Mary II (30 April 1662 – 28 December 1694) was Queen regnant of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 until her death. Mary was a Protestant. She became queen after the Glorious Revolution, which resulted in the deposition of her Roman Catholic father, James II and VII. Mary ruled together with her husband, William III and II.
Who was William III and Mary II?
William III of ... Who was Mary II of England? Mary II was the daughter of former King James II, who served as the joint sovereign of England, Scotland and Ireland along with her husband King William. Being the eldest child of James and Anne, Mary II since young became second in line to the throne, after her father.
How did Mary II become Queen?
Being the eldest child of James and Anne, Mary II since young became second in line to the throne, after her father. Following the death of her uncle, her father stepped up as the King of England but his pro-Catholic policies made him an unpopular ruler so much so that the opposition influenced William and Mary to depose him off.
What was the joint style of William III and Mary II?
The joint style of William III and Mary II was "William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc." when they ascended the English throne.
Was Queen Mary II a Catholic or Protestant?
United Kingdom: William III (1689–1702) and Mary II (1689–94) The Glorious Revolution (the Revolution of 1688) was a constitutional crisis, which was resolved in England, if not in Scotland and Ireland,…. Although her father and mother were converts to Roman Catholicism, Mary was brought up a Protestant.
See more
How did Mary II became queen?
1689-1694) In 1689 Parliament declared that James had abdicated by deserting his kingdom. William (reigned 1689-1702) and Mary (reigned 1689-94) were offered the throne as joint monarchs.
How old was Mary the second when she died?
32 years oldWilliam and Mary never had children, as Mary suffered at least one miscarriage. On Dec. 28, 1694 — 11 months after signing the charter that established The College of William & Mary — she died of smallpox. She was 32 years old.
What did king William and Queen Mary do?
Reigned: 1689-1702 The pair had been invited to come from the Netherlands, where William was the official head of state, to rescue England from the Catholic rule of James II. Soon after their arrival, William and Mary accepted The Declaration of Rights, which were conditions of their rule set out by Parliament.
Which queen died of smallpox?
Queen MaryDeath and Legacy At the end of 1694, Queen Mary died of smallpox in her bedchamber at the palace and William was inconsolable.
Why did Mary II have no children?
Within months of the marriage Mary was pregnant; however, on a visit to her husband at the fortified city of Breda, she suffered a miscarriage, which may have permanently impaired her ability to have children. Further bouts of illness, that may have been miscarriages, occurred in mid-1678, early 1679, and early 1680.
Did Mary II have kids?
Her three pregnancies ended in miscarriage or stillbirth, and Mary was very sad that she did not have a child. Her husband was often cold to her, and he had an affair with Elizabeth Villiers, one of Mary's ladies-in-waiting, for a long time.
How many Queen Marys are there?
They are known to history as 'The Four Marys'; Mary Seton, Mary Fleming, Mary Beaton and Mary Livingston. Mary Fleming was also a relative of Mary Queen of Scots, as Fleming's mother was the illegitimate half-sister of Mary Queen of Scots' late father King James V.
Who ruled after Mary II?
William III of EnglandWilliam IIIPredecessorJames II & VIISuccessorAnneCo-monarchMary II (1689–1694)Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel22 more rows
Did Queen Anne have children?
Prince William, Duke of Gl...Anne Sophia OldenburgMary OldenburgMary Anne of great britainsecond miscarried child of An...fourth stillborn daughter o...Anne, Queen of Great Britain/Children
Why did Queen Elizabeth lose her hair and teeth?
It is known however that she contracted smallpox in 1562 which left her face scarred. She took to wearing white lead makeup to cover the scars. In later life, she suffered the loss of her hair and her teeth, and in the last few years of her life, she refused to have a mirror in any of her rooms.
What vaccine left a scar on your shoulder?
Many foreign-born persons have received the bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine for TB disease. This vaccine is administered at birth in many countries outside of the U.S. to prevent childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease. BCG leaves a scar like the smallpox vaccine.
