what condition does human papillomavirus cause quizlet

Human papillomavirus or HPV is not one virus, but a family of them. HPV can be sexually transmitted, and it can cause genital warts and cervical cancer.

Full Answer

Can a man with HPV get rid of it?

There is no treatment for HPV infection in men when no symptoms are present. Instead, doctors treat the health problems that are caused by the HPV virus. When genital warts appear, a variety of treatments can be used. The patient can apply prescription creams at home. Or a doctor can surgically remove or freeze off the warts.

What does disinfectant kill HPV?

Popular Disinfectants May Not Kill HPV in Hospitals. The researchers found that, out of all the disinfectants tested, only those using PAA-silver and hypochlorite were effective at disinfection, reducing the infectivity of the virus by around 99.99%. The other disinfectants only reduced the infectivity of the virus by 10% or less.

Can you get rid of HPV 16?

There’s no cure for HPV. But most cases of it will go away on their own. If you contract HPV you should still make an appointment with a doctor. They’ll be able to treat your symptoms and ask you to come in for repeat testing in a year to see if the HPV infection persists.

Can HPV come back after years?

The research hints that HPV infection in older women is often the reactivation of a strain picked up years ago, rather than a newly acquired sexually transmitted infection. The study authors also found that HPV may be difficult to detect in the body more than one to two years after the initial infection.

Which condition is caused by human papillomavirus?

Health problems related to HPV include genital warts and cervical cancer. Genital warts: Prior to HPV vaccines, genital warts caused by HPV affected roughly 340,000 to 360,000 people yearly. * About one in 100 sexually active adults in the U.S. has genital warts at any given time.

What type of virus is human papillomavirus HPV?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small, non-enveloped deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that infects skin or mucosal cells. The circular, double-stranded viral genome is approximately 8-kb in length.

What cancers are caused by the HPV virus?

Almost all cervical cancer is caused by HPV. Some cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx (back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils) are also caused by HPV. Almost all cervical cancer is caused by HPV.

What type of mutation does HPV cause?

HPV-associated cancers have recurrent somatic mutations in phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), human leukocyte antigen A and B (HLA-A and HLA-B)-A/B, and the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway, and rarely have mutations ...

What is another name for human papillomavirus?

HPV, or human papillomavirus, is a common virus that can cause cancers later in life.

What is the symptoms of human papillomavirus?

Symptoms of human papillomavirus (HPV) HPV does not usually cause any symptoms. Most people who have it do not realise and do not have any problems. But sometimes the virus can cause painless growths or lumps around yout vagina, penis or anus (genital warts).

What is HPV high risk?

Listen to pronunciation. (hy-risk …) A type of human papillomavirus (HPV) that can cause cervical cancer and other types of cancer, such as cancers of the anus, vagina, vulva, penis, and oropharynx. Chronic infection with high-risk HPV can lead to cell changes that, if not treated, may become cancer.

Is HPV a death sentence?

So finding out that you have HPV is not a death sentence. It turns out 60 to 80 percent of all women have had HPV at some point in their life. It's something that will come and go in terms of the testing results because your body's immune system can put it under the rug.

How does HPV damage cells?

HPV infects dividing basal epithelial cells where its dsDNA episomal genome enters the nuclei. Upon basal cell division, an infected daughter cell begins the process of keratinocyte differentiation that triggers a tightly orchestrated pattern of viral gene expression to accomplish a productive infection.

How does HPV change your DNA?

"HPV can act like a tornado hitting the genome, disrupting and rearranging nearby host-cell genes," Symer explains. "This can lead to overexpression of cancer-causing genes in some cases, or it can disrupt protective tumor-suppressor genes in others. Both kinds of damage likely promote the development of cancer."

How common is HPV high-risk?

Although it is estimated that roughly 40% of women will be infected with a high-risk type of HPV at some point in their lives, most of these infections are successfully controlled by the immune system.

Can HPV virus be cured?

