The other causes include:
- Genetic defects like presence Y chromosome in females or presence of isochromosome 12p, amplification in the region of short arm of chromosome 12 and mutations in the exon 17 of CD117
- Individuals with the family history of ovarian cancers are at increased risk of Dysgerminoma of the Ovary
- Radiation exposure
- Chemical exposure
- Certain food
- Foreign body
- Pesticides
- Exposure to carcinogens in cigarette smoke
What kind of cancer is dysgerminoma?
Know Cancer. Dysgerminoma. Dysgerminoma is a germ cell tumor and a type of malignant ovarian cancer. It is the most common type of malignant germ cell ovarian cancer, but accounts for less than 1 percent of ovarian tumors overall. Dysgerminoma usually develops in adolescents, particularly prepubescents, and rarely develops in patients over 50.
What is a dysgerminoma ovary?
Dysgerminoma is a malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary and is the ovarian counterpart of seminoma of the testis.7,8 Dysgerminomas are the most common malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary, comprising approximately 45% of malignant germ cell tumors and approximately 1% of all ovarian cancers.
What is a dermdysgerminoma?
Dysgerminoma is a germ cell tumor and a type of malignant ovarian cancer. It is the most common type of malignant germ cell ovarian cancer, but accounts for less than 1 percent of ovarian tumors overall.
What is dysgerminoma with H&E stain?
Micrograph of a dysgerminoma, H&E stain. A dysgerminoma is a type of germ cell tumor; it usually is malignant and usually occurs in the ovary . A tumor of the identical histology but not occurring in the ovary may be described by an alternate name: seminoma in the testis or germinoma in the central nervous system or other parts of the body.
What is the root cause of ovarian cancer?
Doctors know that ovarian cancer begins when cells in or near the ovaries develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow and multiply quickly, creating a mass (tumor) of cancer cells.
What are the symptoms of dysgerminoma?
Introduction. Ovarian dysgerminoma is a rare malignant ovarian germ cell tumor with its peak incidence in young women. Abdominal pain, abdominal distention, and the presence of a palpable mass are common symptoms at presentation.
Is dysgerminoma cancer curable?
[1,2] Chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) can cure the majority of such patients. Stage IV dysgerminoma is not treated with radiation therapy, but rather with chemotherapy, preferably with three to four courses of cisplatin-containing combination chemotherapy such as BEP.
What type of ovarian cancer is dysgerminoma?
Dysgerminoma: This is the most common type of malignant ovarian germ cell tumor. Mature teratoma (dermoid cyst or ovarian cyst): This is the most common type of benign ovarian germ cell tumor. These noncancerous tumors usually grow in teenage girls and young women.
Is dysgerminoma aggressive?
The most common ovarian germ cell tumors are dysgerminomas, which typically affect young women. Although all dysgerminomas are considered malignant, only about one third are aggressive. These tumors usually respond well to therapy.
Can dysgerminoma come back?
Abstract. Ovarian dysgerminoma is a rare type of germ cell tumor. The majority of patient relapses occur within 2 years of diagnosis.
Can you live 10 years after ovarian cancer?
Survival for all stages of ovarian cancer more than 70 out of 100 women (more than 70%) will survive their cancer for 1 year or more after they are diagnosed. almost 45 out of 100 women (almost 45%) will survive their cancer for 5 years or more. 35 out of 100 women (35%) will survive their cancer for 10 years or more.
How long do ovarian cancer survivors live?
For all types of ovarian cancer taken together, about 3 in 4 women with ovarian cancer live for at least 1 year after diagnosis. Almost half (46.2%) of women with ovarian cancer are still alive at least 5 years after diagnosis. Women diagnosed when they are younger than 65 do better than older women.
What is the rarest form of ovarian cancer?
An extremely rare form of ovarian cancer is called small cell carcinoma of the ovary, or SCCO. Most of the women who get it are young. It tends to be fast-growing.
Where is the first place ovarian cancer spreads to?
Where does ovarian cancer spread first? There is no single trajectory for where ovarian cancer will spread; however, if not caught in early stages, most cases of ovarian cancer will follow a similar path: from the pelvis, to more distant parts of the abdomen and peritoneal cavity, to the lymph nodes, and the liver.
What is the treatment for dysgerminoma?
Treatment of dysgerminoma may be either: total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy followed by radiation therapy or combination chemotherapy; or. unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy followed by chemotherapy.
Can ultrasound detect dysgerminoma?