Did Elizabeth 1 have a lover?
Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, also called (1550–64) Sir Robert Dudley, (born June 24, 1532/33—died Sept. 4, 1588, Cornbury, Oxfordshire, Eng.), favourite and possible lover of Queen Elizabeth I of England.
How long did Mary live after Jesus died?
Hyppolitus of Thebes says that Mary lived for 11 years after the death of her son Jesus, dying in 41 AD.
How did Mary died in the Bible?
According to this, Mary had a natural death, and her soul was then received by Christ. Her body arose on the third day after her death. She was then taken up bodily into heaven.
What age did Joseph marry Mary?
It wasn't the only document that did so. In another early text, The History of Joseph the Carpenter, which was composed in Egypt between the 6th and 7th centuries, Christ himself tells the story of his step-father, claiming Joseph was 90 years old when he married Mary and died at 111.
How old was Mary 1st when she died?
42 years (1516–1558)Mary I of England / Age at death
What was Mary's education?
Mary's education, from private tutors, was largely restricted to music, dance, drawing, French, and religious instruction. Her mother died in 1671, and her father remarried in 1673, taking as his second wife Mary of Modena, a Catholic who was only four years older than Mary.
When did Mary II and William III become sovereigns?
13 February 1689 – 28 December 1694: Her Majesty The Queen. The joint style of William III and Mary II was "William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc." when they ascended the English throne. From 11 April 1689—when the Estates of Scotland recognised them as sovereigns—the royal ...
What was James' policy?
James had a controversial religious policy; his attempt to grant freedom of religion to non- Anglicans by suspending acts of Parliament by royal decree was not well received. Mary considered such action illegal, and her chaplain expressed this view in a letter to the archbishop of Canterbury, William Sancroft, on her behalf. She was further dismayed when James refused to help when the Catholic king of France, Louis XIV, invaded Orange and persecuted Huguenot refugees there. In an attempt to damage William, James encouraged his daughter's staff to inform her that William was having an affair with Elizabeth Villiers, the daughter of her childhood governess Frances Villiers. Acting on the information, Mary waited outside Villiers's room and caught her husband leaving it late at night. William denied adultery, and Mary apparently believed and forgave him. Possibly, Villiers and William were not meeting as lovers but to exchange diplomatic intelligence. Mary's staff was dismissed and sent back to Britain.
What religion was Anne Hyde?
Anne Hyde. Religion. Anglican. Mary II (30 April 1662 – 28 December 1694) was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, co-reigning with her husband, King William III & II, from 1689 until her death in 1694. Although their father James, Duke of York, was Roman Catholic, Mary and her younger sister, Anne, were raised as Anglicans at the behest ...
What was William's plan to invade England?
He also gave a list of grievances of the English people and stated that his proposed expedition was for the sole purpose of having "a free and lawful Parliament assembled". William and the Dutch army, without Mary who stayed behind in the Netherlands, finally landed on 5 November 1688, having been turned back by storms in October. The disaffected English Army and Navy went over to William, and on 11 December the defeated King James attempted to flee, but was intercepted. A second attempt at flight, on 23 December, was successful; William deliberately allowed James to escape to France, where he lived in exile until his death.
Why was Mary upset at the deposition of her father?
Mary was upset by the circumstances surrounding the deposition of her father, and was torn between concern for him and duty to her husband, but was convinced that her husband's actions, however unpleasant, were necessary to "save the Church and State". When Mary travelled to England after the New Year, she wrote of her "secret joy" at returning to her homeland, "but that was soon checked with the consideration of my father's misfortunes". William ordered her to appear cheerful on their triumphant arrival in London. As a result, she was criticised by Sarah Churchill among others, for appearing cold to her father's plight. James, too, wrote a diatribe against her criticising her disloyalty, an action which deeply affected the pious Mary.
When did William and Mary marry?
