Precautions
Methylphenidate is available under the following different brand names: Ritalin, Ritalin SR, Ritalin LA, Aptensio XR, Concerta, Daytrana, Metadate, Metadate CD, Metadate ER, Methylin, Quillivant XR, and QuilliChew ER.
What are the brands of methylphenidate?
To your question as to whether methylphenidate has methamphetamine in it, the answer is a resounding no. They are two distinct compounds, and not a mix of either one. The similarity that you see in the name is the methyl group, which refers to the CH3 group. Most organic compounds will contain a methyl group.
Does methylphenidate have methamphetamine in it?
The generic form of Concerta is methylphenidate. Adderall is a mixture of four different “amphetamine” salts mixed together to create a 3 to 1 ratio of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine. A side-by-side comparison of these two ADHD medications shows that they’re similar in many ways.
Is methylphenidate like Adderall?
- Alcohol naturally diminishes the effects of any stimulant when it is used conjunction with the stimulant. ...
- Because the effects of the stimulant drug are diminished, a person may ingest dangerously high amounts of the stimulant drug when drinking.
- Stimulant medications like methylphenidate will diminish the effects of alcohol as well. ...
What are the effects of mixing methylphenidate and alcohol?
See more
Is methylphenidate a stimulant or depressant?
Stimulant medications including amphetamines (e.g., Adderall) and methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin and Concerta) are often prescribed to treat children, adolescents, or adults diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
What level of controlled substance is methylphenidate?
Schedule II/IIN Controlled Substances (2/2N) Examples of Schedule IIN stimulants include: amphetamine (Dexedrine®, Adderall®), methamphetamine (Desoxyn®), and methylphenidate (Ritalin®). Other Schedule II substances include: amobarbital, glutethimide, and pentobarbital.
What are ADHD drugs classified as?
The majority of ADHD stimulant medications, such as dextroamphetamine-amphetamine (Adderall, Adderall XR), lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse), and methylphenidate (Ritalin), fall into the Schedule II category. They're legal, but they're considered dangerous because of their high risk of abuse and dependence.
Is methylphenidate an antidepressant?
Methylphenidate has been used as a treatment for depression, cognitive symptoms, and fatigue in a wide variety of chronic medical conditions, including HIV and AIDS, stroke, and traumatic brain injury.
Is methylphenidate a banned substance?
Yes, abusing Ritalin is illegal. Ritalin is a Schedule II substance under the Controlled Substances Act. Schedule II drugs, which include cocaine and methamphetamine, have a high potential for abuse.
Is methylphenidate stronger than Adderall?
Since the main ingredient in Ritalin is methylphenidate instead of amphetamine, the overall effect is milder than Adderall. Similar to Adderall though, Ritalin also targets norepinephrine and dopamine in a person's brain to lessen ADHD symptoms.
What are the top 3 ADHD medications?
The most popular ADHD medications among ADDitude readers include (in alphabetical order): Adderall XR (amphetamine) Concerta (methylphenidate) Dexedrine (amphetamine)
What is the safest ADHD medication?
Many ADHD stimulant medications contain methylphenidate, an ingredient that works by increasing dopamine levels in the brain. Long-term studies have demonstrated that methylphenidate is safe and effective, so these medications are popular choices.
Is ADHD medicine considered a narcotic?
No, Vyvanse is not an opioid or narcotic, but it still can cause addiction or an overdose. Vyvanse is a CNS stimulant approved by the FDA to treat attention deficit activity disorder (ADHD) and binge eating disorder (BED). Opioids are a class of drugs primarily used to treat moderate-to-severe pain.
Does methylphenidate give you energy?
Some people who misuse Ritalin might feel high or excited, even when only low doses are taken. Others feel more excited when a high dose is taken. When misused, the drug can make people feel more alert or sleepier. Often they're more awake right after they take it, but then they get very tired.
Does methylphenidate worsen depression?
In a new study, researchers found that when kids were taking Ritalin (methylphenidate), their risk of depression increased. Once they stopped taking the drug, their depression risk dropped back to normal levels.