The ultrasound finding of a large, solid, lobulated adnexal mass with irregular internal echogenicity and highly vascularized at color or power Doppler ultrasound in a woman 20–30 years old should raise the suspicion of ovarian dysgerminoma: any solid adnexal tumor with ultrasound features suggestive of malignancy—i.e. ...
Can ultrasound detect dysgerminoma?
The ultrasound finding of a large, solid, lobulated adnexal mass with irregular internal echogenicity and highly vascularized at color or power Doppler ultrasound in a woman 20–30 years old should raise the suspicion of ovarian dysgerminoma: any solid adnexal tumor with ultrasound features suggestive of malignancy—i.e. ...
How is dysgerminoma treated?
Treatment of dysgerminoma may be either: total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy followed by radiation therapy or combination chemotherapy; or. unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy followed by chemotherapy.
Which tumor marker is raised in dysgerminoma?
Serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels are known to be elevated in some patients with dysgerminoma.
What are the signs of germ cell tumor?
Common signs of germ cell tumors include:A mass on your ovaries or testicles.Belly pain and swelling (caused by tumor)Bathroom troubles (a hard time pooping or holding in your pee, if the tumor is near your pelvis)Breast growth, pubic hair, or vaginal bleeding at an earlier age than normal.Belly or chest pain.More items...•
What percentage of germ cell tumors are dysgerminomas?
Although dysgerminoma is the most common germ cell tumor observed in subjects with gonadal maldevelopment and chromosomal abnormalities, only 5–10% of dysgerminomas occur in such subjects.
What is the most common ovarian germ cell neoplasm?
DYSGERMINOMA. Dysgerminoma is the most common malignant ovarian germ cell neoplasm occurring in pure form. [1, 7, 8] Although at one time it was considered to be much more common than any other malignant ovarian germ cell tumor, it is now closely followed by YST. Due to more extensive sampling of the tumor, more dysgerminomas are found ...
What is the female equivalent of a testicular seminoma?
Dysgerminoma is the female equivalent of a testicular seminoma. While uncommon, dysgerminoma is the most frequently encountered malignant germ cell neoplasm in women below age 20 years.375 Pure dysgerminomas do not result in elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) or α-fetoprotein (AFP).
What is the most common malignant ovarian germ cell tumor?
Dysgerminoma is the most common malignant ovarian germ cell tumor of children and adolescents, and makes up one third of malignant ovarian GCTs.243-245 Pathologically, dysgerminoma is the ovarian counterpart of the seminoma of the testis and the germinoma of extragonadal sites. Unlike seminomas of the testis, which are rare in the prepubertal period, dysgerminomas can occur at any age, although the peak incidence is 15 to 19 years. 245-248 Also unlike seminomas, which develop from IGCNU, dysgerminomas do not appear to arise from a precursor cell. 167 Dysgerminomas stain positive for octamer-4 (Oct4) on immunohistochemistry, which can be useful for distinguishing these tumors from nondysgerminomas. 249,250 As with seminomas, most dysgerminomas also stain positive for c-KIT, 251 and Hoei-Hansen and associates 252 have identified c-KIT mutations in a subset of ovarian dysgerminomas.
What is a differential diagnosis of dysgerminoma?
The differential diagnosis of dysgerminoma includes other malignant neoplasms with diffuse growth patterns such as yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, and other poorly differentiated primary or metastatic carcinomas.
What is a pure dysgerminoma?
Pure dysgerminomas are gray-yellow, solid, round, oval or lobulated, rapidly growing tumors, usually with a smooth glistening capsule. On cross section, pure dysgerminomas are solid and vary in consistency from soft to rubbery, depending on the amount of fibrous tissue present.
Where does a dysgerminoma metastasize?
Dysgerminoma first metastasizes via the lymphatics to the para-iliac and para-aortic lymph nodes. Hematogenous spread occurs later and metastases are found in the lungs, liver, bones, and other sites.
How is Ovarian Dysgerminoma Treated?
The treatment of Ovarian Dysgerminomas depends on the stage of the tumor. The treatment for Ovarian Dysgerminoma includes:
What are the Risk Factors for Ovarian Dysgerminomas?
The risk factors for Ovarian Dysgerminoma are unknown in majority of cases. In some individuals the risk factors include:
What is the name of the cell in the ovary that causes a tumor?
The tumor originates from type of cell in ovary called Germ Cell and belongs to a category of Germ Cell Neoplasm (tumors) Ovarian Dysgerminoma is usually present with non-specific sign and symptoms such as: Pelvic mass. Pelvic pain. Abdominal pain. Fluid in the abdomen.