There is no cure for the virus (HPV) itself. There are treatments for the health problems that HPV can cause, such as genital warts, cervical changes, and cervical cancer.

Does HPV go away permanently?

Depending on the type of HPV that you have, the virus can linger in your body for years. In most cases, your body can produce antibodies against the virus and clear the virus within one to two years. Most strains of HPV go away permanently without treatment.

Can you get rid of HPV?

There's no cure for HPV. But most cases of it will go away on their own. If you contract HPV you should still make an appointment with a doctor. They'll be able to treat your symptoms and ask you to come in for repeat testing in a year to see if the HPV infection persists.

How many types of HPV can pass from person to person?

the name of a group of viruses that includes more than 100 different types#N#More than 30 types of HPV can pass from person to person through sexual contact and infect the genital areas of both men and women.#N#More than 50% of all sexually active men and women become infected at some time in life.

What percentage of cervical cancer is caused by 16?

Two types, 16 and 18, cause about 70% of cervical cancers.

Can warts be transmitted?

after the warts are eliminated, the virus may still be present and can be transmitted to other people.

Does the immune system clear out the virus?

The virus infects the skin and mucous membranes, but usually no symptoms. For most people, the immune system clears the virus out of the body and no health problems develop.

What is the cause of warts?

HPV infection is a viral infection that commonly causes skin or mucous membrane growths (warts). There are more than 100 varieties of human papillomavirus (HPV). Some types of HPV infection cause warts, and some can cause different types of cancer.

What age do warts occur?

Age. Common warts occur mostly in children. Genital warts occur most often in adolescents and young adults.

What are the bumps on my hands?

Common warts appear as rough, raised bumps and usually occur on the hands and fingers. In most cases, common warts are simply unsightly, but they can also be painful or susceptible to injury or bleeding. Plantar warts. Plantar warts are hard, grainy growths that usually appear on the heels or balls of your feet.

How long does it take for cervical cancer to develop?

Cervical cancer. Nearly all cervical cancers are caused by HPV infections, but cervical cancer may take 20 years or longer to develop after an HPV infection. The HPV infection and early cervical cancer typically don't cause noticeable symptoms.

Where do flat warts appear?

Flat warts are flat-topped, slightly raised lesions. They can appear anywhere, but children usually get them on the face and men tend to get them in the beard area . Women tend to get them on the legs.

Can you get HPV while pregnant?

If you're pregnant and have an HPV infection with genital warts, it's possible your baby may get the infection. Rarely, the infection may cause a noncancerous growth in the baby's voice box (larynx). Warts are contagious. They can spread through direct contact with a wart.

How many cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV?

Nearly 200,000 women are estimated to be diagnosed with a cervical precancer, or abnormal cells on the cervix that can lead to cancer. 11,000 cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV.

What are the types of cancer caused by HPV?

HPV can cause cancers of the: Cervix, vagina, and vulva in women. Penis. external icon. in men. Anus. external icon. and back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils (oropharynx), in both women and men.

How long does it take for cancer to develop?

Cancer usually takes years, even decades, to develop after a person gets HPV. CDC recommends HPV vaccination at ages 11–12 years, to prevent HPV infections that may lead to these cancers. HPV vaccination prevents invasive cancers, as well as anal, vaginal, cervical, and vulvar precancers (abnormal cells that can lead to cancer), ...

Featured Stories

You can't trust everything you read on the Internet, so we got the facts behind these top sexual health misconceptions.

More on Human Papillomavirus

Jane Martinez, 30, of New Jersey, was diagnosed with cervical cancer after a routine Pap test and opted for a radical trachelectomy to remove her cervix and preserve her fertility.

All HPV

Squamous epithelial cells of human cervix under the microscope view. Pap smear test is a procedure to test for cervical cancer in women

What is the DNA of a human papillomavirus?

