What is hydropic change or cellular swelling?
Hydropic change or cellular swelling or vacuolar degeneration is one of the factors of reversible cell injury, which can be appreciated under light microscope. Hydropic change.
What are the causes of cellular swelling?
Cellular swelling is first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cell. Two major stimuli which can lead to hydropic change are: Ischemia. Chemical aging.
What causes hydropic change in cell membrane?
Hydropic Change due to Chemical Agents. a. Directly Acting Chemicals. They cause increased cell membrane injury leading to cellular injury e.g. cyanide poisoning, mercuric chloride, antineoplastic drugs and antibiotics.
What is meant by hydropic change?
Hydropic Change. Hydropic change or cellular swelling or vacuolar degeneration is one of the factors of reversible cell injury, which can be appreciated under light microscope.
What is Hydropic swelling associated with?
Hydropic swelling is intracellular edema of keratinocytes, often seen with viral infections.
What are the conditions that can result to Hydropic degeneration?
Hydropic degeneration is a result of ion and fluid homestasis that lead to an increase of intracellular water. The vacuolated swelling of the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes of the GNPs treated rats might indicate acute and subacute liver injury induced by the GNPs.
What causes the cell to swell?
Cell swelling occurs when the cell loses its ability to precisely control the influx of sodium (Na+) ions and water and efflux of potassium (K+) ions to the cytosol.
What does Hydropic change mean?
Hydropic change or cellular swelling or vacuolar degeneration is one of the factors of reversible cell injury, which can be appreciated under light microscope.
What does Hydropic mean?
Medical Definition of hydropic 1 : exhibiting hydrops especially : edematous. 2 : characterized by swelling and taking up of fluid —used of a type of cellular degeneration.
What happens when cells swell with water?
Because there is a higher concentration of water outside the cell, water enters the cell by OSMOSIS. In this case too much water enters and the cell swells to the point of bursting open. In the end pieces of cell membrane are left in the water. Pieces of red blood cell membranes are known as red blood cell ghosts.
What is it called when a cell swells?
Cytolysis, or osmotic lysis, occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell.
What fluid causes cellular swelling?
Cellular swelling (synonyms: hydropic change, vacuolar degeneration, cellular edema) is an acute reversible change resulting as a response to nonlethal injuries. It is an intracytoplasmic accumulation of water due to incapacity of the cells to maintain the ionic and fluid homeostasis.
When does a cell swell up?
The cell swells up when endosmosis occurs. Endosmosis is when the water molecules move from the outside to the inside of the cell through the cell membrane.
What is cloudy swelling?
Definition of cloudy swelling : a form of degeneration in the tissues of various organs (as the liver, the kidneys, or the heart) marked by swelling and a cloudy appearance of the cells from a deposition in them of granules of protein nature.
What is the most common cause of cell injury?
Hypoxia is the most important cause of cell injury. Irreversible cell injury can be recognized by changes in the appearance of the nucleus and rupture of the cell membrane.
What is Hydropic change in cell injury?
Cellular swelling (synonyms: hydropic change, vacuolar degeneration, cellular edema) is an acute reversible change resulting as a response to nonlethal injuries. It is an intracytoplasmic accumulation of water due to incapacity of the cells to maintain the ionic and fluid homeostasis.
What is Hydropic degeneration of villi?
These findings indicate that so-called "hydropic degeneration of villi" represents an intravillous accumulation of strongly sulfated mucosubstances rather than the result of the accumulation of water.
What is Hydropic change in pregnancy?
Degenerative changes in a nonmolar placenta (so-called "hydropic abortion") is a phenomenon where numerous cystic spaces are formed within the placenta which is often accompanied by placental enlargement. It can occur in a first trimester pregnancy loss.
What are the different factors capable of causing injury to the cell and the tissues?
Physical agents capable of causing cell injury include mechanical trauma, extremes of temperature (burns and deep cold), sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, radiation, and electric shock. Chemical Agents and Drugs. The list of chemicals that may produce cell injury defies compilation.
What causes cellular swelling?
Cellular swelling is the result of failure of energy-dependent ion pumps (specially K+ & Na+ pumps) in the plasma membrane, leading to an inability to maintain ionic and fluid homeostasis. This results in intracellular accumulation of sodium and escape of potassium. This, in turn, leads to rapid flow of water into the cell to maintain iso-osmotic conditions and hence cellular swelling occurs. In addition, influx of calcium too occurs.
What is hydropic change?
Hydropic change means accumulation of water within the cytoplasm of the cell.
Is hydropic swelling reversible?
Hydropic swelling is an entirely reversible change upon removal of the injurious agent.
How often does hydrops occur?
It’s usually a complication of another medical condition that affects the way the body manages fluid. Hydrops fetalis only occurs in 1 out of every 1,000 births. If you are pregnant and your baby has hydrops fetalis, your doctor may want to induce early labor and delivery of the baby.
What are the two types of hydrops?
Types of hydrops fetalis. There are two kinds of hydrops fetalis: immune and non-immune. The type depends on the cause of the condition.
How many babies survive hydrops fetalis?
The outlook for hydrops fetalis depends on the underlying condition, but even with treatment, the survival rate for the baby is low. Only about 20 percent of babies diagnosed with hydrops fetalis before birth will survive to delivery, and of those babies, only half will survive after delivery.
What are some examples of conditions that interfere with the baby's fluid management?
Examples of conditions that can interfere with the baby’s fluid management include: viral and bacterial infections, such as Chagas disease, parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus (CMV), toxoplasmosis, syphilis, and herpes. In some cases, the cause of hydrops fetalis isn’t known.
How to diagnose hydrops fetalis?