What is the most common malignant ovarian tumor that occurs in pregnant individuals?
Pregnancy: Dysgerminoma of the Ovary is the most common malignant Ovarian Tumor that occurs in pregnant individuals
How old do you have to be to get a ovarian dysgerminoma?
Ovarian Dysgerminoma is the tumor of young individuals and about 90% of the Ovarian Dysgerminomas can occur before the age of 30 years
What is a rare malignant ovarian tumor?
Ovarian Dysgerminoma is a rare malignant ovarian tumor, which accounts for 2% of all ovarian tumors.
Why does ovarian dysgerminoma occur?
The exact cause of Ovarian Dysgerminoma is unknown; however they are thought to occur if the Germ Cells that escape encapsulation from the Ovarian Follicle fail to die. The other causes include:
What is dysgerminomas on a microscopic exam?
Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells. Typically, the stroma contains lymphocytes and about 20% of patients have sarcoid-like granulomas . Metastases are most often present in the lymph nodes .
What is a H&E stain?
Micrograph of a dysgerminoma, H&E stain. Specialty. Oncology, gynecology. A dysgerminoma is a type of germ cell tumor; it usually is malignant and usually occurs in the ovary . A tumor of the identical histology but not occurring in the ovary may be described by an alternate name: seminoma in the testis or germinoma in the central nervous system ...
How rare is a dysgerminoma?
Dysgerminoma usually occurs in adolescence and early adult life; about 5% occur in pre-pubertal children. Dysgerminoma is extremely rare after age 50. Dysgerminoma occurs in both ovaries in 10% of patients and, in a further 10%, there is microscopic tumor in the other ovary.
What is the risk of developing a dysgerminoma?
Abnormal gonads (due to gonadal dysgenesis and androgen insensitivity syndrome) have a high risk of developing a dysgerminoma. Most dysgerminomas are associated with elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), which is sometimes used as a tumor marker .
Can you treat a dysgerminoma with radiotherapy?
Treatment. Dysgerminomas, like other seminomatous germ cell tumors, are very sensitive to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. For this reason, with treatment patients' chances of long-term survival, even cure, is excellent. Targeted treatments for dysgerminomas that do not respond to chemotherapy are being evaluated.
What is the most common type of ovarian cancer?
Dysgerminoma is a germ cell tumor and a type of malignant ovarian cancer. It is the most common type of malignant germ cell ovarian cancer, but accounts for less than 1 percent of ovarian tumors overall. Dysgerminoma usually develops in adolescents, particularly prepubescents, and rarely develops in patients over 50.
How long does it take for a cancer patient to recover from a dysgerminoma?
Dysgerminoma is a highly treatable form of cancer, with most patients experiencing a 95 to 100 percent 5-year recovery rate if the mass remains in the ovary, and 63 percent if the mass metastasizes (spreads).
How to detect dysgerminoma?
Dysgerminoma can be detected during a routine pelvic exam. Doctors may also prescribe a blood test to examine the patient’s tumor markers, or substances that are already in the blood but may be unusually high if there is cancer present.
How old is a person diagnosed with dysgerminoma?
Approximately 60 percent of patients diagnosed are under 20 years old; 10 percent of patients develop masses in both ovaries. This is not a rapidly spreading mass.
Where does dysgerminoma spread?
The tumor may metastasize, or spread, to the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, or bones. Women with stage I dysgerminoma often undergo surgery that isolates the mass as much as possible in order to preserve their fertility. This procedure, along with aggressive follow-up care, improves their prognosis considerably. Outlook.
Can a tumor be treated with radiation?
These tumors are highly treatable and respond well to chemotherapy and radiation—particularly when these treatments are done together (chemotherapy can shrink the tumor, but it is recommended that radiation be given to the patient, as well). The tumor may metastasize, or spread, to the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, or bones.
How long do germ cell tumors last?
Cancers that have spread farther away from the original tumor site have a 73% five-year survival rate. Overall, the survival rate for germ cell tumors is around 93%. New fertility-saving treatments increase the chance that a woman can have a baby after treatment for germ cell tumors.
How are germ cell tumors diagnosed?
Germ cell tumors are diagnosed after surgery. Surgery to remove the ovary is known as oophorectomy. After diagnosing germ cell tumors, providers classify the disease using a process called staging. Providers measure the tumor size and look at its location.
What are the most common types of ovarian germ cell tumors?