Can methylphenidate make you gain weight?
Sometimes the medicines most often used to treat ADHD can cause weight loss. Stimulant drugs like methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamine/dextroamphetamine (Adderall) make you less hungry and make your body burn calories faster than usual. Some of them are even used to help people lose weight or treat binge eating.
Is methylphenidate Class B?
Methylphenidate is a licensed stimulant pharmaceutical and is controlled in the UK as a Class B controlled drug.
Is methylphenidate 10 mg a controlled substance?
Methylphenidate is classified as a central nervous system stimulant or psychostimulant medication. It is a Schedule II controlled substance.
Why is methylphenidate a Schedule 2?
Ritalin is a Schedule II substance under the Controlled Substances Act. Schedule II drugs, which include cocaine and methamphet- amine, have a high potential for abuse. Abuse of these drugs may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.
Is Ritalin a Schedule 1 controlled substance?
Methylphenidate is a stimulant currently listed, along with its salts, in Schedule III to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA). While methylphenidate has some potential for misuse, it is also used in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy under several trade names.
Before Taking This Medicine
Do not use methylphenidate if you have used an MAO inhibitor in the past 14 days. A dangerous drug interaction could occur. MAO inhibitors include...
How Should I Take Methylphenidate?
Take methylphenidate exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Follow all directions on your prescription label. Your doctor may occasionally change yo...
What Happens If I Miss A Dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is later than 6:00 p.m. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed d...
What Happens If I Overdose?
Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. An overdose of methylphenidate could be fatal.
What Should I Avoid While Taking Methylphenidate?
Avoid drinking alcohol, especially if you take extended-release methylphenidate. Alcohol may cause the medicine to be released into the bloodstream...
Methylphenidate Side Effects
Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction to methylphenidate: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips,...
Methylphenidate Dosing Information
Usual Adult Dose for Attention Deficit Disorder:Immediate release tablets including chewable tablets (Ritalin, Methylin, methylphenidate):Initial D...
What Other Drugs Will Affect Methylphenidate?
Ask your doctor before using a stomach acid medicine (including Alka-Seltzer or sodium bicarbonate). Some of these medicines can change the way you...
What is the function of methylphenidate?
Methylphenidate is a synthetic central nervous system stimulant. Methylphenidate appears to activate the brain stem arousal system and cortex to produce its stimulant effect and, in some clinical settings, may improve cognitive function.
What is methylphenidate used for?
Methylphenidate is a central nervous system stimulant used for the therapy of attention deficit disorder and narcolepsy. Methylphenidate has been linked to a low rate of serum aminotransferase elevations during therapy and to rare instances of acute, clinically apparent liver injury, generally after its intravenous abuse.
How does methylphenidate affect children?
In children with attention deficit disorder, methylphenidate decreases motor restlessness and enhances the ability to pay attention.
How is methylphenidate metabolized?
In humans, methylphenidate is metabolized primarily via deesterification to alpha-phenylpiperidine acetic acid (PPA, ritalinic acid ). The metabolite has little or no pharmacologic activity.
How does methylphenidate release to the atmosphere?
Methylphenidate's production and administration as a medication may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 5.9X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates methylphenidate will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases phase in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase methylphenidate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be one hour. Particulate-phase methylphenidate will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Methylphenidate contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, methylphenidate is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1600. The pKa of methylphenidate is 8.9, indicating that this compound will exist partially in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization of the neutral species from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-9 atm-cu m/mole. Methylphenidate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data in soil or water were not available. If released into water, methylphenidate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant half-lives of 23 and 2.3 years at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively, suggest that hydrolysis may be a slow environmental fate process. Occupational exposure to methylphenidate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where methylphenidate is produced or used. The general public is not likely to be exposed to methylphenidate unless by direct medical treatment and via ingestion from abuse of this drug. (SRC)
What percentage of methylphenidate is bound to plasma proteins?