Diagnosing hydrops fetalis. Diagnosis of hydrops fetalis is usually made during an ultrasound. A doctor might notice hydrops fetalis on an ultrasound during a routine pregnancy checkup. An ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to help capture live images of the inside of the body.
What is a fetal hydrops?
What is hydrops fetalis? Hydrops fetalis is a serious, life-threatening condition in which a fetus or newborn has an abnormal buildup of fluids in the tissue around the lungs, heart, or abdomen, or under the skin. It’s usually a complication of another medical condition that affects the way the body manages fluid.
What is the best treatment for immune hydrops?
medications to help the kidneys remove excess fluid. For immune hydrops, the baby may receive a direct transfusion of red blood cells that match its blood type.
How does swelling occur in cells?
Cell swelling occurs when the cell loses its ability to precisely control the influx of sodium (Na +) ions and water and efflux of potassium (K +) ions to the cytosol. For the most part, the swelling reflects the passive entry of Na + (followed by water to counter the osmotic imbalance) across the membrane into the cell due to defective function or insufficient capacity on the part of the Na + /K + ATPases to exchange Na + for K + at a rate sufficient to maintain ionic gradients and water balance. Direct damage to these “pumps,” inadequate supplies of their essential ATP substrate, or inability to keep up with the influx of Na + due to substantial damage to the plasma membrane itself may all contribute to cell swelling. Vacuoles may form if the Na + /K + ATPases in the ER are sufficiently functional to pump at least some of the excess Na + (followed by water) out of the cytoplasm and into ER cisternal spaces ( Figure 4.13 ).
What is hypotonic swelling?
Hypotonic cell swelling in the whole cell patch clamp mode poses the inherent problem that the cell interior will constantly equilibrate with the pipette solution. As a consequence of this, the initial rapid increase in cell volume is followed by a nearly linear continuous increase until the cell ruptures (or extracellular osmolarity is restored), that is, a condition fundamentally different from that resulting from the same transmembrane osmolarity difference in an unpatched cell. In contrast to the cell volume, the current may reach a stationary level; hence, under these conditions, a close correlation between current and cell volume per se does not exist. This behavior can be explained as follows: changes in cell volume over time (dV /d t) are a consequence of the net flux of water across the plasma membrane, which is linearly dependent on the transmembrane osmotic gradient, thus
What is swelling of the cell surface?
Cellular swelling is a prominent feature of oncotic necrotic cell death, and swelling of 30–50% occurs early after ATP depletion associated with formation of blebs on the cell surface ( Figure 1) ( Lemasters et al. 1981, 1983; Majno and Joris 1995; Trump et al. 1965 ). Unlike the zeiotic blebs of apoptosis, oncotic blebs exclude larger organelles like mitochondria and lysosomes but may contain ER membranes. Cytoskeletal alterations after ATP depletion apparently underlie herniation of the plasma membrane at sites of bleb formation, whereas swelling is driven by disruption of cellular ion transport ( Gores et al. 1990; Nishimura et al. 1998 ). Very soon after metabolic stress, condensation of the mitochondrial matrix occurs ( Hackenbrock et al. 1971 ), but this is then followed by mitochondrial swelling, as well as dilatation of ER and nuclear membrane cisternae ( Figure 1 ). At longer times after ATP depletion, a metastable state develops, characterized by lysosomal breakdown, mitochondrial depolarization, intracellular Ca 2+ and pH dysregulation, and bidirectional leakiness of the plasma membrane to organic anions (but not cations) ( Gores et al. 1989; Herman et al. 1988; Nieminen et al. 1988 ). Accelerated bleb formation with more rapid swelling also occurs and culminates in physical rupture of one of the blebs ( Herman et al. 1988; Nieminen et al. 1988; Zahrebelski et al. 1985). Such rupture causes an irreversible breakdown of the plasma membrane permeability barrier, leakage of cytosolic enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase, uptake and nuclear labeling by impermeant dyes like trypan blue and propidium iodide, loss of metabolic intermediates that reduce tetrazolium dyes, and collapse of all electrical and ion gradients across the membrane. This all-or-nothing failure of the plasma membrane is long lasting and incompatible with continued life of the cell.
What happens when cells swelling?
As cell swelling progresses, clear spaces or vacuoles may form in the cytoplasm; these usually represent dilated portions of the ER and/or Golgi apparatus. If severe enough, ER cisternae may rupture and “cytoplasmic lakes” not confined by membranes may form.
What kinases are activated during cell swelling?
Kinases reported to be activated during cell swelling include tyrosine kinases (58, 148, 163, 216, 224 ), protein kinase-C ( 176, 180 ), phosphoinositol-3 (PI3) kinase ( 215 ), protein kinase-C ( 176, 180 ), Jun-kinase, and extracellular signal–regulated kinases ERK-1 and ERK-2 ( 1, 70, 87, 105, 164, 186, 196, 216 ), as well as focal adhesion kinase (p121 FAK) ( 215 ). In Jurkat lymphocytes, for instance, cell swelling leads to activation of the src-like kinase lck 56, which in turn activates the cell volume regulatory Cl − channel ORCC ( 148 ).
What is cell swelling?
Cell swelling is an early change that occurs in most types of acute injury, and which may be a prelude to more drastic changes. By light microscopy, the cells in an affected tissue are typically swollen, with compression or displacement of adjacent structures.
Which organs are affected by acute cell swelling?
Liver and kidney (especially the renal cortex) are two organs in which the lesions of acute cell swelling can be striking (see Chapters 8 and 11 ). An affected liver weighs more than normal, appears pale and swollen with rounded edges, and has an accentuated lobular pattern ( Fig. 1-10, A ).