What drug class is vitamin K injection?
Vitamin K1 Injection may be used alone or with other medications. Vitamin K1 Injection belongs to a class of drugs called Hemostatics; Vitamins, Fat-Soluble.
Is vitamin K an anticoagulant?
Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) provide effective anticoagulation and have been the mainstay of anticoagulation therapy for more than 50 years.
What is the pharmacological action of vitamin K?
Vitamin K is the blood-clotting vitamin. The mechanism of action of vitamin K is discussed in terms of a new carbanion model that mimics the proton abstraction from the gamma position of protein-bound glutamate. This is the essential step leading to carboxylation and activation of the blood-clotting proteins.
What is vitamin K otherwise known as?
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that comes in two forms. The main type is called phylloquinone, found in green leafy vegetables like collard greens, kale, and spinach. The other type, menaquinones, are found in some animal foods and fermented foods.
What are the anticoagulant drugs?
Anticoagulants work by interrupting the process involved in the formation of blood clots. They're sometimes called "blood-thinning" medicines, although they don't actually make the blood thinner....These include:rivaroxaban (Xarelto)dabigatran (Pradaxa)apixaban (Eliquis)edoxaban (Lixiana)
Is vitamin K antiplatelet?
This review is now updated with two randomised trials that investigated medium intensity anticoagulation (INR 2.0 to 3.6); there is no evidence that vitamin K antagonists are superior to antiplatelet therapy in preventing ischaemic events, but there is a clear increase in risk for bleeding complications.
What is vitamin K prescribed for?
Lack of vitamin K is rare but may lead to problems with blood clotting and increased bleeding. Your doctor may treat this by prescribing vitamin K for you. Vitamin K is routinely given to newborn infants to prevent bleeding problems.
What is the indication of vitamin K?
It is indicated in the treatment of coagulation disorders due to faulty formation of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X caused by deficiency or interference in the activity of vitamin K.
What is vitamin K tablet used for?
For oral dosage form (tablets): For problems with blood clotting or increased bleeding, or for dietary supplementation: Adults and children—The usual dose is 5 to 10 milligrams (mg) a day.
What is the chemical name of vitamin K?
2-methyl-3-[(E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-enyl]naphthalene-1,4-dionePhytonadione / IUPAC ID
What is vitamin K side effects?
AdvertisementDecreased appetite.decreased movement or activity.difficulty in breathing.enlarged liver.general body swelling.muscle stiffness.paleness.
What happens if you have too much vitamin K?
A sudden change in the amount of vitamin K you get can cause dangerous bleeding (if you consume less) or blood clots (if you consume more).
What vitamin is an anticoagulant?
Vitamin E in the reduced, alpha-tocopherol form shows very modest anticlotting activity. By contrast, vitamin E quinone is a potent anticoagulant.
Does vitamin K thin or thicken your blood?
Vitamin K helps your blood to clot (thicken to stop bleeding). Warfarin works by making it harder for your body to use vitamin K to clot blood. Changes in the amount of vitamin K that you normally eat can affect how warfarin works.
What is vitamin K used for?
blood clottingVitamin K is a group of vitamins that the body needs for blood clotting, helping wounds to heal. There's also some evidence vitamin K may help keep bones healthy.
How do you stop vitamin K from bleeding?
For problems with blood clotting or increased bleeding, or for dietary supplementation: Adults and teenagers—The usual dose is 5 to 15 mg, injected into a muscle or under the skin, one or two times a day. Children—The usual dose is 5 to 10 mg, injected into a muscle or under the skin, one or two times a day.
What is vitamin K?
Vitamin K is routinely given to newborn infants to prevent bleeding problems. This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription. This product is available in the following dosage forms: Capsule.
What are the vitamins that are needed for growth?
Vitamins are compounds that you must have for growth and health. They are needed in only small amounts and usually are available in the foods that you eat. Vitamin K is necessary for normal clotting of the blood.
Does vitamin K affect blood thinners?