Concerta: In humans, 15 ± 5% of methylphenidate in the blood is bound to plasma proteins. Biphentin: In blood, methylphenidate and its metabolites are distributed between plasma (57%) and erythrocytes (43%). Methylphenidate and its metabolites exhibit low plasma protein binding (approximately 15%).
How to detect methylphenidate?
A gas chromatography/mass spectrometric procedure for the detection of methylphenidate in 1 mL of serum or plasma is reported employing ethylphenidate as internal standard. A 50/50 (vol/vol) mixture of benzene and hexane is used to extract methylphenidate from plasma. After evaporation of solvent the residue is redissolved in 50 uL hexane. Methyl- and ethylphenidate are then derivatized by the addition of 50 mL of trifluoroacetic anhydride and the trifluoroacetate derivatives are injected into a quardrupole GC/MS for analysis. This method has a lower limit of sensitivity for methylphenidate of 2.0 ug/L. The assay has been used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate admin to 6 children for treatment of hyperkinesis.
How many isomers of methylphenidate are there?
Four isomers of methylphenidate are possible, since the molecule has two chiral centers. One pair of threo isomers and one pair of erythro are distinguished, from which primarily d-threo-methylphenidate exhibits the pharmacologically desired effects. The erythro diastereomers are pressor amines, a property not shared with the threo diastereomers. When the drug was first introduced it was sold as a 4:1 mixture of erythro:threo diastereomers, but it was later reformulated to contain only the threo diastereomers. "TMP" refers to a threo product that does not contain any erythro diastereomers, i.e. (±)-threo-methylphenidate. Since the threo isomers are energetically favored, it is easy to epimerize out any of the undesired erythro isomers. The drug that contains only dextrorotatory methylphenidate is sometimes called d-TMP, although this name is only rarely used and it is much more commonly referred to as dexmethylphenidate, d-MPH, or d-threo-methylphenidate. A review on the synthesis of enantiomerically pure (2 R ,2' R )- (+)- threo -methylphenidate hydrochloride has been published.
What are the side effects of methylphenidate?
Nervous system adverse effects may include akathisia (agitation/restlessness), irritability, dyskinesia (tics), oromandibular dystonia, lethargy (drowsiness/fatigue), and dizziness. Cardiac adverse effects may include palpitations, changes in blood pressure and heart rate (typically mild), and tachycardia (rapid heart rate). Smokers with ADHD who take methylphenidate may increase their nicotine dependence, and smoke more often than before they began using methylphenidate, with increased nicotine cravings and an average increase of 1.3 cigarettes per day. Ophthalmologic adverse effects may include blurred vision and dry eyes, with less frequent reports of diplopia and mydriasis.
How does methylphenidate affect the central nervous system?
Psychostimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamine may be effective in treating ADHD because they increase neurotransmitter activity in these systems. When reuptake of those neurotransmitters is halted, its concentration and effects in the synapse increase and last longer, respectively. Therefore, methylphenidate is called a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor. By increasing the effects of norepinephrine and dopamine, methylphenidate increases the activity of the central nervous system and produces effects such as increased alertness, reduced fatigue, and improved attention.
How long does methylphenidate take to release?
Ritalin), 3–8 hours for sustained release (i.e. Ritalin SR), and 8–12 hours for extended release (i.e. Concerta). The half-life of methylphenidate is 2–3 hours, depending on the individual.
What is the best medication for narcolepsy?
Narcolepsy, a chronic sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime drowsiness and uncontrollable sleep, is treated primarily with stimulants. Methylphenidate is considered effective in increasing wakefulness, vigilance, and performance. Methylphenidate improves measures of somnolence on standardized tests, such as the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), but performance does not improve to levels comparable to healthy people.
Which neuron is involved in methylphenidate addiction?
As with all addictive drugs, the overexpression of ΔFosB in D1-type medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens is implicated in methylphenidate addiction. Methylphenidate has shown some benefits as a replacement therapy for individuals who are addicted to and dependent upon methamphetamine.
What is the name of the drug that is used to treat narcolepsy?
