic modification.
Notes
Our work on xenotransplantation is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (TRR127 “Biology of Xenogeneic Cell, Tissue and Organ Transplantation – from Bench to Bedside”) and by the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD). The authors are members of EU COST Action BM1308 “Sharing Advances on Large Animal Models – SALAAM.”
What are the therapeutic actions of xenogeneic cells?
a Progressive tumors in tissues impair tissue function, generate non-healing or overhealing wounds with neo-angiogenesis, induce chronic inflammation along with inflammatory mediators and are often infiltrated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells to create an immuno-suppressive microenvironment with the help of T cell checkpoint inhibition. b Transplanted xenogeneic cells of the same tissue origin could restore impaired tissue function, promote wound healing to reduce inflammation and induce immunological rejection responses to revive the immuno-suppressive microenvironment to immno-active one for rejecting both xenogeneic cells and tumor cells by the collaboration of CD4+ T helper cells cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, NK, and NK T cells as well as a set of anti-tumors cytokines, resulting in tumor regression. c Tissues return homeostasis with resolution of inflammation and healed wound. Tumors shrink and the innate immune cells and primed adaptive immune cells survey the tissues to contain the tumor growth by recognizing and eliminating newly formed tumor cells and remaining tumor cells
How do xenogeneic cells help cancer patients?
The use of xenogeneic cells may improve the therapeutic outcome of cancer patients in combination with anticancer drugs to increase life quality and extend the survival of patients with malignant diseases. The overall propose actions of xenogeneic cells on cancer are illustrated in Fig. 1. Fig. 1.
What are the effects of xenogeneic cells on cancer?
porcine hepatocytes into livers of hepatocellular carcinoma patients), which are inflicted by cancers may restore the impaired function of organs damaged by overgrowing cancer cells, repair the wound and reduce chronic inflammation caused by aberrant cancer cells and revive the anti-tumor immune responses suppressed by evading cancer cells. Since the xenogeneic cells of different organs from higher mammals such as bovine or porcine sources have share similar functions as human, possess the wound healing ability and carry non-human antigens that activate host cellular rejection mechanism. The use of xenogeneic cells may improve the therapeutic outcome of cancer patients in combination with anticancer drugs to increase life quality and extend the survival of patients with malignant diseases. The overall propose actions of xenogeneic cells on cancer are illustrated in Fig. 1.
What is xenotransplantation?
Xenotransplantation is defined in FDA Guidance as any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation or infusion into a human recipient of either (a) live cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman animal source, or (b) human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live nonhuman animal cells, tissues or organs. The use of animal organs in humans has been long been tested: a baboon heart was transplanted into a newborn infant, Baby Fae, who had hypoplastic left heart syndrome and lived 20 days after heart surgery [ 8] and a baboon liver was transplanted to a patient with hepatic failure [ 9 ]. In addition to the replacement of the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys from non-human animals to human, xenotransplantation is also being developed to use xenogeneic cells such as porcine islet cell for diabetes, porcine dopaminergic neurons for Parkinson’s disease and porcine hepatocytes for liver failure, which all demonstrate cross-species physiologic activity and metabolic regulation in host human tissues [ 10, 11, 12 ]. With the advent of genetic engineering, genomic editing and cloning technologies, the pathobiological barriers to successful porcine organ xenotransplantation might be resolved by transplanting organs from genetically engineered pigs such as α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO) pigs to delete xenoantigens on pig organs for protecting them from the human immune responses [ 13, 14 ]. The recently developed [clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9)] genomic editing technology has also been applied to generate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I null pigs [ 15] and α1,3-galactosyltransferase and cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene double-deficient pigs [ 16] to prevent rejection in xenotransplantation.
How do cancer cells develop?