Marriage. Portrait by Peter Lely, 1677. William and a tearful Mary were married in St James's Palace by Bishop Henry Compton on 4 November 1677. The bedding ceremony to publicly establish the consummation of the marriage was attended by the royal family, with the King himself drawing the bedcurtains.
Who was Mary II's uncle?
Mary II got very lucky when she was born. Not only was her uncle, Charles II , the current King of England, but her own father James was next in line for the throne. This meant her childhood was full to the brim with fêtes, feasts, and everything a little princess could ever want. Yet despite this luxury, there was a rot right at the heart of Mary’s family.
How old was Mary II when her stepmother arrived?
Because when the princess’s stepmother arrived on the scene, she was only 15 years old—just a mere four years older than Mary. Realistically, the two “women” (I use that term lightly) could have been playmates. Ew. But behind the scenes, Mary II was doing some very adult things herself.
How old was Mary II when she started writing letters?
Starting from when she was nine years old, Mary II started up a scandalous correspondence. After making friends with Frances Apsley, the young daughter of a courtier, the princess began writing letters to the girl. And not just any letters—the missives were fiery and passionate, with Mary giving herself the name “Mary Clorine” and Apsley the nickname “Aurelia.” Then, as time wore on, the letters went from intense to alarming.
How tall was Mary the First?
Her sister Anne and her many pregnancies didn’t make her a candidate for a long life, either. Meanwhile, Mary was a tall girl at 5 feet, 11 inches, and loved to stride around the palace in the pink of health.
What did Mary and William do after James Francis' birth?
Just days after James Francis’s birth, Mary and William got one indecent proposal. Seven high-ranking nobles in England, nicknamed “The Immortal Seven” forever after, sent a missive to the Dutch Republic actually begging them to come over to England, invade, and overthrow Mary’s father. Now, a dutiful daughter might have said no. Only, Mary II wasn’t a good girl anymore, remember?
What happened to William and Mary in the 1680s?
By the 1680s, both William and Mary were well aware that her uncle King Charles II was getting old, and that her father James was poised to become king. They weren’t too happy about this; after all, Papa James was still Catholic and William and Mary were still the Protestant Power Couple. So, stirring the pot a little, the pair began to wine and dine Charles’s illegitimate, Protestant son, the Duke of Monmouth.
What happened to Mary II in Breda?
She suffered a violent miscarriage of her baby, kicking off a period of intense illness over the next couple of years. Indeed, many historians believe that this first miscarriage went so awry, it rendered her permanently infertile. Whatever the truth, Mary was crestfallen over the loss of her child and her continued inability to bear William a son.
Who was Mary's husband?
Mary ruled together with her husband, William III and II. He became the ruler of both countries when she died in 1694. Popular histories usually call their joint reigns as those of "William and Mary". Mary had less power than William when William remained in England.
Why did Charles II want Mary to marry William?
At first, Charles II did not want Mary to marry William. He wanted Mary to marry the heir to the French Throne, the Dauphin Louis, instead. This was because he hoped that England would become friends with France.
What were the arms of the Queen and King?
The arms used by the King and Queen were: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England ); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland ); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); overall an escutcheon Azure billetty and a lion rampant Or (for the House of Orange-Nassau).
Why was Mary sad?
Though Mary was sad because of the deposition of her father, William ordered her to look happy when they arrived in London. Because of this, people thought she was being cold to her father. James also thought his daughter was unfaithful to him. This hurt Mary deeply.
How did Queen Mary die?
Mary died of smallpox at Kensington Palace on 28 December 1694. She was buried at Westminster Abbey. When she died, Henry Purcell was called to write her funeral music, titled Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary. William had grown to depend on Mary more and more, and was very sad when she died.
What did the Immortal Seven ask William to do?
On 30 June, the Immortal Seven secretly asked William, who was in the Netherlands with Mary, to come to England with an army. William, who was jealous of Mary's position and power, did not want to go at first. But Mary told William that she did not care about political power. She said "she would be no more but his wife, and that she would do all that lay in her power to make him King for life".
When did Mary give money to the College of William and Mary?