Methylphenidate, sold under the brand name Ritalin among others, is a stimulant drug used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is a first-line medication for ADHD. It may be taken by mouth or applied to the skin, and different formulations have varying durations of effect.
What is methylphenidate used for?
Expand Section. Methylphenidate is used as part of a treatment program to control symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; more difficulty focusing, controlling actions, and remaining still or quiet than other people who are the same age) in adults and children.
How to tell if you're taking too much methylphenidate?
If you take too much methylphenidate, you may find that the medication no longer controls your symptoms, you may feel a need to take large amounts of the medication , and you may experience unusual changes in your behavior. Tell your doctor if you drink or have ever drunk large amounts of alcohol, use or have ever used street drugs, or have overused prescription medications.
How long does it take for methylphenidate to stop working?
Call your doctor if your symptoms worsen at any time during your treatment or do not improve after 1 month. Your doctor may tell you to stop taking methylphenidate from time to time to see if the medication is still needed. Follow these directions carefully.
What to do if you are allergic to methylphenidate?
tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to methylphenidate, to any other medications, aspirin (if taking Adhansia XR), tartrazine dye (a yellow dye in some processed foods and medications; if taking Adhansia XR), or any of the ingredients in the methylphenidate product you are taking. Ask your doctor or check the Medication Guide for a list of the ingredients.
How to store methylphenidate?
Store methylphenidate in a safe place so that no one else can take it accidentally or on purpose. Keep track of how many tablets or capsules or how much liquid is left so you will know if any medication is missing.
How long after MAO inhibitor can you take methylphenidate?
Your doctor will probably tell you not to take methylphenidate until at least 14 days have passed since you last took an MAO inhibitor. tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins, nutritional supplements, and herbal products you are taking or plan to take.
Can you take methylphenidate if you are 65?
talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of taking methylphenidate if you are 65 years of age or older. Older adults should not usually take methylphen idate because it is not as safe as other medications that can be used to treat the same condition.
What are the side effects of methylphenidate?
Insomnia and nervousness are the most commonly reported adverse effects in patients on methylphenidate. Other frequent side effects mainly involve the CNS (dizziness, headache, tics, restlessness/akathisia), gastrointestin al (nausea/vomiting, dry mouth, decreased appetite, weight loss, abdominal pain), and cardiovascular systems (tachycardia, and palpitations). Dermatologically, patients can complain of excessive sweating and ulceration of their digits. Some patients may even develop blurry vision or decreased libido. Patients are more prone to become easily agitated, irritable, or depressed and go through mood swings/lability). While many of the common side effects can be relieved by adjusting the dosage or avoidance of an afternoon or evening dose, some require treatment emergently to prevent complications. While it rarely occurs, priapism is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention. [14]
What is the mechanism of action of methylphenidate?
Mechanism of Action. Methylphenidate blocks the reuptake of two neurotransmitters, norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine, by presynaptic neurons.
How old do you have to be to take methylphenidate?
Children diagnosed with ADHD should be at least six years of age or older before being started on this medication. Off-label uses of methylphenidate include treatment for fatigue in patients with cancer, refractory depression in the geriatric population, apathy in Alzheimer's disease, and enhancing cognitive performance (e.g., memory).
How long after discontinuation of MAOIs can you take methylphenidate?
Patients must not use methylphenidate if they are currently on monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). There should be a minimum of at least 14 days after discontinuation of MAOIs before methylphenidate can be considered a safe treatment option to begin due to the risk of hypertensive crisis.
Can methylphenidate cause cardiac death?
Stroke and myocardial infarction also have been observed in adults. Due to the risk of such fatal side effects, it is advisable to avoid methylphenidate in patients with a structural cardiac abnormality, cardiomyopathy, or arrhythmias. [15]
Does methylphenidate increase dopamine levels?
Compared to other medications (i.e., amphetamines) that are phenethylamine derivatives, methylphenidate appears to increase the firing rate of neurons.[10] It is also a weak agonist at the 5HT1A receptor, which is an additional mechanism that contributes to the increased levels of dopamine. [11] .