Little vitamin K is lost from foods with ordinary cooking. If you are taking anticoagulant medicine (blood thinners), the amount of vitamin K in your diet may affect how well these medicines work. Your doctor or health care professional may recommend changes in your diet to help these medicines work better.
Can vitamin K cause problems in nursing babies?
Vitamin K taken by the mother has not been reported to cause problems in nursing babies. You should check with your doctor if you are giving your baby an unfortified formula. In that case, the baby must get the vitamins needed some other way.
Can vitamin K be used in older people?
Therefore, it may not be known whether they work exactly the same way they do in younger adults or if they cause different side effects or problems in older people. There is no specific information about the use of vitamin K in the elderly.
Can menadiol interfere with vitamin K?
Intestinal problems—These conditions may interfere with absorption of vitamin K into the body when it is taken by mouth; higher doses may be needed, or the medicine may have to be injected. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency—The chance of side effects may be increased, especially with menadiol.
Is vitamin K bad for children?
Pediatric. Children may be especially sensitive to the effects of vitamin K, especially menadiol or high doses of phytonadione. This may increase the chance of side effects during treatment. Newborns, especially premature babies, may be more sensitive to these effects than older children.
Can vitamin K cause birth defects?
Pregnancy. Vitamin K has not been reported to cause birth defects or other problems in humans. However, the use of vitamin K supplements during pregnancy is not recommended because it has been reported to cause jaundice and other problems in the baby.
What is vitamin K?
“Vitamin K,” the generic name for a family of compounds with a common chemical structure of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in some foods and is available as a dietary supplement [ 1 ]. These compounds include phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and a series of menaquinones (vitamin K2) [ 2 ]. Menaquinones have unsaturated isoprenyl side chains and are designated as MK-4 through MK-13, based on the length of their side chain [ 1, 2 ]. MK-4, MK-7, and MK-9 are the most well-studied menaquinones.
How much Vitamin K is excreted?
Vitamin K is rapidly metabolized and excreted. Based on phylloquinone measurements, the body retains only about 30% to 40% of an oral physiological dose, while about 20% is excreted in the urine and 40% to 50% in the feces via bile [ 2, 11 ].
Why did the FNB not establish ULs for vitamin K?
The FNB did not establish ULs for vitamin K because of its low potential for toxicity [ 3 ]. In its report, the FNB stated that “no adverse effects associated with vitamin K consumption from food or supplements have been reported in humans or animals.”
What is the risk of vitamin K deficiency in newborns?
Vitamin K transport across the placenta is poor, increasing the risk of vitamin K deficiency in newborn babies [ 3 ]. During the first few weeks of life, vitamin K deficiency can cause vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB), a condition formerly known as “classic hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.”.
What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?
Thus, bleeding and hemorrhage are the classic signs of vitamin K deficiency, although these effects occur only in severe cases.
Why is it important to take calcium and vitamin D?
Consuming adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D, especially throughout childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood, is important to maximize bone mass and reduce the risk of osteoporosis [ 27 ]. The effect of vitamin K intakes and status on bone health and osteoporosis has been a focus of scientific research.
Where is vitamin K absorbed?
Like dietary lipids and other fat-soluble vitamins, ingested vitamin K is incorporated into mixed micelles via the action of bile and pancreatic enzymes, and it is absorbed by enterocytes of the small intestine [ 10 ].
Why is Ketamine Used Medically?
Ketamine can provide pain relief and short-term memory loss (for example, amnesia of a medical procedure).
When did ketamine abuse begin?
Widespread ketamine abuse began in the late 1970s as subcultures experimented with the drug.
What is ketaset used for?
Ketaset is the brand name of a surgical anesthesia used by veterinarians. Dissociative drugs can lead to distortion of sights, colors, sounds, self, and one's environment. Ketamine is available in a clear liquid or off-white powder form for intravenous injection or as a nasal spray. Examples of other dissociative drugs include phencyclidine (PCP) ...
What is a K hole?