As mentioned before, cancers develop because tissues are in injury and develop wounds where cell proliferation is enhanced by multiple growth factors and cytokines to help tissue regenerates like that cancer cells hijacking wound healing responses for their own benefits. Genetically and epigenetically altered cancer cells with proliferative potentials at the injury sites, assisted by inflammatory cells and growth/survival factors dominate the tissues to grow as a chronic wound fail to heal or an overhealing wound [ 6, 7, 22 ]. Furthermore, surgery, chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy all collaterally damage normal tissues to cause more inflammation and wound that could facilitate cancer progression and spread. Therefore therapeutic approaches that target wound healing and inflammation could provide another mechanism of action to control cancer growth, metastasis, and response to therapy. Xenogeneic cell therapy may provide such actions to promote wound healing and reduce cancer-promoting chronic inflammation once they are transplanted into tumor sites as porcine skin xenografts do on wounds.
Can xenogeneic cells be transplanted into tumors?
Therefore, it is possible that the transplantation of xenogeneic tissue-specific cells into the specific tissues that are afflicted with tumors will induce cellular and humoral immune rejection to reject xenogeneic cells, which concomitantly revive anti-tumor immune responses to reject tumors.
What are the characteristics of xenogeneic cell based medicinal products?
The special characteristics of xenogeneic cell-based medicinal product should be considered, taking into account the different levels of risks associated with each individual product and the proposed therapeutic use. The requirements of a Risk Management Plan have to be considered also in the light of relevant national and EU legislation. For xenogeneic cell-based medicinal product there are numerous adventitious agents (viral, bacterial, parasitical infections and infestations) that need to be considered. Also malignancies and other potential long term adverse effects, the associated medical devices and biomaterials have to be taken into account. The Guideline on Safety and Efficacy Follow-up - Risk Management of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products should be consulted (EMEA/149995/2008).
What is the starting material for xenogeneic cell-based products?
Various organs, tissues and cells may be the starting material for xenogeneic cell-based products. The health status of the animals should be monitored and documented. Special attention should be given to organ/tissue specific pathogens that might pose a risk.
Do xenogeneic cells induce immune responses?
In principle, xenogeneic cells induce vigorous immune responses by the host provided that the immuno-competent cells of the host come into contact with the xenogeneic cells or their parts. Studies should address, as relevant, the immunologic response of the host with or without immunosuppression to the xenogeneic cells, including their bioactive products.
Can xenogeneic cells be tested in animal models?
Non-clinical testing programmes should be performed, wherever possible, in relevant animal models, in which the xeno geneic cells, including their bioactive molecules are active and can be compared to the human situation. Depending on the aim of the study, cross-species animal studies may be required. Expression levels, routes of administration and dosages should reflect the human situation to the highest possible degree.
Is xenogeneic the same as allogeneic?
In general, the pharmacodynamic endpoints for xenogeneic and allogeneic cell-based medicinal product should be the same. The pharmacodynamic/physiological functionality of the xenogeneic cell-based medicinal product in the recipients should be evaluated taking into account common risk factors .
Table of contents
This document addresses the scientific requirements for medicinal products that contain viable animal cells or tissues as an active substance (xenogeneic cell-based medicinal products ).
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What does "allogeneic" mean?
Adj. 1. xenogeneic - denoting or relating to cells or tissues from individuals belonging to different species. allogeneic - denoting or relating to cells or tissues from individuals belonging to the same species but genetically dissimilar (and hence immunologically incompatible)
What is cellular encapsulation?
Cellular encapsulation is used for major applications, including the immobilization of allogeneic or xenogeneiccells in semipermeable membranes and immune protective membranes to deliver biological products to patients without the need of immunosuppression, and for treating secretory cell dysfunction.
What is a cell pouch?
The Cell Pouch is a novel, proprietary, scalable, implantable prevascularized macroencapsulation device for the long term survival and function of therapeutic cells (donor, stem cell derived cells and xenogeneiccells) which then release proteins and/or hormones as required to treat disease.
Can xenogeneiccollagen scaffolds integrate well into septal cartilage defects?
Moreover, implantation into a rat model showed that decellularised xenogeneiccollagen scaffolds were able to integrate well into septal cartilage defects (7).