Diseases caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV) Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are non-enveloped tumor viruses with a double stranded DNA approximately 8 kilobases in length. The viral genome is enclosed by a spherical capsid with icosahedral symmetry and a diameter of about 55 nm. More than 100 HPV types have been identified.

What is HPV in the body?

More than 100 HPV types have been identified. They infect the squamous epithelia of skin and mucosa and usually cause benign papillomas or warts. Persistent infection with high-risk oncogenic HPV causes all cervical cancers, most anal cancers, and a subset of vulvar, vaginal, penile and oropharyngeal cancers.

How many kilobases are there in the human papillomavirus?

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are non-enveloped tumor viruses with a double stranded DNA approximately 8 kilobases in length. The viral genome is enclosed by a spherical capsid with icosahedral symmetry and a diameter of about 55 nm. More than 100 HPV types have been identified.

What is the papillomavirus?

Papillomaviruses are small, non-enveloped, epitheliotropic, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect mucosal and cutaneous epithelia in a wide variety of higher vertebrates in a species-specific manner and induce cellular proliferation. Only bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) 1 and 2 are known to infect mesenchymal tissues and to show cross-species transmission. More than 100 types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been identified and approximately half of them infect the genital tract. Many types of HPV have been found in cervical cancers, while others are found rarely or not at all in large series of cancers, which gives rise to the nomenclature of ‘high-’ and ‘low-risk’ HPVs. These other types are associated with other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. A number of HPVs have been found to be present in skin cancers in patients who have epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV); these types are also found in both non-melanoma skin cancers and normal skin. The potential associations of HPVs with these and other cancers are discussed in other sections.

Why are papillomaviruses considered a model system?

Papillomaviruses are an ideal model system for the study of the evolution of DNA viruses. On several levels, phylogenetic trees of papillomaviruses reflect the relationship of their hosts. One branch of HPVs includes one ape and two monkey papillomaviruses, possibly because the diversification of the viruses predated the separation of the infected-primate taxa. This hypothesis predicts that the root of the evolution of some if not all HPV types should point to Africa, since humans evolved from non-human primates in this continent.

What is the genetic structure of a papillomavirus?

All papillomaviruses share a common genetic structure that is distinct from that of polyomaviruses. A double-stranded circular DNA genome encodes approximately eight open-reading frames (ORFs). Similarly, all papillomaviruses have a non-enveloped icosahedral capsid. Understanding of the biology of papillomavirus infection was hindered by the lack of tissue culture systems to propagate the viruses, the lack of animal models for HPVs and difficulties in finding animal models of natural infection. The advent of molecular cloning of HPV genomes in the early 1980s provided the first opportunity to study individual viral genes. However, only in the late 1990s did propagation of viruses in organotypic cultures make the first attempts at viral genetics possible. The availability of complete and partial genomic sequences from a wide variety of HPV types has enabled the establishment of a new taxonomic structure and has provided a window to study the co-evolution of papillomaviruses with their primate hosts. Early evidence suggests that HPV types, as defined by DNA sequencing, also remain serologically distinct.

How many variants are there in the HPV 16 genome?

Altogether, 48 variants could be distinguished that had diversified from one another along five phylogenetic branches. Variants from two of these branches were nearly completely confined to Africa. Variants from a third branch were the only variants identified in Europeans but occurred at lower frequency in all other ethnic groups. A fourth branch was specific for Japanese and Chinese isolates. A small fraction of all isolates from Asia and from indigenous as well as immigrant populations in the Americas formed a fifth branch. Important patterns of HPV 16 phylogeny suggested coevolution of the virus with people of the three major human races, namely, Africans, Caucasians and East Asians. However, several minor patterns are indicative of smaller bottlenecks of viral evolution and spread, which may correlate with the migration of ethnic groups in prehistoric times. The colonization of the Americas by Europeans and Africans is reflected in the composition of their HPV 16 variants. The HPV 16 genomes of today represent a degree of diversity that may have evolved over a large time span, probably exceeding 200 000 years, from a precursor genome that may have originated in Africa (Ho et al., 1993a).