When higher doses of ketamine are abused, or during emergence, it is reported to produce and vivid dreams and an “out-of-body”, “K-hole” or “near-death” hallucinogenic experience, often reported as terrifying (similar to bad LSD trip).
What is the effect of ketamine on depression?
Ketamine, through blocking at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) site, has rapid action in controlling symptoms of depression and acute suicidal ideation.
How long does it take for ketamine to go away?
Overdose situations are treated with symptomatic and supportive care in the hospital setting. In the emergency department, adverse effects typically resolve in 1 to 3 hours.
Is ketamine a dissociative anesthetic?
Ketamine ( brand name: Keta lar) is a dissociative injected anesthetic ( blocks sensory perception) that has been available by prescription in the U.S. since the 1970s for human and veterinary uses. Esketamine ( Spravato ), the S-enantiomer of racemic ketamine, was approved in 2019 for treatment-resistant depression and is approved for use in depressed patients with acute suicidal ideation or behavior. Ketaset is the brand name of a surgical anesthesia used by veterinarians
What is vitamin K1?
Vitamin K1, also called phylloquinone or phytonadione, is a fat soluble vitamin. 17, 18 Phylloquinone is a cofactor of the enzyme γ-carboxylase, which modifies and activates precursors to coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X. 7, 8, 6 It is indicated in the treatment of coagulation disorders due to faulty formation of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X caused by deficiency or interference in the activity of vitamin K. 17#N#Phylloquinone has been synthesized since at least 1939, 16 and was approved by the FDA prior to 1955. 19
What is the purpose of vitamin K1?
Vitamin K1 is a fat soluble vitamin used to treat hemorrhagic conditions in infants and coumarin overdoses.
Is phylloquinone a vitamin K?
Phylloquinone is a vitamin K indicated in the treatment of coagulation disorders due to faulty formation of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X caused by deficiency or interfere nce in the activity of vitamin K. 17 It has a long duration of action as vitamin K is cycled in the body, 6 and a wide therapeutic index as large doses can be tolerated. 9, 18 Patients should have their prothrombin time monitored during therapy and healthcare professionals should be aware of the increased risk of hypersensitivity reactions with parenteral administration. 18
What is vitamin K1?
Vitamin K1 ( phytonadione ) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone) are available in North America. Other forms of vitamin K, including vitamin K3 and K4, are not available in North America. Vitamin K is most commonly used for blood clotting problems or for reversing the blood thinning effects of warfarin.
Where can I find vitamin K?
Vitamin K is a vitamin found in leafy green vegetables, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts. The name vitamin K comes from the German word "Koagulationsvitamin.". Several forms of vitamin K are used around the world as medicine. Vitamin K1 ( phytonadione) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone) are available in North America.
What is the name of the blood disorder that reduces levels of protein in the blood called?
A blood disorder that reduces levels of protein in the blood called hemoglobin (beta-thalassemia).
Does vitamin K1 reduce the risk of heart disease?
Heart disease. Higher dietary intake of vitamin K1 and K2 is not linked with a reduced risk of dying from heart disease. It also doesn't seem to reduce the risk for stroke or heart attack. But vitamin K may reduce the narrowing of blood vessels around the heart.
Does vitamin K help with bleeding?
Bleeding into or around the fluid-filled areas (ventricles) of the brain (intraventricular hemorrhage). Giving vitamin K to women at risk for very preterm births does not seem to prevent bleeding in the brain of preterm infants. It also doesn't seem to reduce the risk of nerve injury caused by these bleeds.
Does vitamin K2 cause cataracts?
Cataracts. Some research has linked a higher food intake of vitamin K2 with a lower risk of getting cataracts.
Does K2 help with athletic performance?
Athletic performance. Early research suggests that taking vitamin K2 by mouth might improve exercise performance by increasing the work of the heart.
What is the family of vitamin K?