There are several types of germ cell tumors. The most common types of ovarian germ cell tumors are: Dysgerminoma: This is the most common type of malignant ovarian germ cell tumor. Mature teratoma (dermoid cyst or ovarian cyst): This is the most common type of benign ovarian germ cell tumor.
What is the treatment for ovarian cancer?
Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. Most ovarian germ cell tumors are treatable. For malignant tumors, the prognosis depends on the tumor’s size and if cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Appointments & Access.
How do you know if you have a germ cell tumor?
Symptoms of all types of ovarian germ cell tumors include: Pelvic pain or tenderness: Pelvic discomfort, cramping and ovarian pain are common symptoms of germ cell tumors. Swollen belly (abdomen): Young women and girls may have a bloated belly with or without weight gain in other areas of the body.
How to treat malignant tumors?
Treatment for malignant tumors includes surgery or chemotherapy. The outlook depends on the stage of the cancer, the tumor’s size and whether it has spread to other parts of your body. Most germ cell tumors are treatable.
What does stage 1 mean in cancer?
Generally, stage 1 germ cell tumor means the cancer has not spread beyond the ovaries, fallopian tubes or abdomen. Higher stages (stages 2 to 4) mean that the cancer is more advanced and the tumor is larger. It has spread ( metastasized) to other parts of the body.
What is dysgerminoma (ovary)?
Dysgerminoma is the most common type of germ cell tumour of the ovary. Germ cell tumours are male and female gametes, that is, eggs and sperm that combine to form a zygote, which later divides and grows to form a fetus.
Disease Epidemiology
It is a very rare tumour, accounting for only 1% of ovarian cancers. It is more common in young women and rarely occurs after menopause. Ovarian dysgerminoma is a malignant tumour, but it responds well to treatment. In most cases, it affects one ovary, but in 10% of cases, it develops in both ovaries.
Signs and symptoms
A patient with an ovarian dysgerminoma does not show specific signs and symptoms. Common signs and symptoms are;
Diagnosis
The following diagnostic tests and procedures can be used to diagnose dysgerminoma ovary. These are;
Treatment
The choice of the right treatment option depends on the patient’s desire to maintain fertility and the size and extent of the tumour.
What Support can we Give for Dysgerminoma?
Dysgerminoma is rare cancer, meaning it is not as well known as other forms of cancer. Without a Ribbon is an Australian organisation that provides support for individuals who suffer from rare cancers. So, we provide a designated platform for Warriors to obtain information specific to their Rare Cancer.
You can help us with your donation
Without a Ribbon is a charity that works hard to aid those who suffer from rare cancers. You can help our cause in a variety of ways: Donations — Without a Ribbon is grateful when we receive every donation.
Types of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors
There are several types of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors, including those below.
Symptoms of ovarian germ cell tumors
Ovarian germ cell tumors don’t typically cause symptoms at first, which makes them harder to detect early. As the cancer progresses, noticeable symptoms may include:
Causes and risk factors of ovarian germ cell tumors
The exact cause of ovarian germ cell tumors is unknown, but certain inherited birth defects or genetic conditions (chromosomal abnormalities or gene mutations) may increase the risk of developing the disease. Most often, this type of tumor is seen in teenage girls and younger women, or in women older than 60.
How ovarian germ cell tumors are diagnosed
To diagnose ovarian germ cell tumors, the following tests to examine the pelvic area, blood and ovarian tissue may be performed.
Staging
Before recommending a treatment plan, doctors need to determine the stage of the patient’s cancer.
Treatment
The type of treatment recommended depends on the location and stage of the cancer. Below are standard treatments currently used.
Ovarian germ cell tumor survival rates
The five-year survival rate for cancer that hasn’t spread outside the ovaries (localized stage) is 98 percent, according to the ACS.
What is a germ cell tumor?
Germ cell tumors are growths that form from reproductive cells. Tumors may be cancerous or noncancerous. Most germ cell tumors that are cancerous occur as cancer of the testicles (testicular cancer) or cancer of the ovaries (ovarian cancer). Some germ cell tumors occur in other areas of the body, such as the abdomen, brain and chest, ...
Where do germ cell tumors occur?
Some germ cell tumors occur in other areas of the body, such as the abdomen, brain and chest, though it's not clear why. Germ cell tumors that occur in places other than the testicles and ovaries (extragonadal germ cell tumors) are very rare. Germ cell tumors tend to respond to treatment and many can be cured, even when diagnosed at a late stage.