Mary gave money to the College of William and Mary (in the present day Williamsburg, Virginia) in 1693. She also began the Royal Hospital for Seamen, Greenwich.
Who was Mary II?
Mary II was the daughter of former King James II, who served as the joint sovereign of England, Scotland and Ireland along with her husband King William. Being the eldest child of James and Anne, Mary II since young became second in line to the throne, after her father. Following the death of her uncle, her father stepped up as the King ...
What was Mary's education?
Mary was educated by private tutors. Moreover, she was trained in dance, music and drawing. Following the death of her mother, her father remarried Mary of Modena. At a young age, Mary was betrothed to Protestant Stadtholder of Holland, William of Orange. She was unhappy with the alliance but had no choice but to accept.
What was the effect of James exile on Mary?
James exile created a vacancy at the topmost order which was duly filled by Mary as queen regnant. However, Mary despised political life and wanted her husband William to take control. It was due to this that a Declaration of Indulgence was signed which made both William and Mary joint sovereigns.
What happened to Mary after her uncle died?
Following the death of her uncle, her father stepped up as the King of England but his pro-Catholic policies made him an unpopular ruler so much so that the opposition influenced William and Mary to depose him off. James exile created a vacancy at the topmost order which was duly filled by Mary as queen regnant.
Why was Mary's son born a secretly smuggled baby?
Adding to the woes was the gossip that the son born was not King James and Queen Mary’s child but a baby secretly smuggled by the King to assure a Catholic succession. James’ opponent invited Mary and William to come to England with an army of their own and depose King James.
Why was William reluctant to move to the throne?
Though William was reluctant of the move as it would make his wife Mary II powerful than him, he eventually agreed after Mary assured him that she would do all in her capacity to make him the King. She also assured him that she would abide by him and obey him.
What was the significance of the birth of James Francis Edward?
The birth of King James’ son, James Francis Edward created an alarm amongst the Protestants who feared the boy’s inheritance and virtual turning of the state from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism. Adding to the woes was the gossip that the son born was not King James and Queen Mary’s child but a baby secretly smuggled by the King to assure a Catholic succession.
Who was Mary II married to?
Mary II married William, Prince of Orange, in 1677 – eleven years before the 1688 Revolution. She was the eldest daughter of James II and his first wife Anne Hyde, the daughter of Edward Hyde, the 1 st Earl of Clarendon. Contemporary accounts write of Mary as being tall and beautiful.
Why was Mary important to William?
Though Mary may have kept in the background with regards to politics and affairs of state, the simple fact that she was on the throne was very important to William. As a Stuart she gave the joint reign legitimacy that swayed the likes of the Earls of Nottingham and Rochester to give it their allegiance.
Why did Mary and Anne fall out?
Mary and her younger sister Anne fell out after 1688. Anne believed that William had come between her and the throne – which was not true. But Anne made her resentment of William plain for all to see. Mary resented Anne’s friendship with the overbearing Sarah Churchill, wife of Marlborough, and she was also jealous that at the time Anne had a healthy son, William, Duke of Gloucester. In 1692, Anne was made to withdraw from the Royal Court as a result of her friendship with the Churchill’s – Marlborough had been incorrectly caught up in a supposed Jacobite plot. Anne withdrew to Sion House and more in spite than anything else, Mary ordered the removal of her royal bodyguards in a blatant gesture of her fall from social and royal grace. Both sisters were never reconciled.
How did Mary die?
Mary died of smallpox on December 28th 1694. William kept a lock of Mary’s hair and her wedding ring with him until the day he died.
What did Mary's approach mean?
Mary’s approach meant that Parliament could only offer the Crown to both. William had made it clear that he would return to the Netherlands if he was made a Regent or Prince Consul or the like. On February 13 th 1689, Mary became Mary II and her husband William III.
Where did William and Mary live?
Rather than live in the dank and damp Whitehall – that was to shortly burn down – William and Mary purchased a mansion in Hyde Park and rebuilt what is now Kensington Palace.