Is methylphenidate a transdermal patch?
For medical purposes, methylphenidate is mainly given orally or, less commonly, as a transdermal patch. Multiple oral formulations are available that categorize according to how quickly the drug is released: immediate (IR), extended (XR or ER), and sustained.
What is the purpose of methylphenidate?
Methylphenidate oral tablet is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It may help to increase attention and decrease impulsiveness and hyperactivity if you have ADHD.
How does methylphenidate work?
It works by increasing the amount of the chemicals norepinephrine and dopamine in your brain. These chemicals send signals to other parts of your body, which will help to improve your symptoms.
How long does a titrated extended release tablet last?
Typical dosage: These extended-release tablets work for about 8 hours. These tablets may be used in place of immediate-release tablets when the 8-hour dose of the extended-release tablet corresponds to the titrated 8-hour dose of the immediate-release tablet. Your doctor can tell you more.
Can methylphenidate interact with other medications?
Methylphenidate oral tablet can interact with other medications, vitamins, or herbs you may be taking. An interaction is when a substance changes the way a drug works. This can be harmful or prevent the drug from working well.
Does methylphenidate make you sleepy?
Methylphenidate oral tablet doesn’t cause drowsiness, but it can cause other side effects.
Does methylphenidate increase the level of methylphenidate in the body?
Taking these drugs with methylphenidate may increase the level of methylphenidate in your body and lead to more side effects. These medications may also affect the way long-acting forms of methylphenidate work. Examples of these drugs include:
Is methylphenidate dangerous?
Methylphenidate comes with serious risks if you don’t take it as prescribed.
What is methylphenidate hydrochloride?
More... Methylphenidate Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of the synthetic central nervous system stimulant met hylphenidate. Methylphenidate appears to activate the brain stem arousal system and cortex to produce its stimulant effect and, in some clinical settings, may improve cognitive function.
What is the purpose of methylphenidate?
Methylphenidate appears to activate the brain stem arousal system and cortex to produce its stimulant effect and, in some clinical settings, may improve cognitive function.
Is metadate a controlled substance?
Metadate is a DEA controlled drug. The active ingredient Methylphenidate is a DEA Schedule II controlled substance. Substances in the DEA Schedule II have a high potential for abuse which may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. Metadate is classified by the DEA as Stimulants.
Is ClinicalTrials.gov copyrighted?
The ClinicalTrials.gov data carry an international copyright outside the United States and its Territories or Possessions. Some ClinicalTrials.gov data may be subject to the copyright of third parties; you should consult these entities for any additional terms of use.
Does methylphenidate help with cognitive function?
Methylphenidate appears to activate the brain stem arousal system and cortex to produce its stimulant effect and, in some clinical settings, may improve cognitive function. Methylphenidate hydrochloride is an odorless white crystalline powder. Metallic taste. Solutions are acid to litmus.
What is methylphenidate HCl?
Methylphenidate HCl is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. The mode of therapeutic action in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is not known. Methylphenidate is thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space.
What is the extended release of methylphenidate?
Methylphenidate Hydrochloride extend ed-release tablets is indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADH D) in children 6 years of age and older, adolescents, and adults up to the age of 65 [see Clinical Studies (14)].
How many times a day does methylphenidate have to be taken?
In adults the metabolism of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride extended-release tablets once daily as evaluated by metabolism to PPAA is similar to that of methylphenidate three times daily. The metabolism of single and repeated once-daily doses of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride extended-release tablets is similar.
How long does it take for methylphenidate to reach peak concentration?
Mean times to reach peak plasma concentrations across all doses of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride extended-release tablets occurred between 6 and 10 hours.
How old do you have to be to take Methylphenidate Hydrochloride?
Methylphenidate Hydrochloride extended-release tablets has not been studied in patients greater than 65 years of age.
How much does methylphenidate increase blood pressure?