Where do papillomaviruses live?

Papillomaviruses are highly epitheliotropic; specifically, they establish productive infections only within stratified epithelia of the skin, the anogenital tract and the oral cavity. The viral life cycle is linked to the differentiation of the infected epithelial cell (see Figures 2and 3). The life cycle is thought to be initiated by the infection of basal epithelial cells, presumably at sites of injury. Although several potential receptors have been reported, it is unclear which of them is of physiological importance (see Section 1.1.5(g)). Basal cells comprise the proliferating cellular component of stratified epithelia, in which the viral genome is established when a low copy number, nuclear plasmid and early genes are expressed preferentially although at low levels (Stoler & Broker, 1986; Schneider et al., 1987; Frattini et al., 1996; Oguchi et al., 2000). The ability of HPVs to establish their genome in basal cells relies upon the E1(Hubert & Laimins, 2002), E2(Stubenrauch et al., 1998), E6(Thomas et al., 1999) and in some cases E7(Thomas et al., 1999; Flores et al., 2000) genes. Normally, when basal cells undergo cell division, the daughter cell that loses contact with the basement membrane and migrates into the suprabasal compartment withdraws from the cell cycle and initiates a programme of terminal differentiation. However, in HPV-positive human keratinocytes and cervical epithelial cells, the suprabasal cells fail to withdraw from the cell cycle and continue to support DNA synthesis and express markers for cell proliferation (Jeon et al., 1995; Flores et al., 1999). HPV 16 E7has been shown to be necessary and sufficient to induce suprabasal DNA synthesis (Flores et al., 2000). In addition, the E5 oncoprotein contributes quantitatively to this property both in HPV 16 (Genther et al., 2003) and HPV 31 (Fehrmann et al., 2003). Within this suprabasal compartment, cells support the amplification of the viral genome, expression of capsid genes and assembly of progeny virus (Peh et al., 2002). The cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) E4gene, which is detected preferentially in the differentiated compartment of infected tissue, is required for viral DNA amplification and expression of the L1 capsid gene (Peh et al., 2004). Encapsidation of HPV DNA within capsids to generate progeny virus within the terminally differentiated cell compartment is quantitatively dependent upon L2, the minor capsid protein (Holmgren et al., 2005). L2 is also required for the infectivity of HPV 16 (Yang, R. et al., 2003a) and HPV 31 (Holmgren et al., 2005) virions. L2 may play a role in the cell-surface binding of HPV 16 virions (Yang, R. et al., 2003a), intracellular transport of the HPV 33 virion (Florin et al., 2002a) and localization of viral DNA within the nucleus (Day et al., 2004).

How many ORFs are in HPV?

The genomes of all HPV types contain approximately eight ORFs that are all transcribed from a single DNA strand. The ORF can be divided into three functional parts: the early (E) region that encodes proteins (E1–E7) necessary for viral replication; the late (L) region that encodes the structural proteins (L1–L2) that are required for virion assembly; and a largely non-coding part that is referred to as the long control region (LCR), which contains ciselements that are necessary for the replication and transcription of viral DNA. The viral E proteins are transcribed from the early promoter (e.g. P97 in HPV 31) whereas the L proteins are transcribed principally from the late promoter (P742 in HPV 31) (see Figure 1) (Fehrmann & Laimins, 2003).

How many types of papilloma are there?

Phylogenetic tree containing the sequences of 118 papillomavirus types.

Overview

Symptoms

Causes

• HPVinfection occurs when the virus enters your body, usually through a cut, abrasion or small tear in your skin. The virus is transferred primarily by skin-to-skin contact. Genital HPV infections are contracted through sexual intercourse, anal sex and other skin-to-skin contact in the genital region. Some HPVinfections that result in oral or upper ...

See more on mayoclinic.org

Risk Factors

Complications

Prevention