Who was Mary's brother?
When her younger brother, James Edward, was born in James 1688, Mary shared with many in England the concern that the Stuart dynasty would continue under a Catholic monarch. Before the birth of James Edward , Mary was next in line to the throne on the death of her father.
When was Mary invited to rule?
However, although theirs was a political match, genuine affection grew between them. When Mary was invited to rule in 1688 she refused to do so without William by her side. They were the first and only couple to rule jointly, although Mary deferred to her husband except when he was abroad fighting.
How did Queen Mary die?
At the end of 1694, Queen Mary died of smallpox in her bedchamber at the palace and William was inconsolable. In Feb 1702, while riding his favourite horse Sorrell from Hampton Court, the animal stumbled and William fell badly, breaking his collar bone. Against advice, the King travelled to Kensington Palace.
Where did William and Mary move to?
William and Mary's Kensington Palace. William and Mary’s decision to re-locate to Hampton Court from Whitehall didn’t please members of the government, who felt they were inaccessible and official business would be difficult to get done.
Who was more popular, William or Mary?
Mary was the more popular of the two, light-hearted and gentle. William was seen as cold and unapproachable. He had little time for court life, and was happier on the battle field. Image: National Portrait Gallery.
Who ruled together after the Glorious Revolution?
William and Mary ruled jointly after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. William and Mary ruled jointly after the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
Who transformed the King's Gallery?
Explore the King's Gallery, which was transformed by William Kent to showcase the finest paintings of the Royal Collection.
Why did Henry offer Mary a pardon?
After Anne fell under Henry’s displeasure, he offered to pardon Mary if she would acknowledge him as head of the Church of England and admit the “incestuous illegality” of his marriage to her mother. She refused to do so until her cousin, the emperor Charles, persuaded her to give in, an action she was to regret deeply. Henry was now reconciled to her and gave her a household befitting her position and again made plans for her betrothal. She became godmother to Prince Edward, Henry’s son by Jane Seymour, the third queen.
What made Mary illegitimate?
The allegation of incest in effect made Mary illegitimate. Anne, the new queen, bore the king a daughter, Elizabeth (the future queen), forbade Mary access to her parents, stripped her of her title of princess, and forced her to act as lady-in-waiting to the infant Elizabeth.
Why was Mary forbidden from seeing her mother?
Mary’s early years were spent as a diplomatic tool of her father, as she was promised as a wife to several potential allies. After Henry married Anne Boleyn in 1533 , Mary was forbidden from seeing her mother and restricted in her access to her father.
What did Parliament say to the Spanish delegates pleading against the Spanish marriage?
Parliament, also at odds with her, was offended by her discourtesy to their delegates pleading against the Spanish marriage: “My marriage is my own affair,” she retorted. When in 1554 it became clear that she would marry Philip, a Protestant insurrection broke out under the leadership of Sir Thomas Wyatt.
How many false pregnancies did Mary have?
Mary had a fragile constitution and suffered a series of illnesses throughout her life. She also had at least two false pregnancies, the last of which, beginning in April 1558, would mask the ultimate cause of her death. She was succeeded by her half sister Elizabeth I.
What was Mary's speech about Wyatt?
Wyatt was defeated and executed, and Mary married Philip, restored the Catholic creed, and revived the laws against heresy.
Why was Mary I called Bloody Mary?
She was known as Bloody Mary for her persecution of Protestants in a vain attempt to restore Roman Catholicism in England.
Overview
Mary II (30 April 1662 – 28 December 1694) was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, co-reigning with her husband, William III & II, from 1689 until her death in 1694.