In the laboratory classroom clinical trials in children (Studies 1 and 2), both Methylphenidate Hydrochloride extended-release tablets once daily and methylphenidate three times daily increased resting pulse by an average of 2 to 6 bpm and produced average increases of systolic and diastolic blood pressure of roughly 1 to 4 mm Hg during the day, relative to placebo. In the placebo-controlled adolescent trial (Study 4), mean increases from baseline in resting pulse rate were observed with Methylphenidate Hydrochloride extended-release tablets and placebo at the end of the double-blind phase (5 and 3 beats/minute, respectively). Mean increases from baseline in blood pressure at the end of the double-blind phase for Methylphenidate Hydrochloride extended-release tablets and placebo-treated patients were 0.7 and 0.7 mm Hg (systolic) and 2.6 and 1.4 mm Hg (diastolic), respectively. In one placebo-controlled study in adults (Study 6), dose-dependent mean increases of 3.9 to 9.8 bpm from baseline in standing pulse rate were observed with Methylphenidate Hydrochloride extended-release tablets at the end of the double-blind treatment vs. an increase of 2.7 beats/minute with placebo. Mean changes from baseline in standing blood pressure at the end of double-blind treatment ranged from 0.1 to 2.2 mm Hg (systolic) and 0.7 to 2.2 mm Hg (diastolic) for Methylphenidate Hydrochloride extended-release tablets and was 1.1 mm Hg (systolic) and -1.8 mm Hg (diastolic) for placebo. In a second placebo-controlled study in adults (Study 5), mean changes from baseline in resting pulse rate were observed for Methylphenidate Hydrochloride extended-release tablets and placebo at the end of the double-blind treatment (3.6 and -1.6 beats/minute, respectively). Mean changes from baseline in blood pressure at the end of the double–blind treatment for Methylphenidate Hydrochloride extended-release tablets and placebo-treated patients were -1.2 and -0.5 mm Hg (systolic) and 1.1 and 0.4 mm Hg (diastolic), respectively [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Can Methylphenidate Hydrochloride cause Raynaud's phenomenon?
Stimulants, including Methylphenidate Hydrochloride extended-release tablets, used to treat ADHD are associated with peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud’s phenomenon. Signs and symptoms are usually intermittent and mild; however, very rare sequelae include digital ulceration and/or soft tissue breakdown. Effects of peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud’s phenomenon, were observed in post-marketing reports at different times and at therapeutic doses in all age groups throughout the course of treatment. Signs and symptoms generally improve after reduction in dose or discontinuation of drug. Careful observation for digital changes is necessary during treatment with ADHD stimulants. Further clinical evaluation (e.g., rheumatology referral) may be appropriate for certain patients.
When was methylphenidate first made?
Methylphenidate was first made in 1944 in an attempt to produce a stimulant that would not induce addiction, but it was unsuccessful. Ritalin is closely related to amphetamine in its chemical structure and metabolism. It produces effects similar to cocaine. There is much controversy on long-term effects of Ritalin on the body.
Why is narcolepsy a Schedule II drug?
It is labeled as a Schedule II Substance because it has a high potential for abuse and may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. The federal government sets a limit on the amount that may be manufactured each year.
What does Ritalin do to the brain?
What Ritalin does is bond to those molecules so the dopamine can do its job. Volkow claims, “Dopamine is not only involved with movement and attention but with reward and motivation—it modulates the brain signals that say, ‘This is important! Pay attention!’.
Does Ritalin help with ADHD?
In 2006, researchers David Devilbiss and Craig Berridge reported that Ritalin works for people with ADHD by fine-tuning the functioning of the neurons in the prefrontal cortex . This is the region of the brain involved with decision making, impulse control, and paying attention.
Is Ritalin SR a controlled substance?
RITALIN-SR IS A FEDERALLY CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE (CII) BECAUSE IT CAN BE ABUSED OR LEAD TO DEPENDENCE. KEEP RITALIN-SR IN A SAFE PLACE TO PREVENT MISUSE AND ABUSE. SELLING OR GIVING AWAY RITALIN-SR MAY HARM OTHERS, AND IS AGAINST THE LAW.