Chemically, the vitamin K family comprises 2- methyl - 1,4-naphthoquinone (3-) derivatives. Vitamin K includes two natural vitamers: vitamin K 1 ( phylloquinone) and vitamin K 2 ( menaquinone ). Vitamin K 2, in turn, consists of a number of related chemical subtypes, with differing lengths of carbon side chains made of isoprenoid groups of atoms. The two most studied ones are menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7).
How does vitamin K work?
Within the cell, vitamin K participates in a cyclic process . The vitamin undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form called vitamin K hydroquinone, catalyzed by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR). Another enzyme then oxidizes vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of Glu to Gla; this enzyme is called gamma-glutamyl carboxylase or the vitamin K–dependent carboxylase. The carboxylation reaction only proceeds if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize vitamin K hydroquinone to vitamin K epoxide at the same time. The carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled. Vitamin K epoxide is then restored to vitamin K by VKOR. The reduction and subsequent reoxidation of vitamin K coupled with carboxylation of Glu is called the vitamin K cycle. Humans are rarely deficient in vitamin K because, in part, vitamin K 2 is continuously recycled in cells.
How does vitamin K affect newborns?
Vitamin K is given as an injection to newborns to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding. The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are roughly 30–60% that of adult values; this appears to be a consequence of poor transfer of the vitamin across the placenta, and thus low fetal plasma vitamin K. Occurrence of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the first week of the infant's life is estimated at 0.25–1.7%, with a prevalence of 2–10 cases per 100,000 births. Human milk contains 0.85–9.2 μg/L (median 2.5 μg/L) of vitamin K 1, while infant formula is formulated in range of 24–175 μg/L. Late onset bleeding, with onset 2 to 12 weeks after birth, can be a consequence of exclusive breastfeeding, especially if there was no preventive treatment. Late onset prevalence reported at 35 cases per 100,000 live births in infants who had not received prophylaxis at or shortly after birth. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding occurs more frequently in the Asian population compared to the Caucasian population.
What is the function of vitamin K in animals?
It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K, including its activity in the production of blood-clotting proteins. Animals may also convert it to vitamin K 2, variant MK-4. Bacteria in the gut flora can also convert K 1 into MK-4.
How much vitamin K is in milk?
Human milk contains 0.85–9.2 μg/L (median 2.5 μg/L) of vitamin K 1, while infant formula is formulated in range of 24–175 μg/L. Late onset bleeding, with onset 2 to 12 weeks after birth, can be a consequence of exclusive breastfeeding, especially if there was no preventive treatment.
What happens if you don't take vitamin K?
Without vitamin K, blood coagulation is seriously impaired, and uncontrolled bleeding occurs. Research suggests that deficiency of vitamin K may also weaken bones, potentially contributing to osteoporosis, and may promote calcification of arteries and other soft tissues.
Which vitamin has a phytyl side chain?
Vitamin K 1 (phylloquinone) – both forms of the vitamin contain a functional naphthoquinone ring and an aliphatic side chain. Phylloquinone has a phytyl side chain.
Why is this medication prescribed?
Phytonadione (vitamin K) is used to prevent bleeding in people with blood clotting problems or too little vitamin K in the body. Phytonadione is in a class of medications called vitamins. It works by providing vitamin K that is needed for blood to clot normally in the body.
How should this medicine be used?
Phytonadione comes as a tablet to take by mouth. It should be taken as directed by your doctor. Your doctor may sometimes prescribe another medication (bile salts) to take with phytonadione. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand.
Other uses for this medicine
This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
What special precautions should I follow?
tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to phytonadione, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in phytonadione tablets. Ask your pharmacist for a list of the ingredients.
What special dietary instructions should I follow?
Talk to your doctor about the amount of vitamin K-rich foods to include in your diet while taking phytonadione. Do not increase or decrease your normal intake of foods such as green leafy vegetables, liver, broccoli, and cauliflower without checking with your doctor.
What should I do if I forget a dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Tell your doctor if you miss any doses. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one.
What should I know about storage and disposal of this medication?
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. You should always protect phytonadione from light. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom).