Mary was the eldest daughter of James, Duke of York, and his first wife Anne Hyde. Mary and her sister Anne were raised as Anglicans at the behest of their uncle, King Charles II, although their parents both converted to Roman Catholicism. Charles lacked legitimate children, making Mary s…
Early life
Mary, born at St James's Palace in London on 30 April 1662, was the eldest daughter of the Duke of York (the future King James II & VII), and his first wife, Anne Hyde. Mary's uncle was Charles II, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland; her maternal grandfather, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, served for a lengthy period as Charles's chief advisor. She was baptised into the Anglican faith in the Chapel Royal at St James's, and was named after her ancest…
Marriage
William and a tearful Mary were married in St James's Palace by Bishop Henry Compton on 4 November 1677. The bedding ceremony to publicly establish the consummation of the marriage was attended by the royal family, with her uncle the King himself drawing the bedcurtains. Mary accompanied her husband on a rough sea crossing to the Netherlands later that month, after a delay of two weeks caused by bad weather. Rotterdam was inaccessible because of ice, and the…
James's reign
Upon the death of Charles II without legitimate issue in February 1685, the Duke of York became king as James II in England and Ireland and James VII in Scotland. Mary was playing cards when her husband informed her of her father's accession, with the knowledge that she was heir presumptive.
When Charles's illegitimate son the Duke of Monmouth assembled an invasion force at Amsterd…
Glorious Revolution
Disgruntled Protestant politicians and noblemen were in contact with Mary's husband as early as 1686. After James took the step of forcing Anglican clergymen to read the Declaration of Indulgence—the proclamation granting religious liberty to Catholics and dissenters—from their churches in May 1688, his popularity plunged further. Alarm amongst Protestants increased when his wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a son—James Francis Edward—in June 1688, for the son …
Reign
In December 1689, Parliament passed the Bill of Rights. This measure—which restated and confirmed many provisions of the earlier Declaration of Right—established restrictions on the royal prerogative; it declared, among other things, that the Sovereign could not suspend laws passed by Parliament, levy taxes without parliamentary consent, infringe the right to petition, raise a standing army during peacetime without parliamentary consent, deny the right to bear arms to Protestant …
Legacy
Mary endowed the College of William and Mary (in the present day Williamsburg, Virginia) in 1693, supported Thomas Bray, who founded the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and was instrumental in the foundation of the Royal Hospital for Seamen, Greenwich, after the Anglo-Dutch victory at the Battle of La Hogue. She is credited with influencing garden design at Het Loo and Hampton Court Palaces, and with popularising blue and white porcelain and the keeping of goldfish as …
Title, styles, honours and arms
• 30 April 1662 – 4 November 1677: Her Highness The Lady Mary
• 4 November 1677 – 13 February 1689: Her Highness The Princess of Orange
• 13 February 1689 – 28 December 1694: Her Majesty The Queen
The Glorious Revolution
Rule
- In December 1689 Parliament passed one of the most important documents in English history. This was the Bill of Rights. This measure gave several rights to Parliament and the people. Among other things, it declared that the Sovereign could not break laws passed by Parliament, demand taxes if the Parliament did not agree, raise an army during a time of peace if the Parliament did n…
Legacy
- After Mary II's death, William III continued to rule as King. Princess Anne's last living child, William, Duke of Gloucester, died in July 1700. Parliament saw that William would have no more children. Because of this, it passed the Act of Settlement 1701. After Anne, the Crown would go to their nearest Protestant relative, Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and her Protestant heirs. When Willia…
Modern Portrayals
- In the 1969 mini-series, The First Churchills, Mary is acted by Lisa Daniely
- In the 1992 movie, Orlando, Mary is acted by Sarah Crowden
- In the 1995 movie, England, My England, Mary is acted by Rebecca Front
- In the 2005 movie, The League of Gentlemen's Apocalypse, Mary is acted by Victoria Wood
Title, Styles, Honours and Arms
- Titles and styles
1. 30 April 1662 – 13 February 1689: Her HighnessThe Lady Mary 2. 4 November 1677 – 13 February 1689: Her HighnessThe Princess of Orange 3. 13 February 1689 – 28 December 1694: Her MajestyThe Queen William III and Mary II called themselves "William and Mary, by the Grace … - Arms
The arms used by the King and Queen were: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Ar…