Does Ritalin affect the prefrontal cortex?
They claim that at clinically monitored doses, Ritalin does its job in targeting the prefrontal cortex without affecting brain centers linked with arousal and addiction.
What Are Dosages of Methylphenidate?
Chronic abuse can lead to marked tolerance and psychological dependence , with varying degrees of abnormal behavior.
How does methylphenidate work?
It works by changing the amounts of certain natural substances in the brain. Methylphenidate belongs to a class of drugs known as stimulants. It can help increase your ability to pay attention, stay focused on an activity, and control behavior problems. It may also help you to organize your tasks and improve listening skills.
What Other Drugs Interact with Methylphenidate?
If your doctor has directed you to use this medication for your condition, your doctor or pharmacist may already be aware of any possible drug interactions or side effects and may be monitoring you for them. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of this medicine or any medicine before getting further information from your doctor, healthcare provider, or pharmacist first.
What Are Warnings and Precautions for Methylphenidate?
Chronic abuse can lead to a marked tolerance and psychological dependence, with varying degrees of abnormal behavior.
How long does methylphenidate ER take to work?
Metadate ER, Methylin ER, and Ritalin SR: Duration of action is approximately 8 hours; may use in place of methylphenidate IR tablets when the 8-hour dosage of methylphenidate ER and SR tablets corresponds to the titrated 8-hour dosage of methylphenidate IR; not to exceed 60 mg/day
What are the effects of stimulants on ADHD?
Stimulants used to treat ADHD are associated with serious cardiovascular events including sudden death, stroke, and heart attack (myocardial infarction [MI]); avoid in patients with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious heart problems.
Can you take Ritalin with Metadate?
This medication contains methylphenidate. Do not take Ritalin, Ritalin SR, Ritalin LA, Aptensio XR, Concerta, Daytrana, Metadate, Metadate CD, Metadate ER, Methylin, Quillivant XR, or QuilliChew ER if you are allergic to methylphenidate or any ingredients contained in this drug.
Overview
This medication is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD.
May Treat: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Brand Names: Cotempla XR-ODT · Daytrana
Drug Class: Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity (ADHD) Therapy, Stimulant-Type
Availability: Prescription Required
Pregnancy: Consult a doctor before using
May Treat: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Brand Names: Cotempla XR-ODT · Daytrana
Drug Class: Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity (ADHD) Therapy, Stimulant-Type
Availability: Prescription Required
Pregnancy: Consult a doctor before using
Lactation: Consult a doctor before using
Driving: May cause drowsiness or dizziness. Use caution
Addiction: Risk of abuse and addiction. Use only as directed
- Can increase heart rate and blood pressure.
- May be habit forming
- May make you dizzy. Use caution when driving.
- Can increase heart rate and blood pressure.
- May be habit forming
- May make you dizzy. Use caution when driving.
- Immediately report to MD any thoughts of suicide.
- MD may need to reduce the dose before you stop it.
- For patch, transdermal 24 hours products : Important to read patient package insert & med guide. Call Dr before increasing dose or frequency. Tell doctor your complete medical history.
- For tablet, disintegrating, er biphasic 24 hr products : Before use, important to read the Medication Guide. Peel open with dry hands & place tablet on tongue. Place unbroken tablet on tongue to dissolve.
Uses
Contraindications
Adverse effects
Interactions
Methylphenidate, sold under the brand names Ritalin and Concerta among others, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and, to a lesser extent, narcolepsy. It is a primary medication for ADHD. It may be taken by mouth or applied to the skin, and different formulations have varying durations of effect. Though ther…
Pharmacology
Methylphenidate is most commonly used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy.
Methylphenidate is used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The addition of behavioural modification therapy can have additional benefits on treatment outcome. The dosage may vary and is titrated to effect, with some guidelines recommending initial treatment with a low dose. Immediate release methylphenidate is used daily along with the longer-acting f…
Chemistry
Methylphenidate is contraindicated for individuals using monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., phenelzine, and tranylcypromine), or individuals with agitation, tics, glaucoma, heart defects or a hypersensitivity to any ingredients contained in methylphenidate pharmaceuticals.
Pregnant women are advised to only use the medication if the benefits outweigh the potential risks. Not enough human studies have been conducted to conclusively demonstrate an effect o…
History
Overall, adverse events associated with long-acting MPH formulations are similar with the most common adverse effects including appetite loss, dry mouth, anxiety/nervousness, nausea, and insomnia. Gastrointestinal adverse effects may include abdominal pain and weight loss. Nervous system adverse effects may include akathisia (agitation/restlessness), irritability, dyskinesia (tics), oromandib…
Medical uses
Methylphenidate may inhibit the metabolism of vitamin K anticoagulants, certain anticonvulsants, and some antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). Concomitant administration may require dose adjustments, possibly assisted by monitoring of plasma drug concentrations. There are several case reports of methylphenidate inducing serotonin syndrome with concomitant administration of antidepressants.
Description
Methylphenidate primarily acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It is a benzylpiperidine and phenethylamine derivative which also shares part of its basic structure with catecholamines.
Methylphenidate is a psychostimulant and increases the activity of the central nervous system through inhibition on reuptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. As model…
Use
Four isomers of methylphenidate are possible, since the molecule has two chiral centers. One pair of threo isomers and one pair of erythro are distinguished, from which primarily d-threo-methylphenidate exhibits the pharmacologically desired effects. The erythro diastereomers are pressor amines, a property not shared with the threo diastereomers. When the drug was first introduced it was sold as a 4…
Risks
Methylphenidate was first synthesized in 1944. It was synthesized by Ciba (now Novartis) chemist Leandro Panizzon. He named the drug after his wife Margarita, nicknamed Rita, who used Ritalin to compensate for low blood pressure. Methylphenidate was not reported to be a stimulant until 1954. The drug was introduced for medical use in the United States in 1957. Originally, it was marketed as a mixture of two racemates, 80% (±)-erythro and 20% (±)-threo, under the brand nam…
Administration
- Methylphenidate is used as part of a treatment program to control symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; more difficulty focusing, controlling actions, and remaining still or quiet than other people who are the same age) in adults and children. Methylphenidate (Methylin) is also used to treat narcolepsy (a sleep disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness and …
Treatment
- Methylphenidate comes as an immediate-release tablet, a chewable tablet, a solution (liquid), a long-acting (extended-release) suspension (liquid), an intermediate-acting (extended-release) tablet, a long-acting (extended-release) capsule, a long-acting (extended-release) tablet, and a long-acting (extended-release) chewable tablet, and an extended...
Results
- Do not try to push the extended-release orally disintegrating tablet (Cotempla® XR-ODT) through the blister pack foil. Instead, use dry hands to peel back the foil packaging. Immediately take out the tablet and place it in your mouth. The tablet will quickly dissolve and can be swallowed with saliva; no water is needed to swallow the tablet.
Prevention
- You should thoroughly chew the immediate-release chewable tablets and then drink a full glass (at least 8 ounces [240 milliliters]) of water or other liquid. If you take the immediate-release chewable tablet without enough liquid, the tablet may swell and block your throat and may cause you to choke. If you have chest pain, vomiting, or trouble swallowing or breathing after taking th…
Symptoms
- Swallow the intermediate-acting and long-acting tablets and capsules whole; do not split, chew, or crush them. However, if you cannot swallow the long-acting capsules (Aptensio XR, Metadate CD, Ritalin LA), you may carefully open the capsules and sprinkle the entire contents on a tablespoon of cool or room temperature applesauce. Swallow (without chewing) this mixture immediately af…
Diagnosis
- Your doctor may start you on a low dose of methylphenidate and gradually increase your dose, not more often than once every week.
Preparation
- Your condition should improve during your treatment. Call your doctor if your symptoms worsen at any time during your treatment or do not improve after 1 month.